中国媒介生物学及控制杂志  2016, Vol. 27 Issue (4): 368-373

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冯炎, 王艳霞, 张义梅, 赵德军, 李瑒
FENG Yan, WANG Yan-xia, ZHANG Yi-mei, ZHAO De-jun, LI Yang
四川省跑马山区有瓣蝇类种类初探(昆虫纲:双翅目)
Preliminary survey on the Calyptratae in Paomashan, Sichuan province, China
中国媒介生物学及控制杂志, 2016, 27(4): 368-373
Chin J Vector Biol & Control, 2016, 27(4): 368-373
10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2016.04.014

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收稿日期: 2016-02-22
网络出版时间: 2016-06-03 12:09
四川省跑马山区有瓣蝇类种类初探(昆虫纲:双翅目)
冯炎, 王艳霞, 张义梅, 赵德军, 李瑒     
雅安市疾病预防控制中心, 四川 雅安 625000
摘要: 目的 了解四川省康定市跑马山区有瓣蝇类情况。 方法 采用网捕法对跑马山区不同生境中的成蝇随意进行捕获。当场处理后,带回实验室进行蝇种的分类鉴定,详细描述特征。 结果 1981-1988年采集成蝇编号约10 000号,经鉴定确认符合双名法的蝇类123种,隶属7科18亚科30族65属。其中以跑马山为模式产地的新蝇种21种,占该山区已知种类的17.07%,特有种16种,占已知种的13.01%;在7科中,以蝇科属、种最多,分别占33.85%(22/65)和43.90%(54/123)。 结论 跑马山区有瓣蝇类地理区系分布极具特征性,需深入研究。
关键词: 跑马山区     有瓣蝇类     四川省    
Preliminary survey on the Calyptratae in Paomashan, Sichuan province, China
FENG Yan, WANG Yan-xia, ZHANG Yi-mei, ZHAO De-jun, LI Yang     
Ya'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ya'an 625000, Sichuan Province, China
Abstract: Objective To understand the species and other information of Calyptratae in Paomashan of Sichuan province. Methods Mist nets were used to capture the subjects in different habitats. The specimens were then classified using stereomicroscope. Specimens of significance were carefully preserved and new species were morphologically described, illustrated and published. Results A total of 123 species of Calyptratae which belong to 7 families, 18 subfamilies, 30 races and 65 genera, were described. The 123 known species from Paomashan accounted for 10.12% of all known 1 216 species of Sichuan province. Twenty-one new species and 16 indigenous species were recorded, accounting for 17.07% and 13.01% respectively of all known 123 species in Paomashan. Among 7 families, the Muscidae was the predominant genera and species, numbers of which accounted for 33.85% (22/65) and 43.90% (54/123) of known genera and species in total. On the Fauna distribution, Palearctic 71 species and oriental 45 species were recorded in Paomashan, accounting 57.72% and 36.59% of known species respectively. Others seven known species were distribution on the three type by fauna and accounting 0.81%-4.07% of known species from Paomashan respectively. Thus it can be seen that Palearctic realm species were predominant, followed by Oriental realm. Conclusion Tremendous biodiversity and indigenous Calyptratae found in Paomashan region warrant further study.
Key words: Paomashan     Calyptratae     Sichuan province    

跑马山位于四川省康定市城区南缘,系贡嘎山脉向北延伸的余脉,平均海拔2 700 m,最高处2 900 m。跑马山山岳奇异,古木参天,绿茵遍野,生物资源富庶,昆虫区系独特,但对蝇类昆虫的研究较少。本研究以川西地区(含跑马山区)为调查对象,考察积累了1981-1988年资料。现对四川省跑马山区蝇类昆虫种类及区系分布进行报告。

1 材料与方法 1.1 材料

国内外相关经典著作、日常工作积累资料及公开发表的论文等。

1.2 研究对象

采用网捕法收集跑马山区多生境成蝇标本和利用挖掘法收集前成虫期标本。如遇新种,进行形态学描述、绘制特征图。

1.3 研究方法

采用体视显微镜和绘图仪分类鉴定蝇种。凡新种模式种及有价值的标本,均赠相关标本馆存放,以供参考。

1.4 多样性指数分析

采用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)计算[1]H=-ΣPilnPi,其中Pi为第i属或种的个体占总数的比例。根据多样性指数公式,将蝇类在各科中的属、种划分为3个等级,即H≥0.3为极高多样性;0.1<H<0.3为高多样性;H≤0.1为低多样性。

2 结果 2.1 有瓣蝇类昆虫名录[1-16]

初步统计,四川省跑马山区有完整学名的蝇类7科65属123种,分别列出符合双名法的名录(具“*”为产于该山区的新种模式种;具“△”为该山区所产中国特有种;具“NR”为中国新纪录种或新纪录属)。

Ⅰ.粪蝇科Scathophagidae

一、粪蝇亚科Scathophaginae

(1)粪蝇属Scathophaga Meigen,1803

①长翅粪蝇S. amplipennis(Portschinsky,1887)

②黄粪蝇S. stercoraris(Linnaeus,1758)

Ⅱ.花蝇科Anthomyiidae

二、花蝇亚科Anthomyiinae

1.花蝇族Anthomyiini

(2)花蝇属Anthomyia Meigen,1803

③横带花蝇A. illocata Walker,1857

④雨兆花蝇A. pluvialis(Linnaeus,1758)

(3)缘花蝇属Craspedochoeta Macquart,1851

⑤多毛缘花蝇C. hirsuticorpa Feng et Fan,1999*△

2.隰蝇族Hydrophoriini

(4)粪种蝇属Adia Robineau-Desvoidy,1830

⑥粪种蝇A. cinerella(Fallén,1825)

(5)泉种蝇属Pegohylemyia Schnabl,1911

⑦四川泉种蝇P. sichuanensis Li,1980

三、种蝇亚科Hylemyinae

3.弱脉花蝇族Acyglossini

(6)雪种蝇属Chionomyia Ringdahl,1933

⑧毛腹雪种蝇C. vetula(Zetterstedt,1838)

(7)邻种蝇属Paregle Schnabl,1911

⑨根邻种蝇P. audacula(Harris,1780)

⑩密胡邻种蝇P. densibarbata Fan,1982

4.地种蝇族Deliini

(8)地种蝇属Delia Robineau-Desvoidy,1830

⑪菠茎地种蝇D. echinata(Séguy,1923)

⑫灰地种蝇D. platura(Meigen,1826)

(9)植蝇属Leucophora Robineau-Desvoiy,1830

⑬毛眼植蝇L. piliocularis Feng,1987*△

⑭山西植蝇L. shanxiensis Fan et Fang,1986

5.种蝇族Hylemyini

(10)种蝇属Hylemya Robineau-Desvoidy,1830

⑮黑跗种蝇H. nigrimana(Meigen,1826)

⑯后眶种蝇H. probilis Ackland,1967

(11)草种蝇属Phorbia Robineau-Desvoidy,1830

⑰二郎山草种蝇P. erlangshana Feng,1987

⑱峨眉草种蝇P. omeishanensis Fan,1982

(12)华种蝇属Sinohylemya Hsue,1980

⑲缘齿华种蝇S. craspedodonta Hsue,1980

四、泉蝇亚科Pegomyinae

6.叉泉蝇族Eutrichotini

(13)叉泉蝇属Eutrichota Kowarz,1893

⑳双叶叉泉蝇E. bilobella Li et Deng,1988

(14)拟花蝇属Calythea Schnabl et Dziedzicki,1911

㉑白斑拟花蝇C. nigricans(Robineau-Desvoidy,1830)

㉒鬃额拟花蝇C. setifrons Ackland,1968

(15)原泉蝇属Nupedia Karl,1930

㉓夏原泉蝇N. aestiva(Meigen,1826)

Ⅲ.厕蝇科Fanniidae

(16)厕蝇属Fannia Robineau-Desvoidy,1830

㉔夏厕蝇F. canicularis(Linnaeus,1761)

㉕糜角厕蝇F. davidianicornis Wang,Zhang et Xue,2006

㉖毛踝厕蝇F. manicata(Meigen,1826)

㉗巨斑厕蝇F. maximiguttatus Feng et Xue,2006*△

㉘元厕蝇F. prisca Stein,1918

㉙突尾厕蝇F. processicauda Wang,Xue et Chen,1997

㉚羽胫厕蝇F. pterylitibia Feng,2003*△

㉛瘤胫厕蝇F. scalaris(Fabricius,1794)

Ⅳ.蝇科Muscidae

五、点蝇亚科Azeliinae

7.点蝇族Azeliini

(17)毛基蝇属Thricops Rondani,1856

㉜绯瓣毛基蝇T. rufisquamus(Schnabl,1915)

8.齿股蝇族Hydrotaeini

(18)黑蝇属Ophyra Robineau-Desvoidy,1830

㉝银眉黑蝇O. ignava(Harris,1780)

㉞暗额黑蝇O. obscurifrons Sabrosky,1949

(19)齿股蝇属Hydrotaea Robineau-Desvoidy,1830

㉟常齿股蝇H. dentipes(Fabricius,1805)

㊱尼泊尔齿股蝇H. nepalensis Pont,1975

㊲跑马山齿股蝇H. pomashanensis Feng,2008*△

㊳颊鬃齿股蝇H. setigena Deng,Mou et Feng,1995

(20)胡蝇属Drymeia Meigen,1826

㊴针踝胡蝇D. aculeata(Stein,1907)

㊵康定胡蝇D. kangdinga Xue,1992*△

(21)纹蝇属Graphomya Robineau-Desvoidy,1830

㊶天目斑纹蝇G. maculata tienmushanensis Ôuchi,1939

9.溜蝇族Lispini

(22)溜蝇属Lispe Lateille,1796

㊷东方溜蝇L. orientalis Wiedemann,1830

㊸天目溜蝇L. quaerens(Villeneuve,1936)

六、家蝇亚科Muscinae

10.墨蝇族Mesembrinini

(23)直脉蝇属Polietes Rondani,1866

㊹峨眉直脉蝇P. fuscisquamosus Emden,1965

(24)墨蝇属Mesembrina Meigen,1826

㊺幽墨蝇M. tristis Aldrich,1926

11.家蝇族Muscini

(25)翠蝇属Neomyia Walker,1859

㊻明翅翠蝇N. claripennis(Malloch,1923)

㊼绿翠蝇N. cornicina(Fabricius,1871)

㊽锡兰翠蝇N. fletcheri(Emden,1965)

㊾紫翠蝇N. gavisa(Walker,1859)

(26)璃蝇属Rypellia Malloch,1931

㊿半透璃蝇R. semilutea(Malloch,1923)

(27)优毛蝇属Eudasyphora Townsend,1911

紫兰优毛蝇E. kempi(Emden,1965)

(28)毛蝇属Dasyphora Robineau-Desvoidy,1830

四鬃毛蝇D. quadrisetosa Zimin,1951

(29)家蝇属Musca Linnaeus,1758

北栖家蝇M. bezzii Patton et Cragg,1913

逐畜家蝇M. conducens Walker,1860

突额家蝇M. convexifrons Thomson,1869

家蝇M. domestica Linnaeus,1758

黑边家蝇M. hervei Villeneuve,1922

毛堤家蝇M. pilifacies Emden,1965

骚家蝇M. tempestiva Fallén,1817

七、圆蝇亚科Mydaeinae

12.圆蝇族Mydaeini

(30)毛膝蝇属Hebecnema Schnabl,1889

西蜀毛膝蝇H. xishuensis Feng,2009*△

(31)圆蝇属Mydaea Robineau-Desvoidy,1830

黄股圆蝇M. flavifemora Feng,2000

针叶圆蝇M. scolocerca Feng,2000*△

康定圆蝇M. setifemur kangdinga Xue et Feng,1992*△

次尖叶圆蝇M. subelecta Feng,2000*△

(32)妙蝇属Myospila Rondani,1856

康定妙蝇M. kangdingica Qian et Feng,2005

八、棘蝇亚科Phaoniinae

13.重毫蝇族Dichaetomyiini

(33)重毫蝇属Dichaetomyia Malloch,1921

铜腹重毫蝇D. bibax(Wiedemann,1830)

黄端重毫蝇D. fulvoapicata Emden,1965

14.棘蝇族Phaoniini

(34)阳蝇属Helina Robineau-Desvoidy,1830

曲叶阳蝇H. curtostylata Fang et Fan,1987

雨阳蝇H. hyeta Feng et Xue,2002

康定阳蝇H. Kangdingensis Xue et Feng,2002

跑马山阳蝇H. paomashana Feng,2000*△

羽胫阳蝇H. plamipostitibia Feng et Xue,2002

亚蜜阳蝇H. subfica Feng,2005

次毛叶阳蝇H. subhirtisurstyla Xue,Feng et Tong,2005*△

(35)棘蝇属Phaonia Robineau-Desvoidy,1830

亚洲游荡棘蝇P. asierrrans Zinovjev,1981

棕金棘蝇P. bruneiaurea Xue et Feng,1986*△

跑马棘蝇P. paomashanica Feng,2004*△

西伯克棘蝇P. siebecki Schnabl et Dziedzicki,1911 NR

九、邻家蝇亚科Reinwardtiinae

15.邻家蝇族Reinwardtiini

(36)腐蝇属Muscina Robineau-Desvoidy,1830

狭额腐蝇M. angustifrons(Loew,1858)

宝兴腐蝇M. baoxingensis Feng,2008

牧场腐蝇M. pascuorum(Meigen,1826)

厩腐蝇M. stabulans(Fallén,1817)

十、螫蝇亚科Stomoxyinae

16.角蝇族Haematobiini

(37)血喙蝇属Haematobosca Bezzi,1907

刺血喙蝇H. sanguinolenta(Austen,1909)

扰血喙蝇H. stimulans(Meigen,1824)

17.螫蝇族Stomoxyini

(38)螫蝇属Stomoxys Geoffroy,1762

厩螫蝇S. calcitrans(Linnaeus,1758)

Ⅴ.丽蝇科Callphoridae

十一、丽蝇亚科Calliphorinae

18.丽蝇族Calliphorini

(39)阿丽蝇属Aldrichina Townsend,1934

巨尾阿丽蝇A. grahami(Aldrich,1930)

(40)丽蝇属Calliphora Robineau-Desvoidy,1830

宽丽蝇C. nigribarbis Vollenhoven,1863

红头丽蝇C. vicina Robineau-Desvoidy,1830

反吐丽蝇C. vomitoria(Linnaeus,1758)

(41)叉丽蝇属Triceratopyga Rohdendorf,1931

叉丽蝇T. calliphoroides Rohdendorf,1931

19.乌丽蝇族Melanomyini

(42)裸变丽蝇属Gymnadichosia Villeneuve,1927

黑股裸变丽蝇G. aterifemora Feng,2003*△

(43)尼蚓蝇属Nepalonesia Kurahashi et Thapa NR

突腹尼蚓蝇N. ventrexcerta Feng et Fan,2008

20.绿蝇族Lucilliini

(44)带绿蝇属Hemipyrellia Townsend,1918

瘦叶带绿蝇H. ligurriens(Wiedemann,1830)

(45)绿蝇属Lucilia Robineau-Desvoidy,1830

南岭绿蝇L. bazini Séguy,1934

叉叶绿蝇L.caesar(Linnaeus,1758)

亮绿蝇L. illustris(Meigen,1826)

巴浦绿蝇L. papuensis(Macquart,1843)

紫绿蝇L. porphyrina(Walker,1856)

丝光绿蝇L. sericata(Meigen,1826)

中华绿蝇L. sinensis Aubertin,1933

十二、伏蝇亚科Phormiinae

21.金蝇族Chrysomyini

(46)金蝇属Chrysomya Robineau-Desvoidy,1830

大头金蝇C. megacephala (Fabricius,1794)

广额金蝇C. phaonis(Séguy,1928)

肥躯金蝇C. pinguis(Walker,1858)

十三、鼻蝇亚科Rhiniinae

22.彩蝇族Cosminini

(47)等彩蝇属Isomyia Walker,1860

拟黄胫等彩蝇I. pseudoviridana(Peris,1952)

23.鼻蝇族Rhiniini

(48)依蝇属Idiella Brauer et Bergenstamm,1889

三色依蝇I. tripartita(Bigot,1874)

(49)口鼻蝇属Stomorhina Rondani,1861

不显口鼻蝇S. obsoleta(Wiedemann,1830)

Ⅵ.麻蝇科Sarcophagidae

十四、蜂麻蝇亚科Miltogrammatinae

24.蜂麻蝇族Miltogrammtini

(50)楔蜂麻蝇属Sphenometopa Townsend,1907

牯岭楔蜂麻蝇S. koulingiana(Séguy,1941)

十五、野蝇亚科Paramacronychiinae

25.野麻蝇族Paramacronychiini

(51)右野蝇属Dexagria Rohdendorf,1978 NR

康定右野蝇D. kangdingica Feng et Deng,2010*△

(52)短野蝇属Brachicoma Rondani,1856

寂短野蝇B. devia(Fallén,1820)

十六、麻蝇亚科Sarcophaginae

26.拉麻蝇族Raviniini

(53)拉麻蝇属Ravinia Robineau-Desvoidy,1863

红尾拉麻蝇P. pernix(Harris,1780)

27.麻蝇族Sarciphagini

(54)钳麻蝇属Belliriomima Rohdendorf,1937

微刺钳麻蝇B. diminuta(Thomas,1949)

(55)别麻蝇属Boettcherisca Rohdendorf,1938

棕尾别麻蝇B. formosensis Kimer et Lopes,1961

(56)黑麻蝇属Helicophagella Enderlein,1928

黑尾黑麻蝇H. melanura(Meigen,1826)

(57)库麻蝇属Kozlovea Rohdendorf,1937

复斗库麻蝇K. tshernovi Rohdendorf,1937

(58)克麻蝇属Kramerea Rohdendorf,1937

舞毒蛾克麻蝇K. schuetzei(Kramer,1909)

(59)野麻蝇属Pandelleisca Rohdendorf,1937

拟对岛野麻蝇P. kanoi(Park,1962)

(60)亚麻蝇属Parasarcophaga Johnston et Tiegs,1921

白头亚麻蝇P. albiceps(Meigen,1826)

巨耳亚麻蝇P. macroauriculata(Ho,1932)

(61)叉麻蝇属Robineauella Enderlein,1928

蛾眉叉麻蝇R. coei Rohdendorf,1966

Ⅶ.寄蝇科Tachinidae

十七、膝芒寄蝇亚科Goniinae

28.埃里寄蝇族Eryeiini

(62)狭颊寄蝇属Carcelia Robineau-Desvoidy,1830

宽额狭颊寄蝇C. laxifrons Villeneuve,1912

29.膝芒寄蝇族Goniini

(63)饰腹寄蝇属Blepharipa Rondani,1856

蚕饰腹寄蝇B. zebina(Walker,1849)

十八、寄蝇亚科Tachininae

30.寄蝇族Tachinini

(64)寄蝇属Tachina Meigen,1803

什塔寄蝇T. stackelbergi Zimin,1929

(65)诺寄蝇属Nowickia Wachtl,1894

短须诺寄蝇N. brevipalpis Chao et Zhou,1992

2.2 四川省跑马山区有瓣蝇类区系分布型 2.2.1 世界区系分布型特点

根据全球6个陆地动物地理分界划分,我国地处古北、东洋两界,跑马山区地处古北界,其东南面以东洋界为邻。跑马山区已知有瓣蝇类昆虫123种(其间已将16个特有种分离后另计)进行生态地理分区组合,共5个地理区系分布型,其中古北界蝇种最多,为55种,占已知种的51.40%,其次为东洋界种45种,占42.05%,(古北-东洋)界种5种,占4.67%,(古北-新北)界种和(古北-东洋-澳洲)界种各仅1种,各占0.94%。跑马山区有瓣蝇类昆虫的地理分布特点以古北界种为主,东洋界种为辅;其余3个地理分布型中的蝇种数量极少,对上述古北、东洋界型的蝇种数量变化无干扰,见表 1

表 1 四川省跑马山区有瓣蝇类昆虫世界区系分布型 Table 1 Faunal distribution of Calyptratae flies in Paomashan area of Sichuan province on a global scale
2.2.2 国内地理区系分布型特点

中国蝇类分区原则上与世界动物地理分区相似:在古北界下分为东北、华北、蒙新和青藏4区;在东洋界下分为华中、华南和西南3区。跑马山区地处古北界的青藏区。根据7个区的划分,将跑马山已知123种蝇类进行地理区系分布组合,共有27个地理区系分布型,其中以广布区(即7个地理区的总称)种分布型最多,有蝇种23种,占已知种的18.70%,其次为青藏区种和(青藏-西南)区种,蝇类均为19种,各占15.45%;(青藏-东北-华北-华中-华南-西南)区种,有蝇15种,占12.20%。以上4个重要区系分布型中,共有蝇类76种,占61.79%;其余23个区系分布型中蝇类极少(1~5种),仅占0.81%~4.07%。说明该跑马山区系以大量蝇种的4个重要区系分布型为主,少量蝇种的23个区系分布型共存(表 2)。

表 2 四川省跑马山区有瓣蝇类昆虫国内地理区系分布型 Table 2 Patterns of geographical faunal distribution of Calyptratae flies in Sichuan province on a domestic scale
2.3 有瓣蝇类昆虫各分类阶元数量占各科比例

跑马山区所记录的有瓣蝇类7科,均有不等量的成虫虫口个体数量。蝇科在6种不同分类阶元中含虫口数量最多,其属、种的多样性指数(H=0.366 73与H=0.361 41)均较高;蝇科以跑马山为模式产地的新种(16种)和特有种(10种)各占已知新种模式种(21种)和特有种(16种)的76.19%和62.50%;该科中记录的54种成虫虫口数量,达该山区已知种的43.90%,亚科和族数量,达已知亚科和族数的1/3;此外,本研究所记录的7科中,除粪蝇科、厕蝇科和寄蝇科较少(共6属14种)外,其他蝇科数量及种类较多,共59属109种,分别占该山区已知属、种的90.77%和88.62%,优势度和H均较高(表 3);跑马山区蝇类多为有瓣蝇类,以上大量数据表明当地蝇类呈特征性分布,主要因跑马山区地处古北界所属的富产蝇类的青藏区,西南面则与富产蝇类昆虫的东洋界所属的西南区紧密相连;且该山区地理位置独特,气候湿润,宜于蝇类孳生繁殖,且产生较多的新种模式种、中国特有种和罕见的中国新纪录属。跑马山区不仅是国家风景名胜区,亦为蝇类等昆虫的集散地,值得深入探究(表 3)。

表 3 四川省跑马山区有瓣蝇类昆虫各分类阶元数量占各科比例 Table 3 The number of known by classes unit of Calyptratae flies on Paomashan area of Sichuan province and their proportion to families in China
3 讨论

调查结果显示,跑马山有瓣蝇类物种多样性极高,在四川省已知1 216种有瓣蝇类中,跑马山区有123种,即占全省已知种数的10.12%,多样性指数极高(1.558 84)。在各科所具属数方面,特别是在跑马山区最多的为蝇科,占该山区已知种的43.90%(54/123),多样性指数为0.361 41,属于极高多样性,其次是花蝇科和丽蝇科(均21种),均占17.07%,多样性指数较高,应重点关注。

此次调查结果,从蝇种类分析,四川省跑马山区应为古北界范畴,从蝇类分布区系分析,当地纯粹的古北界种占51.40%,东洋界种虽较多,但仅占48.60%,其余虽有3个不同区系蝇类的分布,但数量极少(1~5个)。

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