中国媒介生物学及控制杂志  2018, Vol. 29 Issue (5): 482-487

扩展功能

文章信息

周淑姮, 温廷桓, 邓艳琴, 林代华, 肖方震, 徐国英
ZHOU Shu-heng, WEN Ting-huan, DENG Yan-qin, LIN Dai-hua, XIAO Fang-zhen, XU Guo-ying
中国真厉螨属区系分类研究及一新纪录种记述
Faunal revision of the genus Eulaelaps (Acari:Haemogamasidae) and description of a new record with a key to known species in China mainland
中国媒介生物学及控制杂志, 2018, 29(5): 482-487
Chin J Vector Biol & Control, 2018, 29(5): 482-487
10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.05.016

文章历史

收稿日期: 2018-05-20
网络出版时间: 2018-08-03 17:12
中国真厉螨属区系分类研究及一新纪录种记述
周淑姮1, 温廷桓2, 邓艳琴1, 林代华1, 肖方震1, 徐国英1     
1 福建省疾病预防控制中心自然疫源性疾病防治科, 福建省人兽共患病研究重点实验室, 福州 350001;
2 复旦大学上海医学院, 上海 200032
摘要: 对中国真厉螨属区系分类研究进行回顾,记述了中国真厉螨属共19种,包含一中国新纪录种——瓯氏真厉螨(Eulaelaps oudemansi)。该文重新描述了瓯氏真厉螨,并新编制了中国真厉螨属分种检索表。研究结果为我国真厉螨属的区系分布和分类提供了依据。
关键词: 血革螨科     真厉螨属     检索表     区系分布     新纪录种     中国    
Faunal revision of the genus Eulaelaps (Acari:Haemogamasidae) and description of a new record with a key to known species in China mainland
ZHOU Shu-heng1, WEN Ting-huan2, DENG Yan-qin1, LIN Dai-hua1, XIAO Fang-zhen1, XU Guo-ying1     
1 Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, China;
2 Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University
Abstract: Faunal records of the genus Eulaelaps distributed in mainland China were reviewed, a total of 19 species of the genus have been described including a new record species (E. oudemansi) recorded here in China. A key to Chinese known species of the genus Eulaelaps is given. This study provides a basis for the faunal study and classification of the genus Eulaelaps in China.
Key words: Haemogamasidae     Eulaelaps     Key to species     Faunal distribution     New record species     China    

真厉螨属(Eulaelaps)建立之初是一个亚属,后被提升为属,最初隶属于厉螨科(Laelapidae)。20世纪50年代末,因本属螨种背毛、头盖以及颚体的形态特征与血革螨科(Haemogamasidae)相似而被归入血革螨科[1],之后Evans和Till[2-3]、Domrow[4]、邓国藩等[5]以及Mašǎn和Fenda[6]将血革螨科降级为血革螨亚科(Haemogamasinae),并同厉螨亚科(Laelapinae)、下盾螨亚科(Hypoaspidinae)等亚科归属厉螨科下,但许多研究者[7-10]仍保留血革螨科的分类地位,且Dowling和Oconnor[11]运用分子系统学方法支持了此分类地位。此外,温廷桓[7]将血革螨科分为血革螨亚科(Haemogamasinae)与真厉螨亚科(Eulaelapinae),此观点尚未被国外大多数研究者认可[10],但我们认为其分类依据是客观存在的。

真厉螨属的某些螨种被认为是自然疫源性疾病的传播媒介,可能传播肾综合征出血热(HFRS)、森林脑炎等疾病,此外,有些螨种出现于农产品贮仓中,能啮食其他螨类,因此研究本属螨种的区系分类具有一定的医学及生物防治意义。本文就该属螨种在我国的种类记述作一回顾,发现并描述一新纪录种,同时编著我国真厉螨属分种检索表。

1 材料与方法 1.1 材料来源

观察标本来源于20世纪60年代以来福建省鼠疫、HFRS等自然疫源性疾病的疫源地调查和监测工作以及各地的科学考察工作。

1.2 方法

查阅国内外相关区系资料,总结真厉螨属的研究概况,将保存于70%乙醇的福建省真厉螨属标本用Hoyer’s液进行封片、烘干制成玻片标本,或者将原有的已模糊不清的玻片标本重新封片,将标本置于生物显微镜下观察,依据文献做出鉴定,发现新纪录并描述,最后汇总编著该属在我国的分种检索表。

2 结果 2.1 中国真厉螨属研究概况

Eulaelaps Berlese,1903,Redia,1:299

模式种Eulaelaps stabularis Koch,1836

属征:中到大型螨类,体毛密布。腹面诸骨板均具清晰的鳞纹。足后板显著大,紧接于基节Ⅳ后方,呈三角形。生殖腹板在足Ⅳ之后明显膨大。肛板宽短,扁三角形,肛门居中。胸板与肛板无副毛。气门板宽阔,后端膨大。头盖较宽短,螯钳具齿。须转节前内毛无分枝。雄螨导精趾较短直,仅略长于动趾,全腹板在基节Ⅳ后也非常膨大。

真厉螨属分布于世界各地,但种类较少,目前,该属在全世界还不到40种,以分布于亚洲居多。1993年,邓国藩等[5]列出中国此属有15种,此后又陆续报道了3个新种[12-14]。据报道[5, 10],厩真厉螨(E. stabularis)分布广泛,然而温廷桓[7]认为厩真厉螨是一个复合的种团,许多种类难以分辨,Uchikawa等[15-16]指出,许多研究者对最初报道的厩真厉螨形态特征的理解模棱两可,从而导致对相似种可能造成错误判断。温廷桓[7]认为我国大部分地区的厩真厉螨可能为上海真厉螨(E. shanghaiensis)的误定,对中国各地鉴定为厩真厉螨的标本进行复核,发现除青海省、新疆维吾尔自治区的标本接近厩真厉螨外,其余地区是否确切有待深入调查,但是涉及许多省(自治区)已有记录,凡未重新鉴定确切的,本文暂将其列入中国名录。福建省以前报道[17-18]的真厉螨属仅1种,即厩真厉螨,早期标本标签大多为“厩真厉螨”。我们重新制片观察,依照文献[4, 7, 16],明确了福建省目前真厉螨属有2种即上海真厉螨及瓯氏真厉螨(E. oudemansi),后者是我国的新纪录,因此对其形态描述。

2.2 瓯氏真厉螨形态描述(测量数据来自♀2♂1标本)

雌螨(图 1

注:a.背面(dorsum);b.腹面(venter);c.头盖(tectum);d.螯钳(chelae);e.须转节(palptrochanter);f.气门板(peritrematic plate) 图 1 瓯氏真厉螨,雌性(周淑姮绘) Figure 1 Eulaelaps oudemansi

颚体:颚基长(不包括颚角)134.8(124.6~145.4)μm,宽214.4(199.8~229.0)μm,颚角长76.6(75.8~77.4)μm,颚沟较宽,最宽处宽22.2(22.0~22.4)μm,具横齿12列,每列具齿5~8枚,少数多达9~10枚。前颚毛78.6(75.8~80.6)μm,外后颚毛74.2(70.0~78.4)μm,内后颚毛96.2(92.6~99.8)μm。颚基毛82.7(79.6~85.8)μm。头盖火舌状,长刺突集中在中央,多数具二级分枝,两侧刺突短小。螯钳长72.0(69.7~74.2)μm,定趾3齿、动趾2齿,钳齿毛短小。须转节中等大,前后毛较粗长,须转器较大,高度超过该节的1/2。

躯体:体长1 063.0(994.0~1 132.0)μm,宽731.0(678.0~784.0)μm。背板整块,几乎覆盖体背部,长1 057.0(988.0~1 126.0)μm,宽720.0(668.0~772.0)μm,板面具有鳞纹。背毛均针状,约430根,前中区较为稀疏,两侧及后部密集。

胸叉蒂部长56.4(51.0~62.0)μm,叉丝长160.0(156.0~164.0)μm。胸前板具有鳞纹。胸板宽大于长,中部长128.0(121.0~135.0)μm,第2对胸毛水平处宽200.5(197.0~204.0)μm,前缘平直,后缘中部内凹,凹底达到或略超过St3水平,板面具有鳞纹。胸毛3对,第1对位于板前缘,长112.5(115.0~110.0)μm,第2对长114.5(113.0~116.0)μm,第3对长122.5(120.0~125.0)μm,板上隙状器2对。胸后毛1对,长116.4(111.0~121.7)μm。内足板飞鸟状。气门板后端略膨大,位于气门水平处宽67.9(65.8~70.0)μm,后缘平直,隙状器较居中,外圈膜质较大,内孔居中,气门后方有2条纵纹通至板后缘,气门外侧若干条横纹呈杂乱弯曲,此为本种的特征性结构。

生殖腹板足基节Ⅳ后明显膨大,长577.0(545.0~ 609.0)μm,最宽处宽511.5(488.0~535.0)μm,板面具有鳞纹,两侧生殖板与腹板愈合处有一缺刻,或深或浅,但不呈沟状。生殖毛1对,长101.4(99.3~103.5)μm,腹毛约75根,针状。足后板三角形,长172.09(167.0~ 177.0)μm,宽138.5(135.0~142.0)μm,板面具有鳞纹。足后板与生殖腹板之间无刚毛。肛板紧接于生殖腹板后,呈扁三角形,前缘向前略膨出,长107.0 μm,宽226(219.0~233.0)μm,肛侧毛长81.9(80.0~83.8)μm,肛后毛长62.0(61.0~63.0)μm。腹表皮刚毛41~51对,针状。

足Ⅱ较粗短,足长:Ⅰ=978.0(956.0~1 000.0)μm,Ⅱ=722.0(755.0~689.0)μm,Ⅲ=729.3(710.5~748.0)μm,Ⅳ=1 078.3(1 029.0~1 127.5)μm。

雄螨(图 2

注:a.背面(dorsum);b.腹面(venter);c.头盖(tectum);d.螯钳(chelae) 图 2 瓯氏真厉螨,雄性(a、b温廷桓绘;c、d周淑姮绘) Figure 2 Eulaelaps oudemansi

颚体:颚基长(不包括颚角)100.5 μm,宽158.0 μm,颚角长75.1 μm,颚沟较宽,具横齿11列,每列具5~9小齿,前颚毛66.2 μm,外后颚毛56.4 μm,内后颚毛63.7 μm,颚基毛66.2 μm。头盖似雌螨,但短刺突数量较雌螨少。螯钳动趾长76.0 μm,定趾长53.9 μm,钳齿毛短小,导精趾长88.7 μm,高于动趾。须转节似雌螨。

躯体:体卵圆形,长728 μm,宽494 μm。背板整块,覆盖全背,板后部鳞纹明显,背板毛针状,约400根。

胸叉蒂部长45.8 μm,叉丝长132 μm。胸前板具有鳞纹。全腹板长572 μm,宽473 μm,板面具有鳞纹,前缘不甚清晰,微凹,足4后突然膨大,之后渐收窄,腹板区共有针状刚毛61根。肛侧毛长50.3 μm,肛后毛长52.2 μm。气门板似雌螨,但略窄。

足Ⅱ较粗短,膝节、胫节、附节分别具1、2、4根略粗的刺状刚毛。足长:Ⅰ=760 μm,Ⅱ=588 μm,Ⅲ=625 μm,Ⅳ=869 μm。

宿主或栖息生境:黄毛鼠(Rattus losea)、褐家鼠(R. norvegicus)以及黄毛鼠洞。

地理分布:中国福建福州、宁德。国外分布于德国(Holstein)、英国(Cornwall)和澳大利亚(Victoria)。

2.3 福建省标本采集信息

福建省真厉螨属标本采集信息见表 1

表 1 福建省真厉螨属标本采集信息 Table 1 Collection information of the genus Eulaelaps from Fujian, China
2.4 中国真厉螨属已知螨种

至此,中国真厉螨属共计19种,其宿主(或采集生境)及分布见表 2。本文以1993年邓国藩等[5]编制的检索表为基础,更正了其中的错误,新编制了中国真厉螨属分种检索表。

表 2 中国真厉螨属名录 Table 2 Checklist of species of genus Eulaelaps in China

                    中国真厉螨属分种检索表(雌性)

1 足Ⅱ跗节和胫节或股节具兔耳状短毛;颚沟横齿仅8列·······································吉林真厉螨E. jilinensis足Ⅱ无兔耳状短毛;颚沟横齿在9列以上··································································2

2 跗节Ⅱ具棘状毛·····································································3

跗节Ⅱ无棘状毛······································································8

3 跗节Ⅱ具棘状毛2根,近基部者更粗大;头盖前缘三齿突特长,有二、三级分支,且可有重叠·····································沃氏真厉螨E. voronovi跗节Ⅱ具棘状毛5~8根;头盖齿突较短·····················································4

4 跗节Ⅱ具棘状毛5根;生殖腹板与肛板间距大于肛门长的3倍··········································仓鼠真厉螨E. cricetuli跗节Ⅱ具棘状毛6~8根;生殖腹板与肛板间距等于或小于肛门长···················································5

5 背板边缘有弱骨化色素带;生殖板与腹板愈合处缺刻很深,以较宽的开口凹人并斜向前上方缩小·································鼯鼠真厉螨E. petauristae背板边缘无色素带;生殖板与腹板愈合处无缺刻或缺刻浅,不明显内凹·······································6

6 跗节Ⅱ具棘状毛6根;生殖腹板毛少于30根·············新真厉螨*E. novus跗节Ⅱ具棘状毛7~8根;生殖腹板毛35~50根···············7

7 腹表皮毛40对以上;胸板前缘平直;气门板上的隙孔较气门为小·····································甘肃真厉螨E. kanshuensis腹表皮毛25对左右;胸板前缘略凹;气门板上的隙孔较气门大········································七棘真厉螨E. heptacanthus

8 胸板宽扁,明显前窄后宽,似梯形,其宽度约为长度的1.5(最窄处)至2.5(最宽处)倍,前后缘中部均向前凸出·························宽胸真厉螨E. widesternalis胸板不呈上述特征······························································9

9 生殖腹板与肛板愈合····················中华真厉螨E. sinensis生殖腹板与肛板分离··························10

10 生殖板与腹板愈合处两侧凹陷很深,呈沟状·······················································11

生殖板与腹板愈合处两侧凹陷很浅,不呈沟状························································13

11 气门板后缘平截,后内侧角尖突,隙状器较大呈圆形;背毛约210根·······························拟厩真厉螨E. substabularis气门板后缘圆钝或仅略带平截状,隙状器较小,呈防锤形或长圆形;背毛约300根···············································12

12 气门隙状器纺锤形,生殖腹板与足后板间无刚毛··········································草原真厉螨E. pratentis气门隙状器长圆形,生殖腹板与足后板间有1根刚毛············································厩真厉螨*E. stabularis

13 气门板后端尖窄;体毛多而密,背毛约480根,生殖腹板毛80~110根,腹表皮毛多达120对,生殖腹板与足后板间有2~3根或更多的刚毛··········东方真厉螨E. dongfangis气门板后端平截或圆钝;背毛最多不超过450根,生殖腹板毛在80根以下,腹表皮毛不超过50对,生殖腹板与足后板间刚毛不超过1根··············14

14 气门板后端圆钝···································································15

气门板后端平截·····································································16

15 胸板前缘较平直,生殖腹板愈合处缺刻很浅,生殖腹板毛60余根,生殖腹板与足后板间无刚毛······················青海真厉螨E. tsinghaiensis胸板前缘中部隆起,生殖腹板愈合处缺刻深但不呈沟状,生殖腹板毛37~39根, 生殖腹板与足后板间有1根刚毛····················高原真厉螨E. plateau

16 体毛较密,背毛多达400根以上,生殖腹板毛60~80根,腹表皮毛35~50对··········································17

体毛较稀,背毛170~200根,生殖腹板毛60根以下,腹表皮毛20对以下·············································18

17 气门板后端具4条纵纹,气门外侧横纹曲折但不杂乱······························上海真厉螨E. shanghaiensis气门板后端具2条纵纹,气门外侧横纹杂乱弯曲······················································瓯氏真厉螨E. oudemansi

18 胸板后缘凹入较深,凹底明显超过St3水平;生殖腹板毛48~58根;肛板前缘平直·························互助真厉螨E. huzhuensis胸板后缘凹入较浅,凹底不超过St3水平;生殖腹板毛约40根;肛板前缘中央隆起·······························森林真厉螨E. silvestris

注:*在文献[5]中,有2处错误需更正:1.新真厉螨生殖腹板毛数量描述有误,“约27对”应更正为“约26根”[2];2.厩真厉螨气门板后缘形态应由“平截”更正为“仅略带平截状”[7]

3 讨论

1913年Oudemans描述并绘制了Hypoaspis stabularis(=E. stabularis)的各发育龄期的形态,1945年Turk[19]提出Oudemans发表的Hypoaspis stabularis的第3若螨实际与“E. stabularis Koch,1836”并非同一种类,将其命名为“E. oudemansi”。此后,Uchikawa和Rack[16]描述并绘制了德国的E. oudemansi标本形态,Domrow[4]绘制了澳大利亚的E. oudemansi标本形态。我们将德国和澳大利亚两地的雌性标本描述和图与我国福建省的标本进行比较,发现德国与福建省的标本存在以下不同:德国的标本颚沟横齿每列具齿6~7枚;头盖较尖窄,长刺突明显长;气门板后端无明显膨大,而福建省的标本颚沟横齿每列具齿5~8枚,有的多达9或10齿;头盖较宽,长刺突较短;气门板后端明显膨大。而澳大利亚与福建省的标本仅从图看,其形态非常相似,尤其头盖与气门板的形态并无明显差别。德国的标本同中国及澳大利亚的标本分析结果表明,从形态上看,“气门板气门外侧的若干条横纹呈杂乱弯曲”是此螨特有的结构;从分布上看,在国内分布于福建省沿海的福州、宁德两地,在国外,分布于英格兰西南端的康沃尔半岛(Cornwall)、德国日德兰半岛南部的荷尔斯泰因州(Holstein)、澳大利亚东南沿海的维多利亚州(Victoria),各地均分布于沿海地区。因此,笔者认为不同地区之间的形态差异应是种内差异。

参考文献
[1]
Strandtmann RW, Wharton GW. A manual of Mesostigmatid mites parasitic on vertebrates[M]. Washington DC: College Park, Institute of Acarology, University of Maryland, 1958: 126-137.
[2]
Evans GO, Till WM. Studies on the British dermanyssidae (Acari:Mesostigmata) Part Ⅱ Classification[J]. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Zool, 1966, 14(5): 109-370.
[3]
Evans GO, Till WM. Mesostigmatic mites of Britain and Ireland (Chelicerata:Acari-Parasitiformes):an introduction to their external morphology and classification[J]. J Zool, 1979, 35(2): 139-262. DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1979.tb00059.x
[4]
Domrow R. Acari Mesostigmata parasitic on Australian vertebrates:an annotated checklist, keys and bibliography[J]. Invertebr Taxon, 1987, 1(7): 817-948. DOI:10.1071/IT9870817
[5]
邓国藩, 王敦清, 顾以铭, 等. 中国经济昆虫志.第40册.蜱螨亚纲.皮刺螨总科[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1993: 182-244.
[6]
Mašăn P, Fenda P. A review of the laelapid mites associated with terrestrial mammals in slovakia, with a key to the European species (Acari:Mesostigmata:Dermanyssoidea)[M]. Bratislava: NOI Press, 2010: 71-117.
[7]
温廷桓. 真厉螨亚科(新亚科)和真厉螨属三新种[J]. 昆虫学报, 1976, 19(3): 348-356. DOI:10.16380/j.kcxb.1976.03.013
[8]
Ryszard H. Haemogamasidae oudemans, 1926(Acari:Mesostigmata) of Poland[J]. Pol Pismo Entomol, 1988, 58: 635-661.
[9]
周曼殊, 顾以铭, 温廷桓. 中国血革螨科记述及一新属的建立(蜱螨亚纲:寄螨目)[J]. 动物分类学报, 1995, 20(2): 172-175.
[10]
Vinarski MV, Korallo-Vinarskaya NP. An annotated catalogue of the gamasid mites associated with small mammals in Asiatic Russia. The family Haemogamasidae (Acari:Mesostigmata:Gamasina)[J]. Zootaxa, 2017, 4273(1): 1-18. DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.4273.1.1
[11]
Dowling APG, Oconnor BM. Phylogeny of Dermanyssoidea (Acari:Parasitiformes) suggests multiple origins of parasitism[J]. Acarologia, 2010, 50(1): 113-129. DOI:10.1051/acarologia/20101957
[12]
田杰. 血革螨科二新种(蜱螨亚纲)[J]. 动物分类学报, 1990, 15(4): 453-456.
[13]
刘井元, 马立名. 颚西北神农架真厉螨属一新种(蜱螨亚纲:血革螨科)[J]. 动物分类学报, 1998, 23(1): 21-24. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-0739.1998.01.005
[14]
马英, 杨锡正, 唐新元. 青海真厉螨属一新种(蜱螨亚纲, 中气门目, 厉螨科)[J]. 动物分类学报, 2005, 30(2): 355-357. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-0739.2005.02.022
[15]
Uchikawa K. Studies on mesostigmatid mites parasitic on mammals and birds in Japan. Ⅴ. Mites of the genus Eulaelaps Berlese, 1903(Haemogamasidae)[J]. Bull Natl Sci Mus Ser A (Zool), 1978, 4(1): 11-26.
[16]
Uchikawa K, Rack G. Eulaelaps stabularis (Koch, 1839) and Eulaelaps oudemansi Turk, 1945(Mesostigmata:Haemogamasidae)[J]. Acarologia, 1979, 20(2): 163-172.
[17]
王敦清, 廖灏溶.蜱螨亚纲, 中气门亚目, 皮刺螨总科[M]//黄邦侃.福建昆虫志.第9卷.福州: 福建科学技术出版社, 2000: 1-45.
[18]
周淑姮, 李述杨, 陈文锦, 等. 福建省三都澳岛鼠体螨类调查[J]. 中国媒介生物学及控制杂志, 2008, 19(6): 546-549. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-4692.2008.06.017
[19]
Turk FA. Studies of Acari. Second series:descriptions of new species and notes on established forms of parasitic mites[J]. Parasitology, 1945, 36(3/4): 133-141. DOI:10.1017/S0031182000012099
[20]
马立名. 革螨新同物异名(蜱螨亚纲:中气门亚目)[J]. 蛛形学报, 2006, 15(1): 23-26. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-9628.2006.01.004