中国媒介生物学及控制杂志  2024, Vol. 35 Issue (6): 723-727

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肖汉森, 何亚明, 涂涛田, 王政, 张应, 魏晶, 季恒青
XIAO Han-sen, HE Ya-ming, TU Tao-tian, WANG Zheng, ZHANG Ying, WEI Jing, JI Heng-qing
长江三峡库区重庆段小型兽类及其寄生蚤类的物种构成与空间分布
Species composition and spatial distribution of small mammals and their parasitic fleas in the Chongqing section of the Three Gorges Reservoir area
中国媒介生物学及控制杂志, 2024, 35(6): 723-727
Chin J Vector Biol & Control, 2024, 35(6): 723-727
10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2024.06.018

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收稿日期: 2024-06-19
长江三峡库区重庆段小型兽类及其寄生蚤类的物种构成与空间分布
肖汉森 , 何亚明 , 涂涛田 , 王政 , 张应 , 魏晶 , 季恒青     
重庆市疾病预防控制中心消毒与媒介生物控制所, 高致病性病原微生物重庆市重点实验室, 重庆市公共卫生重点学科, 重庆市疾病预防控制与公共卫生研究中心, 重庆 400700
摘要: 目的 调查三峡库区重庆段鼠疫相关宿主动物和媒介蚤类的组成、分布及携带鼠疫病原体情况,预测当地发生鼠疫的潜在风险。方法 2017-2022年,在三峡库区重庆段沿线的涪陵、万州、开州、丰都、忠县、云阳、奉节和巫山共8个县(区)库区沿岸采用鼠笼法捕获小型兽类(小兽),对所获小兽及其寄生蚤进行分类鉴定、记录和数据整理,采用描述性研究方法分析其群落结构特征,χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法用于比较组间差异。结果 共计布放鼠笼20 123笼次,捕获11种小兽共计403只,总密度为1.92%,其中黄胸鼠最多,构成比为62.28%,其次为小家鼠和褐家鼠,构成比分别为14.14%和8.68%,其余还有灰麝鼩(4.47%)、黑线姬鼠(3.47%)、四川短尾鼩(3.23%)、北社鼠(1.99%)、大足鼠(0.74%)、黄毛鼠(0.50%)、针毛鼠(0.25%)和小泡巨鼠(0.25%),三峡库区重庆段8个县(区)小兽物种构成比差异有统计学意义(P < 0.001);8个调查县(区)中小兽密度以丰都县(2.88%)、涪陵区(2.71%)、奉节县(2.53%)和云阳县(2.52%)的相对较高,忠县(1.83%)、万州区(1.38%)、开州区(1.00%)的相对较低,各县(区)小兽密度差异有统计学意义(χ2=57.443,P < 0.001);体表染蚤小兽共计151只,捕获寄生蚤3种共1 034匹,总染蚤率为37.47%,总蚤指数为2.57,不同县(区)的小兽染蚤率差异有统计学意义(χ2=54.534,P < 0.001),有8种小兽染蚤,染蚤率差异有统计学意义(P=0.003)。所获蚤类中绝大多数为缓慢细蚤,共计1 031匹,其余为2匹不等单蚤,1匹猫栉首蚤;403只活鼠全部采血,进行鼠疫菌F1血清抗体检测,结果均为阴性。结论 目前三峡库区重庆段发生动物间和人间鼠疫流行的风险较低,但仍应持续监测,警惕家、野栖小兽及其体表寄生蚤类的种群交互传播,以及外来物种输入引起鼠疫等鼠传疾病传播的风险。
关键词: 三峡库区    鼠疫    媒介蚤    宿主动物    
Species composition and spatial distribution of small mammals and their parasitic fleas in the Chongqing section of the Three Gorges Reservoir area
XIAO Han-sen , HE Ya-ming , TU Tao-tian , WANG Zheng , ZHANG Ying , WEI Jing , JI Heng-qing     
Department of Disinfection and Vector Control, Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention/Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory for High Pathogenic Microbes/Key Discipline of Public Health in Chongqing/Chongqing Center for Disease Prevention and Control and Public Health Research, Chongqing 400700, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the species composition and distribution of host animals and vector fleas of Yersinia pestis in Chongqing section of the Three Gorges Reservoir area, evaluate the presence of Y. pestis in these animals, and predict the potential risk of plague occurrence in the area. Methods From 2017 to 2022, an investigation was carried out in eight districts or counties along the Chongqing section of the Three Gorges Reservoir area, namely Fuling, Wanzhou, Kaizhou, Fengdu, Zhong County, Yunyang, Fengjie, and Wushan. Small mammals were captured by cage trapping method alongside the reservoir. The small animals and their parasitic fleas were identified and recorded. The data were used for descriptive analysis of their community structure characteristics. Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was used to analyze differences between groups. Results A total of 403 small animals of 11 species were captured in 20 123 cage traps. The total density was 1.92%. Rattus tanezumi was the dominant species (62.28%), followed by Mus musculus (14.14%), R. norvegicus (8.68%), Crocidura attenuate (4.47%), Apodemus agrarius (3.47%), Anourosorex squamipes (3.23%), Niviventer confucianus (1.99%), R. nitidus (0.74%), R. losea (0.50%), N. fulvescens (0.25%), and Leopoldamys edwardsi (0.25%). The species composition of small mammals in 8 districts and counties in Chongqing section of the Three Gorges Reservoir area showed significant differences (P < 0.001). The small mammal density was relatively high in Fengdu County (2.88%), Fuling District (2.71%), Fengjie County (2.53%), and Yunyang County (2.52%). The density was relatively low in Zhong County (1.83%), Wanzhou District (1.38%), and Kaizhou District (1.00%). The small mammal density was significantly different among 8 districts and counties (χ2=57.443, P < 0.001). A total of 151 small mammals carried ectoparasitic fleas. A total of 1 034 parasitic fleas in 3 species were captured. The total flea infection rate was 37.47%, and the total flea infection index was 2.57. In addition, the flea infection rates were significantly different among districts and counties (χ2=54.534, P < 0.001). Eight small animal species were infected with fleas, and their flea infection rates were significantly different (P=0.003). The vast majority of captured fleas were Leptopsylla segnis (1 031 individuals), 2 fleas were Monopsyllus anisus, and 1 flea was Ctenocephalides felis. Blood samples collected from all 403 live rodents tested negative for the serum antibody of Y. pestis F1. Conclusions The risk of plague epidemic among animals and humans is relatively low in the Chongqing section of the Three Gorges Reservoir area. However, continuous surveillance should be conducted to remain vigilant for the potential risk of plague and other rodent-borne diseases caused by the mixing of populations of domestic and wild small mammals and their ectoparasitic fleas, as well as the introduction of non-native species.
Key words: Three Gorges Reservoir area    Plague    Vector flea    Host animal    

鼠疫是由鼠疫耶尔森菌(Yersinia pestis,鼠疫菌)引起的,主要通过鼠蚤叮咬或直接接触相关媒介动物传播的人兽共患烈性传染病[1]。其传染性强、病死率高,曾在世界范围引起过多次大流行,研究表明,鼠疫菌仍然在世界某些地区流行,并且有周期性的暴发[2]。目前我国仍有鼠疫人间疫情和动物间疫情的报道,严重威胁着人民健康[3-4]。重庆市虽然无鼠疫人间疫情的报道,但周边的四川、云南等省份均有鼠疫自然疫源地[5-6],因此具有鼠疫感染病例或感染的媒介动物输入引起本地传播的风险。随着三峡大坝成功建成蓄水,库区沿线受水库消落带的形成、人口的大量迁移流动,以及城市化快速发展的影响,周边的生态环境发生了剧烈的变化,库区沿线家、野栖小型兽类(小兽)的混杂,以及小兽密度、种群的变化,使得鼠疫及其他鼠传播疾病暴发和流行的不确定性风险升高[7-8]。2017-2022年我们对三峡库区重庆段小兽及其寄生蚤的组成及数量分布情况进行了调查和分析,以期为重庆市鼠疫及其他鼠源疾病的风险预警提供参考,为指导重庆市鼠类防制提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 调查点的选择

2017-2022年,每年分别从涪陵区、万州区、开州区、丰都县、忠县、云阳县、奉节县和巫山县辖区内选择1~2个与长江或长江支流水岸线相隔不足1 km的移民乡镇居民区及耕作地开展调查。根据库区地理位置和移民点的情况,选择涪陵区义和镇,万州区李河镇,开州区赵家街道,丰都县包鸾镇,忠县复兴镇、白公街道,云阳县清水镇、南溪镇、高阳镇,奉节县朱衣镇、康乐镇、新民镇,巫山县巫峡镇、福田镇、龙溪镇,共计8个县(区)的15个乡镇(街道)作为调查点。

1.2 调查方法 1.2.1 小兽调查

统一采用笼夜法,诱饵使用卤猪头肉(皮面积1 cm×1 cm),每个调查点分室内和室外环境,每天各布放100个鼠笼,室内按每15 m2布放1个捕鼠笼,室外按照5 m笼线法布放,沿线每隔5 m布放1个鼠笼,笼行距50 m,晚放晨收,连续监测3 d。将捕获小兽进行分类鉴定,同时计算捕获率。

捕获率=捕获小型兽类数/布放有效笼数×100%

1.2.2 媒介蚤调查

将捕获小兽单只装袋,乙醚麻醉后梳检鼠体寄生蚤,放入75%乙醇溶液的冻存管中待分类鉴定,同时计算鼠体染蚤率及染蚤指数。

染蚤率=带蚤鼠数/捕获鼠数×100%

蚤指数=梳检蚤数/捕获鼠数

1.3 统计学分析

采用Excel 2010软件进行数据的汇总和整理,采用SPSS 22.0软件对采集、检测实验数据进行统计分析。构成比、率的比较采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法,P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 小兽的物种组成及数量分布

共计布放鼠笼20 123笼次,捕获小兽403只,密度为1.92%(387/20 123),种类包括黄胸鼠(Rattus tanezumi)、小家鼠(Mus musculus)、褐家鼠(R. norvegicus)、北社鼠(Niviventer confucianus)、大足鼠(R. nitidus)、黑线姬鼠(Apodemus agrarius)、黄毛鼠(R. losea)、小泡巨鼠(Leopoldamys edwardis)、灰麝鼩(Crocidura attenuata)、四川短尾鼩(Anourosorex squamipes)和针毛鼠(N. fulvescens)。其中黄胸鼠最多,构成比为62.28%(251/403),其次为小家鼠和褐家鼠,构成比分别为14.14%(57/403)和8.68%(35/403),其余还有灰麝鼩(18/403,4.47%)、黑线姬鼠(14/403,3.47%)、四川短尾鼩(13/403,3.23%)、北社鼠(8/403,1.99%)、大足鼠(3/403,0.74%)、黄毛鼠(2/403,0.50%)、针毛鼠(1/403,0.25%)、小泡巨鼠(1/403,0.25%)共计11种小兽,8个县(区)的小兽种类构成比差异有统计学意义(P < 0.001),分地区来看,8个县(区)库区调查点优势鼠种均为黄胸鼠,黄毛鼠、小泡巨鼠仅在云阳县发现,针毛鼠仅在丰都县发现,四川短尾鼩仅在忠县和丰都县发现,见图 1。各县(区)小兽密度差异有统计学意义(χ2=57.443,P < 0.001)。见表 1

图 1 三峡库区重庆段8个县(区)小兽构成情况 Figure 1 Species composition of small mammals in eight counties (districts) in the Chongqing section of the Three Gorges Reservoir area
表 1 2017-2022年三峡库区重庆段8县(区)小型兽类的组成及其数量分布 Table 1 The population composition of small mammals in Chongqing section of the Three Gorges Reservoir area in 2017-2022
2.2 小兽染蚤情况

通过对捕获的小兽梳检寄生蚤发现,8个调查点带蚤小兽共计151只,总染蚤率为37.47%(151/403),总蚤指数为2.57。丰都县染蚤率最高为64.71%,蚤指数为4.26;涪陵区染蚤率56.25%,蚤指数4.13;云阳县染蚤率50.46%,蚤指数4.24;奉节县最低,染蚤率为11.11%,蚤指数0.87。各县(区)小兽染蚤率差异有统计学意义(χ2=54.534,P < 0.001)。绝大多数寄生蚤为缓慢细蚤(Leptopsylla segnis),共计1 031只,其余为在丰都和忠县分别检出的2只不等单蚤(Monopsyllus anisus)和1只猫栉首蚤(Ctenocephalides felis)。见表 2

表 2 2017-2022年三峡库区重庆段8个县(区)小型兽类染蚤情况 Table 2 Flea infection of small mammals in eight counties (districts) in the Chongqing section of the Three Gorges Reservoir area in 2017-2022

分鼠种来看,小家鼠染蚤率为43.86%,蚤指数为1.56;黄胸鼠染蚤率为43.03%,蚤指数为3.44;褐家鼠染蚤率为31.43%,蚤指数为1.89;大足鼠捕获3只,1只染蚤。8种染蚤小兽染蚤率差异有统计学意义(P=0.003)。见表 3

表 3 2017-2022年三峡库区重庆段不同小型兽类种群的染蚤情况 Table 3 Flea infection rate of different small mammal species in the Chongqing section of the Three Gorges Reservoir area in 2017-2022
2.3 血清学检测结果

对本次捕获的403只活鼠全部采血,进行鼠疫菌F1血清抗体检测,结果均为阴性。

3 讨论

鼠疫作为一种人畜共患的自然疫源性疾病,其发生、流行与动物及媒介蚤种群数量、种类、种群结构都有直接或间接关系,特别是动物宿主染蚤率和蚤指数的高低对鼠疫的传播起重要作用[9],通过系统的调查和监测,了解当地小兽及蚤类的群落结构、密度情况以及家、野栖小兽,猫,犬等动物鼠疫菌血清学抗体检测,是国内外目前主要采取的鼠疫监测预警措施[10]。三峡库区重庆段主要位于重庆渝东北片区,地处长江中上游,北接大巴山脉,东部与湖北省接壤,地形以山地为主,具有丰富的自然资源和小兽种类。三峡工程是世界上最大的水利枢纽工程之一,随着库区沿岸土地开垦、植树造林、移民建镇[11],三峡水库蓄水等因素导致小兽的孳生环境发生了极大变化,可能会导致沿岸附近小兽及其体表寄生蚤群落结构及活动范围的改变。

大量研究表明,媒介生物的种群构成、密度、季节消长及带病毒率等变化情况与人群中相关疾病的流行强度密切相关[12]。本次调查研究发现,三峡库区重庆段沿岸人居活动区域的小兽类主要优势种群为黄胸鼠、小家鼠和褐家鼠,其中黄胸鼠构成比最高,鼠体寄生蚤主要为缓慢细蚤,调查结果与王玲等[13]、何亚明等[14]关于三峡库区重庆段鼠疫潜在疫源地的连续监测中黄胸鼠、褐家鼠、小家鼠为优势鼠种的结果类似。我国南方分布于云南、福建、贵州省等滇西、闽广沿海的鼠疫自然疫源地,是以黄胸鼠为主要宿主,印鼠客蚤(Xenopsylla cheopis)为主要媒介的家鼠鼠疫疫源地[6]。鼠疫在自然疫源地传播的关键因素是传播媒介[15],有研究表明印鼠客蚤的鼠疫传播效能、流行意义远大于缓慢细蚤[16],提示我们在缓慢细蚤为小兽寄生蚤优势种群的情况下,发生动物间和人间鼠疫大流行的可能性较低。但值得注意的是,有研究表明三峡大坝消落区的小兽以黑线姬鼠、四川短尾鼩为优势种,三峡大坝建成后冬季蓄水发电水位为175 m,夏季防洪水位降至145 m,水位落差是否会造成消落区小兽宿主活动范围扩散,甚至消落区与沿岸居住区、野栖小兽与家栖小兽宿主及其体表寄生虫的混杂流动,而对三峡库区以小兽为宿主或媒介的传染性疾病防控带来新的风险还有待进一步的研究。同时,云南、贵州省与重庆市同属于西南山区,有着相似的地形地貌和气候特征,随着交通运输越来越便捷,人、物流动的日益频繁,周边省份的小兽及寄生虫输入我市的可能性在增大,重庆市在鼠疫监测预警与防控策略的制定上应当予以关注。

本研究从2017到2022年,每年从三峡库区重庆段沿岸的县(区)选择1-2个水岸沿线移民乡镇进行调查,共计调查8个县(区)下辖的15个移民乡镇,基本涵盖了库区重庆段所涉及到的生境,调查结果在一定程度上反应了库区沿岸小兽的组成与分布特征,但该结果由于每年选取的调查点不同,无法进行不同时间跨度小兽种类构成变化的纵向比较,这也提示我们今后还需要进行更系统、持续地监测,才能更好地掌握当地小兽的本地资料。

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