中国媒介生物学及控制杂志  2021, Vol. 32 Issue (2): 213-216

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吴林波, 董学书, 杨锐
WU Lin-bo, DONG Xue-shu, YANG Rui
老挝岳乌和邦耐县蚊虫种类及栖息习性调查研究
An investigation of mosquito species and perching habit in Yuewu and Bangnai counties of the Lao People's Democratic Republic
中国媒介生物学及控制杂志, 2021, 32(2): 213-216
Chin J Vector Biol & Control, 2021, 32(2): 213-216
10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.02.018

文章历史

收稿日期: 2020-10-16
老挝岳乌和邦耐县蚊虫种类及栖息习性调查研究
吴林波 , 董学书 , 杨锐     
云南省寄生虫病防治所, 云南省疟疾研究中心, 云南省虫媒病毒研究中心, 云南省虫媒传染病防控研究重点 实验室, 云南公共卫生与疾病防控协同创新中心, 面向南亚东南亚热带病国际科技人员 交流与教育培训基地, 云南 普洱 665000
摘要: 目的 了解老挝人民民主共和国(老挝)岳乌和邦耐县的蚊虫种类组成及栖息习性等,为蚊虫分类和虫媒传染病防治等提供依据。方法 于2019年6月21-29日、7月8-11日,在老挝岳乌和邦耐县的人房及畜房内采用诱蚊灯通宵诱捕成蚊,在体式显微镜下通过形态学分类鉴定成蚊种类并计数;同时采用勺舀法采集幼蚊,采集到的幼蚊饲养至成蚊并制作针插标本。结果 通过诱蚊灯共诱捕到2亚科8亚属32种(亚种)17 053只蚊虫;其中库蚊亚科蚊种数量占捕蚊总数的89.66%(15 290/17 053),岳乌和邦耐县的优势蚊种均为三带喙库蚊,分别占各地捕获蚊虫总数的82.03%(13 719/16 724)和41.95%(138/329);两地蚊密度依次为232.28和10.28只/(灯·夜);通过勺舀法共采集到3种蚊种,分别为库蚊亚科轲蚊属吕宋小蚊、骚扰蚊属乳点伊蚊和库蚊属短须库蚊。结论 老挝岳乌和邦耐县的蚊虫种类十分丰富,三带喙库蚊为当地优势蚊种,栖息场所以畜房为主。
关键词: 蚊种    栖息习性    诱蚊灯    老挝    
An investigation of mosquito species and perching habit in Yuewu and Bangnai counties of the Lao People's Democratic Republic
WU Lin-bo , DONG Xue-shu , YANG Rui     
Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases Control, Yunnan Center for Malaria Research, Yunnan Provincial Center of Arborvirus Research, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Training Base of International Scientific Exchange and Education in Tropical Diseases for South and Southeast Asia, Pu'er, Yunnan 665000, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the composition and perching habit of mosquito species in Yuewu and Bangnai counties of The Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos), and to provide a basis for the classification of mosquito species and the prevention and treatment of insect-borne infectious diseases. Methods In June 21-29 and July 8-11, 2019, the mosquito trap lamp was used to collect adult mosquitoes in human and livestock houses in Yuewu and Bangnai counties of Laos, and the species and number of adult mosquitoes were determined by morphological taxonomic identification under a stereomicroscope. At the same time, the spoon method was used to collect the larvae, which were fed to adult mosquitoes and were used to make pinned specimens. Results A total of 17 053 mosquitoes, belonging to 32 species in 8 subgenera and 2 subfamilies, were collected by mosquito trap lamp, among which Culex subfamily accounted for 89.66% (15 290/17 053) of total mosquitoes. Culex tritaeniorhynchus was the dominant mosquito species in Yuewu and Bangnai counties, which accounted for 82.03% (13 719/16 724) and 41.95% (138/329), respectively, of all mosquitoes in these two counties. The mosquito density was 232.28 and 10.28 mosquitoes/lamp·night, respectively, in Yuewu and Bangnai counties. Three species of mosquitoes were collected by the spoon method, namely, Mimomyia (Etorleptiomyia) luzonensis (Ludlow, 1905), Aedes (Collessius) macfarlanei (Edwards, 1914), and Cx. (Eumelanomyia) brevipalis (Giles, 1902). Conclusion There are abundant mosquito species in Yuewu and Bangnai counties of Laos, with Cx. tritaeniorhynchus as the dominant mosquito species in these regions, and livestock houses are the main habitat of mosquitoes.
Key words: Mosquito species    Perching habit    Mosquito trap lamp    Laos    

老挝人民民主共和国(老挝)属于中南半岛的内陆国家,全国国土面积23.68万km2,人口约700万人,毗邻中国、越南、柬埔寨、泰国、缅甸;国土面积80%均是山地和高原,森林覆盖率较高,有“印度支那屋脊”之称,地势北高南低,北部与中国云南省的滇西高原接壤,东部为长山山脉与越南为界的高原,西部是湄公河谷地和湄公河及其支流沿岸的盆地和小块平原;境内属于热带、亚热带季风气候,5-10月为雨季,11月至次年4月为旱季,年平均气温约26 ℃;老挝全境雨量充沛,年降雨量最少年份为1 250 mm,最大年降雨量达3 750 mm,一般年份降雨量约为2 000 mm;其最大的河流为发源于中国的澜沧江-湄公河。特殊的地理位置和独特的自然气候为蚊虫的孳生与繁殖创造了较好的环境,也造就了种类繁多的蚊种和众多的蚊媒传染病媒介,给当地居民带来疾病负担,如疟疾、登革热、基孔肯亚热和寨卡病毒病等,同时也给当地政府带来繁重的虫媒疾病防控工作的负担。因此,为进一步摸清当地的蚊虫种类、分布以及生态习性,给虫媒疾病的防控提供较为准确的资料,我们于2019年6-7月对老挝岳乌和邦耐县的蚊种进行了调查。

1 材料与方法 1.1 蚊虫诱捕地点

根据当地卫生行政部门提供的近5年来的疟疾、流行性乙型脑炎(乙脑)和登革热等虫媒病毒发病情况,分别选取老挝岳乌及邦耐县发病率较高的行政村loum村(北纬22°7′22″,东经101°47′29″)和Souvannaphoum村(北纬19°23′38″,东经101°49′6″),按东、南、西、北4个方位分别选取靠近稻田、树林和养殖大型牲畜的蚊虫孳生地的人房及畜房共8个,作为悬挂诱蚊灯位点。

1.2 蚊虫诱捕和分类鉴定

采用电池供电的诱蚊灯(1012型,约翰·霍克公司,美国),悬挂在离地1.5 m处[1],于20:00布放诱捕至次日08:00,收回集蚊袋,-20 ℃冷冻处死,然后在SMZ-168型体式显微镜下根据陆宝麟[2-3]、董学书等[4]方法分类鉴定。

1.3 统计学处理

使用Excel 2007软件进行蚊种构成比和蚊密度计算。计算公式:

构成比(%)=某种蚊虫捕获数/捕获的蚊虫总数×100

蚊密度〔只/(灯·夜)〕=某种蚊虫捕获数/(诱蚊灯数量×挂灯夜晚数)

2 结果 2.1 成蚊种类构成及蚊密度

共诱捕蚊虫2亚科8亚属32种(亚种)17 053只,其中岳乌和邦耐县的优势蚊种均为三带喙库蚊(Culex tritaeniorhynchus),分别占捕蚊总数的82.03%(13 719/16 724)和41.95%(138/329);蚊密度分别为232.28和10.28只/(灯·夜),其他成蚊组成情况见表 1

表 1 老挝岳乌和邦耐县成蚊种类组成及蚊密度 Table 1 Composition and density of adult mosquitoes in Yuewu and Bangnai counties of Laos
2.2 人房和畜房蚊虫种类组成

岳乌县以中华按蚊(Anopheles sinensis)和三带喙库蚊为优势蚊种,且均以畜房栖息为主,构成比中华按蚊为7.91%,三带喙库蚊为82.71%;邦耐县以骚扰阿蚊(Ar. subalbatus)和三带喙库蚊为优势蚊种,且均以畜房栖息为主,构成比骚扰阿蚊为36.28%,三带喙库蚊为37.17%。见表 2

表 2 老挝岳乌和邦耐县不同生境优势蚊种构成情况 Table 2 Composition of dominant mosquito species in different habitats in Yuewu and Bangnai counties of Laos

通过勺舀法共采集到3种蚊种,分别为库蚊亚科轲蚊属吕宋小蚊〔MimomyiaEtorleptiomyialuzonensis(Ludlow,1905)〕、骚扰蚊属乳点伊蚊〔Ae.Collessiusmacfarlanei(Edwards,1914)〕和库蚊属短须库蚊〔Cx.Eumelanomyiabrevipalis(Giles,1902)〕。

3 讨论

此次通过诱蚊灯诱捕成蚊共发现该地蚊类2亚科8亚属32种(亚种),与Zhang等[5]在中-老边境丰沙里省MuangKhua区做的蚊种调查种类为8属33种,结果基本一致。其中岳乌县以中华按蚊和三带喙库蚊为优势蚊种,均以畜房栖息为主,构成比分别为中华按蚊7.91%,三带喙库蚊82.71%;邦耐县以骚扰阿蚊和三带喙库蚊为优势蚊种,均以畜房栖息为主,构成比分别为骚扰阿蚊36.28%,三带喙库蚊37.17%,与Sorchampa等[6]在老挝南塔省芒新县做的调查结果共采集到成蚊种类11属44种,以三带喙库蚊为优势蚊种的结果相似;岳乌和邦耐县两地都较为靠近中国西南边境,同时两地在地域分布构成上通过澜沧江-湄公河水系相连[7-8],且较为靠近云南省西南地区,地貌气候特征也十分相似;王剑等[9-10]于2012-2015年8-10月在中老边境地区12个县(市、区)建立调查点,调查结果为老挝边境三带喙库蚊和中华按蚊分别占捕获总数的54.24%(3 065/5 651)和12.42%(702/5 651),王丕玉等[11]在澜沧江下游使用诱蚊灯捕获到优势蚊种三带喙库蚊,占73.83%(19 753/26 754);此次调查结果与上述2次调查结果基本相似,均显示三带喙库蚊是澜沧江-湄公河流域分布的优势蚊种。

在邦耐县的调查过程中,因为当地前期有效降雨量的短缺,蚊虫孳生地数量特别少,导致最终诱蚊灯捕获的蚊虫数量较少,仅有329只,但是蚊种的种类却不少,甚至与岳乌县的蚊种数量相当,故此次邦耐县的蚊种调查也能代表当地常见蚊种的种类分布。

2个调查县中,岳乌县处于坝区,四周环山,坝区中部有河流穿过,四季水量充沛,同时当地人民以水稻种植为主,故而蚊虫的孳生地极为丰富,特别是三带喙库蚊、中华按蚊等常见蚊种孳生地;而邦耐县则地处半山区,属于丘陵地带,中部虽有河流经过,但是当地村民未曾有效利用水源,导致整个种植区域比较干旱,蚊虫孳生地较为缺乏,故捕获蚊虫数量相对较少;2个县在主要蚊虫种类分布上与云南省大致相同[12];但是,老挝巴斯德研究所的Motoki等[13]整理的老挝蚊虫(双翅目:蚊科)的新纪录和更新清单中共列出了170种蚊种,相比较于中国云南省的307种蚊种还是少了很多[4]

整个调查过程中通过捞取幼虫的方式共采集到吕宋小蚊[4]、乳点伊蚊[4, 14]和短须库蚊[4]3种蚊种的幼虫;因为时间较为紧迫,所以对当地的蚊虫资源未能进行更为全面的摸底调查,故而此次调查结果只能作为当地主要蚊种资源的存在依据,并不能代表当地所有蚊虫的分布,若要获得更为全面细致的蚊虫种群分布资料,则有待于进一步开展人工采集野外孳生地蚊虫和诱蚊灯诱捕蚊虫相结合的方式来获取。

通过此次调查发现,三带喙库蚊和中华按蚊的种群密度较大,该2种蚊虫又分别是乙脑和疟疾的主要传播媒介,应引起当地政府的高度重视。

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