摘要: 目的 掌握西安市鼠种构成、鼠密度及消长趋势等情况，为防鼠灭鼠措施的制定提供科学依据。方法 2015-2018年按照西安市地理方位东、南、西、北共选择4个区（县），每个区（县）选择城镇居民区、农村居民区和食品餐饮行业3类生境共5个监测点，奇数月中旬采用夹夜法监测，晚放晨收。鉴定鼠种并计算鼠密度，采用χ²检验对4年间鼠类种群构成和不同生境鼠类种群构成进行统计学分析。结果 共捕获鼠类4种397只，平均鼠密度为0.42%，2016年鼠密度最低，为0.27%，2018年最高，为0.58%。优势鼠种为小家鼠，占52.90%。鼠密度季节消长呈不明显的双峰型，小高峰和大高峰分别出现在1和7月，鼠密度分别为0.47%和0.48%，11月鼠密度最低，为0.34%。农村居民区鼠密度最高，为1.08%，城镇居民区最低，为0.24%。不同生境优势鼠种均为小家鼠，鼠种构成差异有统计学意义（χ²=60.875，P < 0.001）。城镇居民区鼠密度季节消长变化趋势平稳，农村居民区呈双峰型，食品餐饮行业呈单峰型。小家鼠在不同鼠种中季节消长趋势明显，1和7月为高峰期。结论 2015-2018年西安市鼠密度具有上升趋势；不同年份、不同生境鼠密度、鼠种及季节消长趋势有差异。建议以农村为工作重心制定不同生境的灭鼠防鼠措施，以达到减少鼠传疾病发生目的。

Abstract: Objective To investigate the species composition, density, and seasonal variation of rodents in Xi'an, China, and to provide a scientific basis for formulation of rodent control and deratization measures. Methods Five rodent surveillance sites were selected from urban residential areas, natural villages, and the catering industry in each of the four districts/counties selected according to their geographical location (east, south, west, and north) in Xi'an. Surveillance was performed in the middle of each odd month using the trap-at-night method (i.e., traps were laid at night and recovered at day start). The rodent species were identified, and chi-square test was used for statistical analysis of the species composition of rodents in the four years and in different habitats. Results A total of 397 rodents belonging to 4 species of rodents were captured. The mean rodent density was 0.42% capture rate, lowest in 2016 (0.27%) and highest in 2018 (0.58%). Mus musculus was the dominant species, accounting for 52.90%. The rodent density had an unapparently bimodal seasonal variation, with a minor peak observed in January (0.47%), a major peak in July (0.48%), and a trough in November (0.34%). The rodent density was highest in natural villages (1.08%) and lowest in urban residential areas (0.24%). The dominant rodent species in different habitats was M. musculus, with significant differences in the species composition of rodents (χ²=60.875, P < 0.001). The seasonal variation of rodent density was stable in urban residential areas, bimodal in natural villages, and unimodal in the catering industry. Mus musculus showed a clear seasonal variation among different rodent species, with a peak observed in January and July. Conclusion From 2015 to 2018, the mean density of rodents in Xi'an showed an upward trend. The density, species, and seasonal variation of rodents differ in different years and habitats. It is suggested that measures for rodent control and deratization in different habitats should be formulated, with rural areas as the focus of the work, to reduce rodent-borne diseases risk.