摘要: 目的 了解山西省农户常见病媒生物鼠类、蝇类、蚊虫、蜚蠊侵害状况，为评估农村环境健康危害因素提供依据。方法 2015-2017年每年的8月对山西省36个县各5个乡镇20个村720户农户进行鼠类、蝇类、蚊虫、蜚蠊侵害状况调查和数据统计分析。采用单因素方差分析病媒生物侵害的时空差异。结果 2015-2017年山西省农户鼠类、蝇类、蚊类、蜚蠊侵害率年度间差异无统计学意义。3年间，全省农户鼠类平均侵害率为31.75%，以大同市侵害率最高为61.00%，其次为朔州市（56.56%），长治市侵害率最低（14.89%）；大同、朔州及吕梁等8个市鼠类侵害率差异有统计学意义（F=4.185，P=0.002）。全省农户蝇类平均侵害率为78.31%，以大同市侵害率最高为95.44%，其次为朔州市（91.78%），长治市最低（64.22%），大同及吕梁等6个市蝇类侵害率差异有统计学意义（F=2.954，P < 0.05）。全省农户蚊类平均侵害率为12.86%，以晋中市侵害率最高为23.44%，其次为太原（20.58%）和朔州市（20.44%），忻州市最低（6.44%），侵害率较高的晋中、太原、朔州市与侵害率较低的忻州、吕梁、长治、晋城市间差异有统计学意义（F=2.519，P=0.034）。全省农户蜚蠊平均侵害率为2.19%，以太原市侵害率最高为6.83%，其次为大同（2.67%）和忻州市（2.67%），运城市最低（0.08%），太原市与其他10个市蜚蠊侵害率差异有统计学意义（F=2.068，P < 0.05）。结论 山西省农户鼠类和蝇类侵害较重，蚊虫侵害不容忽视，蜚蠊侵害尚不足为害。改善农村人居环境，提高居民防病意识，改善其卫生习惯，加强病媒生物防控管理是防范病媒生物性疾病传播的必要措施。

Abstract: Objective To investigate the infestation of common vectors (namely, rodents, flies, mosquitoes, and cockroaches) in rural households in Shanxi province, China, so as to provide a basis for the assessment of environmental health hazards in rural areas. Methods In every August from 2015 to 2017, an investigation was conducted on the infestation of rodents, flies, mosquitoes, and cockroaches from 720 rural households in 20 villages in 5 towns in each of the 36 counties in Shanxi province, and statistical analyses were carried out on the resulted data. Univariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the time and space difference in the infestation of the vectors. Results There were no significant between-year differences in the infestation rates of rodents, flies, mosquitoes, and cockroaches from the rural households in Shanxi province from 2015 to 2017. During the three years, the average rodent infestation rate in the rural households across the province was 31.75%, with the highest infestation rate observed in Datong (61.00%), followed by Shuozhou (56.56%), and the lowest infestation rate was observed in Changzhi (14.89%); the rodent infestation rates in Datong and Shuozhou significantly differed from those in Lyuliang and the other seven cities (F=4.185, P=0.002). The average fly infestation rate in the rural households across the province was 78.31%, with the highest infestation rate observed in Datong (95.44%), followed by Shuozhou (91.78%), and the lowest infestation rate was observed in Changzhi (64.22%); the fly infestation rate in Datong significantly differed from that in Lyuliang and the other five cities (F=2.954, P < 0.05). The average mosquito infestation rate in the rural households across the province was 12.86%, with the highest infestation rate observed in Jinzhong (23.44%), followed by Taiyuan (20.58%) and Shuozhou (20.44%), and the lowest rate was observed in Xinzhou (6.44%); there was a significant difference in mosquito infestation rate between the areas with a relatively high infestation rate (Jinzhong, Taiyuan, and Shuozhou) and the areas with a relatively low infestation rate (Xinzhou, Lyuliang, Changzhi, and Jincheng) (F=2.519, P=0.034). The average cockroach infestation rate in the rural households across the province was 2.19%, with the highest infestation rate observed in Taiyuan (6.83%), followed by Datong (2.67%) and Xinzhou (2.67%), and the lowest infestation rate was observed in Yuncheng (0.08%); there was a significant difference in cockroach infestation rate between Taiyuan and the other ten cities (F=2.068, P < 0.05). Conclusion The infestation of rodents and flies in rural households in Shanxi province is relatively serious, the mosquito infestation is also unnegligible, while the cockroach infestation may be not so significant. It is necessary to refine the residential environment for inhabitants in the rural areas, enhance their awareness of disease prevention, improve their hygienic habits, and strengthen the vector control, prevention, and management, so as to keep vector-mediated diseases from spreading.