中国媒介生物学及控制杂志  2025, Vol. 36 Issue (1): 94-98

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杨浩, 娄嘉雯, 林晓丹, 李加慧
YANG Hao, LOU Jia-wen, LIN Xiao-dan, LI Jia-hui
基于DNA条形码的八门湾尼蠓雄虫的发现与描述(双翅目:蠓科)
Discovery and description of male Nilobezzia bamenwana based on DNA barcodes (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
中国媒介生物学及控制杂志, 2025, 36(1): 94-98
Chin J Vector Biol & Control, 2025, 36(1): 94-98
10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2025.01.017

文章历史

收稿日期: 2024-04-16
基于DNA条形码的八门湾尼蠓雄虫的发现与描述(双翅目:蠓科)
杨浩 , 娄嘉雯 , 林晓丹 , 李加慧     
海南大学热带农林学院, 热带农林生物灾害绿色防控教育部重点实验室, 海南 海口 570228
摘要: 目的 利用DNA条形码技术对采自海口市的6只尼蠓雄虫进行物种鉴定并进行形态学描述。方法 利用无损形态基因组DNA提取法提取6头尼蠓雄虫的基因组DNA并制作玻片标本,针对细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ基因PCR扩增并测序,通过美国国立生物技术信息中心数据库的基于局部比对算法的搜索工具(BLAST)采用邻接法进行序列比对和构建系统发育树进行物种鉴定,对主要鉴定特征进行拍摄、测量和绘图。结果 6只尼蠓雄虫的DNA条形码序列(序列登录号:PP351822~PP351827)与八门湾尼蠓(Nilobezzia bamenwana Li & Li,2019)雌性模式标本的序列相似度介于97.72%~99.85%,构建的系统发育树显示,6条待鉴定的尼蠓雄虫序列与3条八门湾尼蠓雌虫序列聚为一支,支持率达到100%,6头尼蠓雄虫均为八门湾尼蠓,其主要鉴别特征为:小盾片粗鬃9根;中足股节,后足股节、胫节、跗节具明显的粗长鬃毛;第9背板中部具一深色角质化“V”形带,抱握器基节与端节愈合,整体呈直棒状,阳基侧突全愈合。新发现雄虫标本保存于海南大学热带农林学院昆虫标本馆。结论 通过DNA条形码技术首次鉴定发现了八门湾尼蠓的雄虫,并对其形态特征进行了描述。
关键词: 海南岛    DNA条形码    尼蠓属    捕食蠓    分类    
Discovery and description of male Nilobezzia bamenwana based on DNA barcodes (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
YANG Hao , LOU Jia-wen , LIN Xiao-dan , LI Jia-hui     
Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of` Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
Abstract: Objective To identify and morphologically characterize six Nilobezzia males collected from Haikou, China using DNA barcoding. Methods A morphologically non-invasive method was used to extract genomic DNAs from the six Nilobezzia males. Slide specimens were made subsequently, and the cytochrome c oxidase subunit Ⅰ (COⅠ) gene was subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing. Species identification was performed using the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) by aligning sequences with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database and constructing a phylogentic tree based on neighbor-joining method. Major morphological features were photographed, measured, and sketched. Results DNA barcodes of the six Nilobezzia males were sequenced (sequence accession: PP351822-PP351827), showing a high sequence similarity (ranging from 97.72% to 99.85%) with the specimens of N. bamenwana females. The constructed neighbor-joining tree indicated that the six sequences of Nilobezzia males and three sequences of N. bamenwana were clustered into one branch, with a support rate of 100%. Therefore, the six Nilobezzia males were identified as N. bamenwana. Morphological features included: scutellum with 9 large setae, mid- and hind-foot thighs, tibiae, and tarsomeres with obviously long bristles, tergite Ⅸ with a sclerotized Ⅴ -shaped area, gonostylus straight and parameres completely fused. The slide specimens of the newly identified males were kept in the Insect Collection of the School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University. Conclusion For the first time, N. bamenwana males have been identified using DNA barcoding techniques and their morphological features have been characterized.
Key words: Hainan Island    DNA barcode    Nilobezzia    Predaceous midge    Taxonomy    

尼蠓属(Nilobezzia Kieffer,1921),隶属于蠓科(Ceratopogonidae)蠓亚科(Ceratopogoninae)约蠓族(Johannsenomyiini)[1],为世界性分布的蠓种,全球已记录75种[1-2],迄今我国共报道尼蠓属昆虫10种[2-3],其中海南岛仅记录了指突尼蠓(Nilobezzia duodenalis Liu,Yan & Liu,1996)和八门湾尼蠓(Nilobezzia bamenwana Li & Li,2019)。尼蠓幼虫栖息在湖泊、盐沼、湿地、溪流、河流和水库等各类水体中[4]。雌性成虫羽化后可捕食与其体型相近的长角亚目昆虫[5],且雌蠓在交配过程中刺吸雄蠓,交配完成后雄蠓仅留有尾器抓住雌蠓腹末,起到交配塞的作用,剩余的躯壳则干瘪脱落[6]

八门湾尼蠓发现于2019年,分布在海南省文昌市八门湾红树林区域,目前仅记录描述了雌虫且公布了3条雌性个体DNA条形码序列,迄今雄虫仍未被记录和描述[2]。该种雌虫为暗褐色的中型蠓类,体长约3.5 mm,除足具有不明显的环纹外,身体和翅上缺少易于鉴定的色斑,腹部具有2个发达受精囊和1个退化受精囊[2]。研究组在整理2022年海口市蠓科昆虫多样性调查采集的蠓科标本时,发现6头尼蠓雄虫,疑似八门湾尼蠓,本研究利用DNA条形码技术进行了物种鉴定,并对其形态特征进行描述,对主要特征进行拍照或绘图。

1 材料与方法 1.1 标本采集和标本制作

研究标本为2022年在海口市使用紫外诱蠓灯采集的尼蠓成虫乙醇浸泡标本。体视显微镜下初步鉴定后参照吴小香等[7]的方法对总计6头雄虫标本进行无损形态基因组DNA提取,随后制作成玻片标本。

1.2 形态特征拍照和测量

使用奥林巴斯SZX16体视显微镜观察标本、解剖和制作玻片标本,并通过连接的CCD(DP72)拍摄虫体轮廓图,利用生物显微镜XSP-12CA和CCD(YH5001)对玻片标本进行特征观察、拍照和测量,利用Adobe Illustrator CC 2023和Adobe Photoshop CC 2023绘制雄性生殖器。物种描述中形态学术语和测量依据Wirth和Grogan[8]、Wirth和Ratanaworaban[9]、Debenham[10]和虞以新[3]的描述,翅脉和翅室依据Borkent[11]的命名规则。测量数据形式为平均值(最小值~最大值,n=检视标本数量)。

缩写词:翅前缘脉比(CR),指前缘脉长与翅长的比值;触须比(PR),指触须第3节长与宽的比值;跗节比(TR),指足第1跗节与第2跗节的长度比值。

1.3 DNA条形码物种鉴定

选择线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ(mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit Ⅰ,COⅠ)基因作为DNA条形码基因,利用COⅠ通用引物(LCO1490:5′-GGTCAACAAATCATAAAGATATTGG-3′,HCO2198:5′-TAAACTTCAGGGTGACCAAAAAATCA-3′)[12]进行PCR扩增和测序。PCR扩增体系为25 μl,其中2×Mix 12.5 μl,正、反向引物各为0.8 μl,DNA模板2 μl,ddH2O 8.9 μl。PCR反应程序为:94 ℃预变性3 min;94 ℃变性30 s,45 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸1 min,32个循环;72 ℃最终延伸5 min[8]。将测序所得序列与美国国立生物技术信息中心(NCBI)进行比对,下载GenBank中已公开的八门湾尼蠓模式标本COⅠ序列(GenBank登录号:MN135243~MN135245)以及微小尼蠓(N. minor)序列(GenBank登录号:KT278236),利用MEGA Ⅹ基于Kimura双参数模型(Kimura-2-Parameter,K2P)[13]计算种内与种间遗传距离;选择Bezzia nobilis序列(GenBank登录号:HQ982169)为外群,采用邻接法(neighbor-joinning,NJ)构建系统发育树,并进行自举检验(Bootstrap=1 000)。

2 结果 2.1 八门湾尼蠓雄虫的分子鉴定

对采集的6头尼蠓雄虫均进行了DNA条形码双向测序,序列拼接后获得6条COⅠ序列(GenBank登录号:PP351822~PP351827),长度均为658 bp,将序列提交到NCBI使用基于局部比对算法的搜索工具(the basic local alignment search tool,BLAST)进行序列比对,与八门湾尼蠓模式标本的序列相似度为97.72%~99.85%。结合从GenBank基因库下载的3条八门湾尼蠓模式标本雌虫序列,基于COⅠ条形码构建的系统发育树显示,6条待鉴定雄虫序列与八门湾尼蠓模式标本序列聚为一支,支持率达100%,见图 1。基于K2P模型计算八门湾尼蠓的种内遗传距离为0.000~0.023,平均遗传距离为0.008,与微小尼蠓的种间遗传距离为0.166~0.172。

图 1 基于细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ基因序列重建八门湾尼蠓系统发育树 Figure 1 Neighbor-Joining tree of Nilobezzia bamenwana reconstructed based on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit Ⅰ(COⅠ) gene sequence
2.2 雄虫形态描述

八门湾尼蠓(Nilobezzia bamenwana Li & Li,2019)

模式标本产地  中国海南省。

分布  中国海南省(海口市、文昌市)。

2.2.1 雄虫鉴别特征

中型,黑褐色;小盾片粗鬃9根;中足股节,后足股节、胫节、跗节具明显的粗长鬃毛;第9背板中部具一深色角质化“V”形带,抱握器基节与端节愈合,整体呈直棒状,阳基侧突全愈合。本种与N. virago Debenham,1974的雄性生殖器形态相似,但后者抱握器端部呈“C”状弯曲。

2.2.2 物种描述

体长2.72(2.61~2.94,n=6)mm。见图 2A

A. 雄虫整体侧面观;B. 头;C. 触须;D. 翅;E. 前足;F. 中足;G. 后足;H. 雄性尾器;I. 阳茎中叶;J. 阳基侧突 图 2 八门湾尼蠓雄虫 Figure 2 Nilobezzia bamenwana Li & Li, 2019 (male)

头部:头顶黑色,复眼相接,小眼面间无柔毛。触角鞭节13节,末4节延长,第1~9节浅色,第10节基半部浅色,端半部深色,第11~13节褐色,见图 2B;触须4节,褐色,第3节无感觉器窝,近端部具长杆状透明感器,PR=1.12(0.98~1.22,n=12),第4节端部具约4根粗鬃,见图 2C

胸部:中胸背板黑褐色,无斑纹,两侧翅基上鬃3~4根。小盾片黑褐色,具粗鬃9根。后小盾片黑褐色。

翅:长1.37(1.28~1.45,n=6)mm,宽0.49(0.47~0.53,n=6)mm,翅面无斑,翅脉淡褐,CR=0.72(0.70~0.73,n=6),翅具1径室,R3脉与R1脉的比值为1.71(1.60~1.78,n=6),中脉叉超越中叉垂直线。平衡棒白色。见图 2D

足:中足股节,后足股节、胫节、跗节具明显的粗长鬃毛;所有基节和转节淡褐色;前、中股节基部1/2淡色,端部1/2褐色,后足股节基部1/3淡色,端部2/3褐色;前、中足胫节基部1/2与端部褐色,中间浅色环;后足胫节褐色,具胫端鬃6~7根;跗节第1~4节浅色,第5节褐色;前足、后足第1~2跗节各具端刺1枚,中足第1、2跗节各具端刺2枚,此外,中足第1跗节近基部和第3跗节端部各具棘刺1枚,第5跗节无棘刺;各足爪小,等长,无基齿;前足TR=1.97(1.82~2.15,n=12),中足TR=2.10(2.00~2.17,n=12),后足TR=2.26(2.11~2.40,n=12)。见图 2E~G

腹部:褐色,第1背板有鬃1列约9根,两侧具脊外鬃约7根;第9腹板短,第9背板长,后缘呈冠状,具一深色角质化“V”形带;抱握器基节与端节愈合,整体呈直棒状,外侧具粗长鬃,见图 2H;阳茎中叶长三角形,拱低,端部箭头状,见图 2I;阳基侧突全愈合,端部向背面弯曲,圆钝,见图 2J

2.2.3 检视标本

5,海南省海口市美兰区江东大道溪边村(迈雅河湿地),20°1'52" N/110°26'2" E,H 6 m,2022-Ⅷ-04,采集人:杨浩等,灯诱,标本编号:cer2018、cer2019、cer2028、cer2029、cer2031;1,海南省海口市观澜湖消防站东北350 m矿坑,19°55'11" N/110°18'43" E,H 62 m,2022-Ⅶ-26,采集人:杨浩等,灯诱,标本编号:cer2030。

3 讨论

本次捕获标本6条待鉴定雄虫序列与八门湾尼蠓模式标本序列聚为一支,支持率达100%,说明6头待鉴定雄虫均为八门湾尼蠓。

尼蠓属物种明显性二型,与雌虫相比,雄虫的体型、喙以及爪更短小,触角仅末4节延长且第5跗节腹面无棘刺。除上述差异外,八门湾尼蠓雄虫足的颜色较雌虫略淡,后足胫节一致褐色,缺少淡色环带。

尼蠓属昆虫作为中大型捕食性蠓类,种群个体数量较少,雄虫难采集,另外,该属体色暗淡少斑以及雌雄个体间色斑常不一致,仅依靠传统分类学方法难以将雌、雄虫配对,因此,目前世界上已记录的75种尼蠓中仅16种记述了雄虫[3, 10, 14-18]。DNA条形码技术是解决昆虫分类上雌、雄虫配对的重要手段,并在蠓科阿蠓属(Alluaudomyia[7]、裸蠓属(Atrichopogon[19]中成功应用。本研究通过测定COⅠ条形码成功鉴定了八门湾尼蠓雄虫,说明DNA条形码技术可以解决传统分类学上尼蠓不同性别基于形态学特征难以配对的难题,有助于加速尼蠓属昆虫缺失性别虫体的发现和描述。

利益冲突  无

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基于DNA条形码的八门湾尼蠓雄虫的发现与描述(双翅目:蠓科)
杨浩 , 娄嘉雯 , 林晓丹 , 李加慧