中国媒介生物学及控制杂志  2016, Vol. 27 Issue (6): 549-554

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王剑, 董学书, 郭晓芳, 李春富, 姜进勇, 杨中华, SorchampaSomphath, 孙晓东, 林祖锐, 徐艳春, 周红宁
WANG Jian, DONG Xue-shu, GUO Xiao-fang, LI Chun-fu, JIANG Jin-yong, YANG Zhong-hua, Sorchampa Somphath, SUN Xiao-dong, LIN Zu-rui, XU Yan-chun, ZHOU Hong-ning
老挝北部蚊虫种群组成及孳生习性调查
Investigations on mosquito fauna and habitats in the north of Laos
中国媒介生物学及控制杂志, 2016, 27(6): 549-554
Chin J Vector Biol & Control, 2016, 27(6): 549-554
10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2016.06.006

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收稿日期: 2016-08-21
网络出版时间: 2016-09-30 13:42
老挝北部蚊虫种群组成及孳生习性调查
王剑, 董学书, 郭晓芳, 李春富, 姜进勇, 杨中华, SorchampaSomphath, 孙晓东, 林祖锐, 徐艳春, 周红宁     
云南省虫媒传染病防控研究重点实验室, 云南省虫媒病毒研究中心, 云南公共卫生与疾病防控协同创新中心, 云南疟疾研究中心, 云南省寄生虫病防治所, 云南 普洱 665000
摘要: 目的 了解老挝北部蚊虫种群组成及孳生习性,为蚊虫分类、防治及生物资源利用提供参考。 方法 2014年和2015年8-10月,在老挝北部5个省的7个县设置调查点,利用夜间诱蚊灯诱捕成蚊和日间捞捕蚊幼虫两种方法采集蚊虫,对捕获蚊虫进行分类鉴定并调查孳生环境类型。 结果 共捕获成蚊5 921只和蚊幼虫3 526条,隶属于3亚科15属19亚属82种(亚种);其中诱蚊灯通宵诱捕法捕获成蚊2亚科10属11亚属37种共5 921只,三带喙库蚊为优势种,占捕蚊总数的66.29%(3 925/5 921);幼虫捞捕法捕获蚊幼虫3亚科12属17亚属59种共3 526条,三带喙库蚊占捕获总数的21.30%(751/3 526);共调查蚊幼虫孳生积水环境7类636处,其中竹筒、树洞积水162处和轮胎积水153处,占总积水数的49.30%(315/636),为主要孳生地。 结论 老挝北部蚊虫种类丰富,三带喙库蚊为优势蚊种,银足按蚊、微小按蚊、中华按蚊、白纹伊蚊、骚扰阿蚊和埃及伊蚊为当地次优势种。幼虫孳生地复杂多样,不同蚊种有其特殊孳生习性,但各蚊种共生现象普遍存在。
关键词: 蚊虫     种群     孳生习性     老挝北部    
Investigations on mosquito fauna and habitats in the north of Laos
WANG Jian, DONG Xue-shu, GUO Xiao-fang, LI Chun-fu, JIANG Jin-yong, YANG Zhong-hua, Sorchampa Somphath, SUN Xiao-dong, LIN Zu-rui, XU Yan-chun, ZHOU Hong-ning     
Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Center of Arborvirus Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Center for Malaria Research of Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Disease, Pu'er 665000, Yunnan Province, China
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30660160, 30960327, 81273138) and the Joint Control Project of Malaria and Dengue in China' s Frontier Areas Adjacent to Laos, Yunnan, China
Corresponding author: ZHOU Hong-ning, Email:zhhn@yipd.org
Abstract: Objective To investigate mosquito fauna and habitats in the north of Laos and provide evidences for clarification of mosquitoes, prevention of mosquitoes borne diseases and take advantage of biological resources. Methods Seven counties of five provinces in the north of Laos were chosen randomly from August to October in 2014 and 2015. Adult mosquitoes were collected by overnight trapping with ovitrap light and larvae were collected in the different breeding sites. All captured mosquitoes were processed in the lab. Results In total, 5 921 adult mosquitoes and 3 526 larvae were collected from 82 species of 19 subgenera of 15 genera in 3 subfamilies. All captured adult mosquitoes from 37 species of 11 subgenera of 10 genera in 2 subfamilies were collected by overnight trapping with ovitrap light. The predominant species was Culex tritaeniorhynchus(3 925, 66.29%). Besides, collected larvae belonged to 59 species of 17 subgenera of 12 genera in 3 subfamilies. Culex tritaeniorhynchus was still the predominant species (751, 21.30%). In total, 636 larval habitats of seven different environments were investigated. The predominant habitats were bamboo tube and tree hole (162) and wasted tires (153), these three habitats accounted for 49.30%(315/636) in all habitats. Conclusion The mosquito species showed biological richness in the north of Laos. The predominant species was Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, followed by Anopheles argyropus, An. minimus, An. sinensis, Aedes albopictus, Armigeres subalbatus and Ae. aegypti. The diversity and complexity of habitats of larvae were observed. Different mosquito larvae preferred different habitats, but symbiotic phenomenon of various mosquito species commonly existed.
Key words: Mosquitoes     Species     Breeding habits     The north of Laos    

老挝北部与中国云南省接壤,边境线全长793 km,是边境疾病联防联控项目在老挝的关键地区,目前中国-老挝(中老)边境蚊媒疾病疫情严峻,多数为老挝、缅甸输入性病例[1-3],而以往对该地区系统的蚊媒调查研究较少。为掌握老挝北部蚊种构成、分布及其孳生习性,为中老边境虫媒疾病防控和生物资源利用提供依据,于2014年和2015年8-10月在老挝北部5个省的7个县不同纬度、海拔地区设立调查点,采集成蚊和蚊幼虫标本并调查其生态习性。

1 材料与方法 1.1 调查地点

于老挝北部波乔省会晒县、风沙里省风沙里和奔泰县、南塔省南塔和勐醒县、乌多姆赛省乌赛县和琅勃拉邦省琅勃拉邦县。各县选择县城周边和远离县城的村寨各1个,共14个调查点,村寨内人房为当地特色木楼(或称吊脚楼,上面住人,下面放杂物或饲养家禽),各户均有独立庭院,庭院内各种杂草、树木繁殖生长。各户大多养殖牛、猪等家畜或鸡、鸭等家禽,牲畜房在人房下或人房旁;村寨附近有森林、河流等良好生态环境,利用GPS(卫星定位系统)记录调查地点经纬度、海拔和人口等基本情况。

1.2 调查方法

夜间通宵用诱蚊灯诱捕成蚊,诱蚊灯为武汉市吉星环保科技有限责任公司生产的功夫小帅牌UV光催化捕蚊器(220 V,50 Hz,24 W)。按照诱蚊灯使用方法在每个调查点周边和村寨分别选择人房1间、牲畜房2间,各挂灯1盏,于20:00至次日08:00通宵捕蚊,每个调查点连续捕获2 d,共84灯次。

1.3 蚊虫孳生习性

在每个调查点居民区和野外各类蚊虫孳生地,用吸管法和勺舀法捞捕蚊幼虫,各点共捞捕1次2 h,记录孳生地类型、时间和地点。

1.4 鉴定方法

将现场诱捕的成蚊置于-20 ℃冰箱或置三氯甲烷处死;捞捕的蚊幼虫置于75%乙醇或60 ℃温水处死,用解剖镜和显微镜通过形态学方法对蚊虫进行分类鉴定、计数,鉴定方法参照文献[4-11]。

1.5 数据处理

利用Excel软件录入数据,对蚊数量和构成比等数据进行统计分析。

2 结果 2.1 蚊种组

成共捕获成蚊5 921只和蚊幼虫3 526条,经分类鉴定隶属于3亚科15属19亚属82种(亚种),分别为按蚊属19种、伊蚊属9种、骚扰蚊属4种、阿蚊属10种、库蚊属19种、直脚蚊属2种、曼蚊属1种、局限蚊属1种、杵蚊属4种、蓝带蚊属5种、小蚊属1种、领蚊属2种、柯蚊属1种、钩蚊属2种和巨蚊属2种。其中诱蚊灯通宵诱捕法捕获成蚊2亚科10属11亚属37种共5 921只;共捕获蚊幼虫3亚科12属17亚属59种共3 526条。各蚊种名录如下[4-11]

Ⅰ.按蚊亚科Subfamily Anopheles

1.按蚊属Genus Anopheles Meigen,1818

(1)按蚊亚属Subgenus Anopheles Meigen,1818

①须喙按蚊An. barbirostris Van der Wulp,1884

②带足按蚊An. peditaeniatus(Leicester,1908)

③中华按蚊An. sinensis Wiedemann,1828

④须荫按蚊An. barbumbrosus Strickland et Chowdhury,1927

⑤银足按蚊(宽环按蚊)An. argyropus(Swellengrebel,1914)

⑥克氏按蚊An. crawfordi Reid,1953

⑦间断按蚊(安那大按蚊间断亚种,簇足按蚊)An. interruptus Puri,1929

(2)塞蚊亚属Subgenus Cellia Theobald,1902

⑧多斑按蚊An. maculates Theobald,1901

⑨詹氏按蚊An. jamesii Theobald,1901

⑩微小按蚊An. minimus Theobald,1901

⑪菲律宾按蚊An. philippinensis Ludlow,1902

⑫伪威氏按蚊An. pseudouwillmori Theobald,1970

⑬美彩按蚊An. splendidus Koidzumi,1920

⑭棋斑按蚊An. tessellatus Theobald,1901

⑮迷糊按蚊(迷走按蚊)An. vagus Doenitz,1902

⑯乌头按蚊An. aconitus Doenitz,1912

⑰大劣按蚊An. dirus Peyton et Harrison,1979

⑱瓦容按蚊An. varuna Iyengar,1924

⑲可赫按蚊An. kochi Doenitz,1901

Ⅱ.库蚊亚科Subfamily Culicinae

2.伊蚊属Genus Aedes Meigen,1818

(3)伊状蚊亚属Subgenus Aedimorphus Theobald,1905

⑳刺扰伊蚊Ae. vexans(Meigen,1830)

(4)覆蚊亚属Subgenus Stegomyia Theobald,1901

㉑白纹伊蚊Ae. albopictus(Skuse,1894)

㉒埃及伊蚊Ae. aegypti(Linnnaeus,1762)

㉓圆斑伊蚊Ae. annandalei(Theobald,1910)

㉔尖斑伊蚊Ae. craggi(Barraud,1923)

㉕中点伊蚊Ae. mediopunctatus(Theobald,1905)

㉖亚白纹伊蚊Ae. subalbopictus Barraud,1931

㉗伪白纹伊蚊Ae. pseudoalbopictus(Borel,1928)

(5)新黑蚊亚属Subgenus Naeomelaniconion Newstead,1907

㉘窄翅伊蚊Ae. lineatopennies(Ludlow,1905)

3.骚扰蚊属Genus Ochlerotatus Reinert,2001

(6)纷蚊亚属Subgenus Finlaya Theobald,1903

㉙金线骚扰蚊Oc. chrysolineatus(Theobald,1907)

㉚哈唯骚扰蚊Oc. harveyi(Barraud,1923)

㉛侧白骚扰蚊Oc. albolateralis(Theobald,1908)

㉜大森骚扰蚊Oc. omorii Lien,1968

4.阿蚊属Genus Armigeres Theobald,1901

(7)阿蚊亚属Subgenus Armigeres Theobald,1901

㉝骚扰阿蚊Ar. subalbatus(Coquillett,1898)

㉞达勒姆阿蚊Ar. durhami Edwards,1917

(8)励蚊亚属Subgenus Leicesteria Theobald,1904

㉟五指阿蚊Ar. digitatus(Edwards,1914)

㊱黄色阿蚊Ar. flavus(Leicester,1908)

㊲白斑阿蚊Ar. inchoatus Barraud,1927

㊳巨型阿蚊Ar. magnus(Theobald,1908)

㊴勐腊阿蚊Ar. menglaensis Dong,Zhou et Dong,2002

㊵环跗阿蚊Ar. annulitarsis(Leicester,1908)

㊶鳞抱阿蚊Ar. lepidocoxitus Dong,Zhou et Dong,1995

㊷云南阿蚊Ar. yunnanensis Dong,Zhou et Dong,1995

5.库蚊属Genus Culex Linnaeus,1758

(9)库蚊亚属Subgenus Culex Linnacus,1758

㊸致倦库蚊Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus Say,1823

㊹棕头库蚊Cx. fuscocephala Theobald,1907

㊺白雪库蚊Cx. gelidus Theobald,1901

㊻白霜库蚊Cx. whitmorei(Giles,1904)

㊼二带喙库蚊Cx. bitaeniorhynchus Giles,1901

㊽三带喙库蚊Cx. tritaeniorhynchus Giles,1901

㊾类拟态库蚊Cx. murrelli Lien,1968

㊿拟态库蚊Cx. mimeticus Noe,1899

希氏库蚊Cx. theileri Theobald,1903

环带库蚊Cx. annulus Theobald,1901

伪杂鳞库蚊Cx. pseudovishnui Colless,1957

(10)簇角蚊亚属Subgenus Lophoceraomyia Theobald,1905

孟加拉库蚊Cx. bengalensis Barraud,1934

细刺库蚊Cx. spiculosus Bram et Rattanarithikul,1967

(11)库状蚊亚属Subgenus Culiciomyia Theobald,1907

平脊库蚊Cx. bailyi Barraud,1934

黑点库蚊Cx. nigropunctatus Edwards,1926

白胸库蚊Cx. pallidothrax Theobald,1905

大爪库蚊Cx. mengaonychus Yang,Li et Chen,1993

(12)路蚊亚属Subgenus Lutzia Theobald,1903

贪食库蚊Cx. fuscanus Wiedemann,1820

褐尾库蚊Cx. halifaxia Theobald,1903

6.直脚蚊属Genus Orthopodomyia Theobald,1904

类按直脚蚊Or. anophloides(Giles,1903)

白花直脚蚊Or. albipes Leicester,1904

7.曼蚊属Genus Mansonia Blanchard,1901

常型曼蚊Ma. uniformis(Theobald,1901)

8.局限蚊属Genus Topomyia Leicester,1908

(13)局限蚊亚属Subgenus Topomyia Leicester,1908

林氏局限蚊To. lindsayi Thurman,1959

9.杵蚊属Genus Tripteroides Giles,1904

(14)星毛蚊亚属Subgenus Rachonotomyia Theobald,1905

蛛形杵蚊Tr. aranoides(Theobald,1901)

类蛛形杵蚊Tr. aranoideoides New Species

白胸杵蚊Tr. pallidothorax Dong,Zhou et Dong,2008

(15)杵蚊亚属Subgenus Tripteroides Giles,1904

竹生杵蚊Tr. bambusa(Yamada,1917)

10.蓝带蚊属Genus Uranotaenia Lynch Arribalzaga,1891

(16)伪费蚊亚属Subgenus Pseudoficalbia Theobald,1911

白胸蓝带蚊Ur. nivipleura Leicester,1908

巨型蓝带蚊Ur. maxima Leicester,1908

暗糊蓝带蚊Ur. obscura Edwards,1915

新糊蓝带蚊Ur. novobscura Barraud,1934

(17)蓝带蚊亚属Subgenus Uranotaenia Lynch Arribalzaga,1891

安氏蓝带蚊(短铗蓝带蚊)Ur. annandalei Barraud,1926

11.小蚊属Genus Mimomyia Theobald,1903

(18)鳞腋蚊亚属Subgenus Etorleptiomyia Theobald,1904

吕宋小蚊Mi. luzonensis(Ludlow,1905)

12.领蚊属Genus Heizmannia Ludlow,1905

(19)领蚊亚属Subgenus Heizmannia Ludlow,1905

近接领蚊He. proxima Marringly,1970

多栉领蚊He. reidi Mattingly,1957

13.柯蚊属Genus Coquillettidia Dyar,1905

粗腿柯蚊Co. crassipes(Van der Wulp,1881)

14.钩蚊属Genus Malaya Leicester,1908

灰唇钩蚊Ml. jacobsoni Edwards,1930

肘喙钩蚊Ml. genurostris Leicester,1908

Ⅲ.巨蚊亚科Subfamily Toxorhynchitinae

15.巨蚊属Genus Toxorhynchites Theobald,1901

紫腹巨蚊Tx. gravelyi(Edwards,1921)

华丽巨蚊Tx. splendens(Wiedemann,1819)

2.1.1 成蚊种群组成

共捕获成蚊2亚科10属11亚属37种共5 921只,其中三带喙库蚊为优势种,占捕获总数的66.29%;其次为银足按蚊、微小按蚊和中华按蚊,分别占11.79%、5.23%和5.17%;各省蚊属、种差异明显,其中南塔省分布蚊属、种最多,其次为波乔和风沙里省,各省蚊种分布见表 1

表 1 老挝北部5个省的蚊种构成 Table 1 The mosquito genera and species composition of five provinces in the north of Laos
2.1.2 蚊幼虫种群组成

共捞捕到4龄期幼虫3亚科12属17亚属59种共3 526条,其中三带喙库蚊仍为优势种,占捕获总数的21.30%;其次为白纹伊蚊、骚扰阿蚊、埃及伊蚊、圆斑伊蚊、二带喙库蚊和暗糊蓝带蚊,分别占16.11%、11.03%、7.52%、3.72%、3.15%和2.89%,其他蚊类共52种,占捕获总数的34.28%,见表 2

表 2 老挝北部蚊虫孳生习性和种群构成 Table 2 The breeding habits and genus and species composition of mosquitoes in the north of Laos
2.2 蚊幼虫孳生习性

本次调查主要孳生环境7类636处积水,各类孳生地数量分别为竹筒、树洞积水162处,轮胎积水153处,花瓶、盆和罐积水89处,石穴、石槽积水41处,叶腋积水79处,水坑、蹄印积水49处,稻田、溪流和水沟积水63处;主要孳生环境以竹筒、树洞积水和轮胎积水为主,共315处,见表 2。不同属、种对孳生地选择差异明显。

3 讨论

老挝境内大多为山地和高原,且多被森林覆盖,有“印度支那屋脊”之称,地势北高南低,北部与中国云南省接壤,属热带、亚热带季风气候,5-10月为雨季,11月至次年4月为旱季,年平均气温26 ℃,全境雨量充沛,适宜蚊类孳生。老挝北部与中国云南省西双版纳州和普洱市接壤,地形气候十分相似,董学书等[12]对云南省蚊类地理区划中将该区域划属于热带雨林季雨林亚区的西双版纳小区,植被具有浓厚的东南亚和印度、缅甸热带雨林季雨林特点,以热带常绿植物为主,溪沟、缓流纵横,水塘、水坑、树穴和竹筒积水较多,极利于蚊类孳生繁殖,共有蚊类3亚科19属30亚属260种。而本调查共捕获3亚科15属19亚属82种(亚种),主要蚊种有三带喙库蚊、白纹伊蚊、埃及伊蚊、中华按蚊和微小按蚊等,该区域发现的亚科和属(3亚科15属)数量与西双版纳小区(3亚科19属)基本一致,而亚属和种〔19亚属82种(亚种)〕的数量少于西双版纳小区(30亚属260种),结合以往在中老边境相关区域的调查资料[1, 13-16],显示老挝北部的种属数量与接壤的云南省边境地区基本一致,尚未发现新种。

调查发现当地蚊虫主要孳生生境7类636处,与董学书等[4-5, 13]、王丕玉等[14]在云南省边境地区的调查相似;不同蚊种主要孳生生境不同,三带喙库蚊主要孳生于稻田、水沟;白纹伊蚊主要孳生于竹筒、树洞积水和轮胎积水,各蚊种在其他孳生地内数量较少或偶有孳生;不同蚊种孳生生境种类不同,三带喙库蚊、骚扰阿蚊和白纹伊蚊有多个孳生地,而大多蚊种如阿蚊属厉蚊亚属、杵蚊属、领蚊属和钩蚊属等生境较单一;竹筒、树洞积水处孳生蚊类数量最多,达36种,稻田、溪流和水沟14种,各蚊种对孳生地有明显的选择性。

本次调查捕获的蚊类中,病媒生物媒介蚊种4属21种,如微小按蚊、大劣按蚊和中华按蚊等传播疟疾;三带喙库蚊、伪杂鳞库蚊和霜背库蚊传播流行性乙型脑炎;白纹伊蚊和埃及伊蚊传播登革热;常型曼蚊、中华按蚊等为丝虫病传播媒介;其中三带喙库蚊为优势蚊种,种群密度较高;疟疾是云南省边境的主要虫媒传播疾病,微小按蚊为云南省边境主要的传疟媒介[17]。在老挝北部5个省均捕获有微小按蚊;此外在幼虫调查中发现登革热主要传播媒介白纹伊蚊和埃及伊蚊,分布广、密度高,分别占捕获总数的16.11%和7.52%,为当地日间活动的主要蚊种。

老挝北部蚊类属种丰富,数量较多,幼虫孳生地丰富多样,其蚊类种属数量、组成及孳生习性等与中国云南省边境蚊类基本一致。中老边境山水相连,地理位置复杂特殊,有陆路、水路和空港等,双边经贸、旅游交往频繁,系统的边境蚊媒调查极为重要。本次对老挝北部及边境蚊类属种的种群组成、分布及孳生习性进行初步统计和分析,可为老挝及边境蚊媒疾病防控和生物资源利用提供参考。本次调查点主要集中在海拔800~1 500 m地区,对低海拔和高海拔地区的调查和采样较少,稀有蚊属种发现较少,且以往资料缺乏对当地的系统调查,应深入调查,从而发现更多属种甚至新属种。

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