中国媒介生物学及控制杂志  2024, Vol. 35 Issue (3): 349-357

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刘如金, 郭宪国, 赵成富, 张志伟, 赵亚飞, 范蓉, 宋文宇
LIU Ru-jin, GUO Xian-guo, ZHAO Cheng-fu, ZHANG Zhi-wei, ZHAO Ya-fei, FAN Rong, SONG Wen-yu
云南省德宏傣族景颇族自治州小兽体表恙螨分类名录
Catalogue of chigger mites on small mammals in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province along the China-Myanmar border
中国媒介生物学及控制杂志, 2024, 35(3): 349-357
Chin J Vector Biol & Control, 2024, 35(3): 349-357
10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2024.03.017

文章历史

收稿日期: 2023-11-08
云南省德宏傣族景颇族自治州小兽体表恙螨分类名录
刘如金 , 郭宪国 , 赵成富 , 张志伟 , 赵亚飞 , 范蓉 , 宋文宇     
大理大学病原与媒介生物研究所媒介生物实验室, 云南省自然疫源性疾病防控技术重点实验室, 云南 大理 671000
摘要: 目的 了解地处中缅边境的云南省德宏傣族景颇族自治州(德宏州)小兽体表恙螨的种类构成及分布情况。方法 2008-2022年在德宏州境内4个县(市)开展现场调查,常规采集小兽体表的恙螨幼虫,制作恙螨玻片标本后在显微镜下分类鉴定。使用Excel 2021软件统计优势螨种构成比。按照恙螨分类系统,整理分类名录。结果 共捕获鼠类等小兽宿主动物1 760只,分类鉴定为3目9科16属27种,黄胸鼠(917/1 760, 52.10%)、大绒鼠(296/1 760, 16.82%)、臭鼩(126/1 760, 7.16%)和黑缘齿鼠(122/1 760, 6.93%)是优势宿主。从小兽宿主体表鉴定出恙螨幼虫1科2亚科16属117种9 309只。地里纤恙螨(1 597/19 309, 17.16%)、攸氏无前恙螨(1 510/9 309, 16.22%)、长足背展恙螨(1 329/9 309, 14.28%)是优势螨种,构成比合计为47.65%(4 436/9 309)。结论 德宏州恙虫病流行区的恙螨种类十分丰富,优势螨种为地里纤恙螨、攸氏无前恙螨和长足背展恙螨。
关键词: 恙螨    媒介生物    名录    恙虫病疫区    德宏傣族景颇族自治州    云南省    
Catalogue of chigger mites on small mammals in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province along the China-Myanmar border
LIU Ru-jin , GUO Xian-guo , ZHAO Cheng-fu , ZHANG Zhi-wei , ZHAO Ya-fei , FAN Rong , SONG Wen-yu     
Vector Laboratory, Institute of Pathogens and Vectors, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the species composition and distribution of chigger mites on the body surface of small mammals in the Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture (Dehong Prefecture) of Yunnan Province along the China-Myanmar border. Methods A field investigation was carried out in four cities and counties of Dehong Prefecture from 2008 to 2022. Chigger mites were collected from the body surface of small mammals such as rodents. Chigger mite slide specimens were prepared for identification and classification under a microscope. The constituent ratio of dominant chigger mite species was calculated using Excel 2021 software. According to the taxonomic system of chigger mites, a taxonomic catalogue of the mites was systematically sorted out based on the identification results. Results A total of 1 760 rodents and other small mammals were captured, belong to 27 species, 16 genera, 9 families, and 3 orders. Rattus tanezumi (917/1 760, 52.10%), Eothenomys miletus (296/1 760, 16.82%), Suncus murinus (126/1 760, 7.16%), and R. andamanensis (122/1 760, 6.93%) were the dominant host animals for chigger mites. From the body surface of those small mammals, a total of 9 309 larval chigger mites were identified, involving 117 species, 16 genera, 2 subfamilies, and 1 family, with highly abundant and diverse species. Leptotrombidium deliense (1 597/9 309, 17.16%), Walchia ewingi (1 510/9 309, 16.22%), and Gahrliepia longipedalis (1 329/9 309, 14.28%) were the dominant mite species, with a total constituent ratio of 47.65% (4 436/9 309). Conclusion In the epidemic foci of scrub typhus in Dehong Prefecture, there are abundant species of chigger mites, and L. deliense, W. ewingi, and G. longipedalis are dominant mite species.
Key words: Chigger mite    Vector    Catalogue    Endemic areas of scrub typhus    Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture    Yunnan Province    

恙螨(chigger mite或trombiculid mite)是恙虫病(scrub typhus或tsutsugamushi disease)的唯一传播媒介,还可以作为肾综合征出血热(hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome,HFRS)的潜在传播媒介[1-2]。恙螨生活史包括了卵、次卵或前幼虫、幼虫、若蛹、若虫、成蛹和雌雄成虫7个时期,幼虫是唯一体表寄生时期,其余各期自由生活[3]。恙螨幼虫是重要的体表寄生虫类群,主要寄生在鼠类等小型哺乳动物(小兽)体表,靠刺吸鼠类等宿主动物的血液、淋巴液和组织液为生[4-5]。鼠类等小兽是恙虫病的主要动物传染源和储存宿主,恙螨幼虫是传播媒介,通过恙螨幼虫的叮咬,恙虫病东方体(Orientia tsutsugamushi,Ot)可以从鼠类等动物传给人或在不同动物宿主之间传播[6-7]

中国大陆31个省(自治区、直辖市)均有恙虫病病例报告,近年发病人数不断增加,已成为一个严重的公共卫生问题[8]。地处中缅边境的云南省德宏傣族景颇族自治州(德宏州)是恙虫病流行的重灾区,恙虫病历年发病率位居云南省前列[9]。德宏州境内国境线长503.8 km,占整个中缅国境线22.8%,是中国与缅甸两国经贸往来最频繁的边境地区之一,人口密集,人员流动频繁[10]。与德宏州接壤的缅甸北部地区,恙虫病发病率很高,恙虫病流行十分严重,随时可以传入德宏州境内[11-12]。除了恙虫病高发外,德宏州境内还存在HFRS流行[13]。此外,德宏州地处喜马拉雅山脉南缘、怒江西岸,境内气候温暖、潮湿,动植物资源丰富[14-15],是恙螨孳生的理想场所。

恙螨是一类节肢动物的统称,种类繁多,全球已知恙螨3 000多种,对恙螨的种类鉴定主要依靠传统分类学技术,目前尚无其他替代手段[16],分类鉴定结果往往以分类名录来展现[17]。在现场调查和恙螨采集基础上,通过对2008-2022年现场调查采集的恙螨进行分类,本文首次报道了德宏州的恙螨分类名录。国内外对恙螨的分类鉴定一直是以幼虫形态为依据[18]。本文所指“恙螨”全部为恙螨幼虫。

1 材料与方法 1.1 现场调查点概况

德宏州地处中国云南省西部、高黎贡山西南麓,属滇西峡谷区。德宏州共有5个县级行政区,境内大部分区域位于热带和南亚热带[19-20]。本研究的现场调查资料来源于2008-2022年本课题组对德宏州的现场调查。共计调查瑞丽、陇川、梁河和盈江4个县(市),其中陇川、瑞丽和盈江县(市)均与缅甸接壤,见图 1

图 1 云南省德宏傣族景颇族自治州及本次调查点的地理位置 Figure 1 Geographical location of four survey sites and Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province, China
1.2 恙螨采集与宿主动物鉴定

调查当天下午或傍晚,随机布放加有食饵的鼠笼诱捕小兽,次日清晨逐一检查小兽的捕获情况,将捕获到的宿主动物装入密封布袋中,带回现场临时实验室,按照常规方法麻醉后,逐一采集其体表的恙螨幼虫。按照“一兽一瓶”的原则,将所采集的恙螨幼虫置于盛有70%乙醇溶液的离心管内固定保存备用[21]。采集完毕,根据宿主动物的大小、毛色、外部形态和相关测量指标(体质量、体长、尾长、耳高、后足长等),对照分类鉴定文献,鉴定其种类。难以现场鉴定的疑难标本,剥制头骨标本,再结合牙齿和头骨特征进行进一步鉴定。所参考的分类鉴定资料见文献[22-26]。

1.3 恙螨玻片标本制作与分类鉴定

在实验室内,将保存于70%乙醇溶液的恙螨幼虫转移至盛有蒸馏水的培养皿中,冲洗2~3次。在体视显微镜(解剖镜)下,用解剖针等工具去除宿主皮屑、分泌物、尘土等非螨杂质后,用霍氏封固液(Hoyer’s solution)封片,制成玻片标本。所制作的恙螨玻片标本,经脱水、干燥、透明后,置光学显微镜(奥林巴斯公司,日本东京)下进行观察、比对和显微测量。根据形态学综合特征及显微测量数据,对照分类检索表和相关分类文献,将每只恙螨逐一鉴定到种[21]。难以准确鉴定到种的标本,以“待定种”计入原始数据。所参考的分类鉴定资料见文献[27-32]以及在国内外期刊公开发表的恙螨分类文章等[17]

2 结果 2.1 宿主动物分类鉴定结果

2008-2022年从4个调查地区共捕获鼠类等小兽1 760只,经分类鉴定,隶属于啮齿目(Rodentia)、劳亚食虫目(Eulipotyphla,旧称食虫目Insectivora)和攀鼩目(Scandentia)3个目中的9科16属27种。啮齿目(鼠类)的种类数(19/27,70.37%)和个体数(1 486/1 760,84.43%)均占优势,其次是劳亚食虫目(表 1)。在所鉴定出的1 760只小兽宿主中,黄胸鼠(Rattus tanezumi)、大绒鼠(Eothenomys miletus)、臭鼩(Suncus murinus)和黑缘齿鼠(R. andamanensis)是优势小兽宿主,其中黄胸鼠数量构成比最高(917/1 760,52.10%),其次是大绒鼠(296/1 760,16.82%)、臭鼩(126/1 760,7.16%)和黑缘齿鼠(122/1 760,6.93%)。其他23种小兽宿主构成比为16.99%(299/1 760),构成比较高的是安氏白腹鼠(Niviventer andersoni)、白尾梢大麝鼩(Crocidura dracula)、白尾鼹(Parascaptor leucura)、板齿鼠(Bandicota indica)和北社鼠(N. confucianus)。

表 1 云南省德宏傣族景颇族自治州小兽宿主分类鉴定结果 Table 1 Identification results of small mammals in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China
2.2 恙螨分类鉴定结果

从德宏州4个调查地区所捕获的1 760只小兽宿主体表共采集到恙螨9 309只,被分类鉴定为1科[恙螨科(Trombiculidae)]2亚科[恙螨亚科(Trombiculinae)和背展恙螨亚科(Gahrliepiinae)]16属117种。在恙螨亚科、背展恙螨亚科的16个属中,纤恙螨属的种类数(44种)最高,其次是背展恙螨属(19种)和无前恙螨属(15种)。纤恙螨属的个体数(3 167只)最多,其次是无前恙螨属(2 607只)和背展恙螨属(2 508只)(表 2)。在117种恙螨中,地里纤恙螨(Leptotrombidium deliense)、攸氏无前恙螨(Walchia ewingi)和长足背展恙螨(Gahrliepia longipedalis)的数量较多,为优势螨种,其数量构成比分别为17.16%(1 597/9 309)、16.22%(1 510/9 309)和14.28%(1 329/9 309)。3种优势恙螨合计数量构成比为47.65%(4 436/9 309)。

表 2 云南省德宏傣族景颇族自治州小兽体表恙螨分类鉴定结果(2008-2022年) Table 2 Identification results of chigger mites on small mammals in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China, 2008-2022
2.3 恙螨分类名录

按照恙螨的科、亚科、属和种的逐级分类层次,对从德宏州4个调查地区所鉴定出的1科2亚科16属117种恙螨的分类名录进行归纳整理(表 34)。其中,地里纤恙螨、攸氏无前恙螨、长足背展恙螨、密点纤恙螨(L. densipunctatum)、葛洪无前恙螨(W. kor)、射点背展恙螨(G. radiopunctata)、乡野纤恙螨(L. rusticum)、西盟合轮恙螨(H. simena)、德钦背展恙螨(G. deqinensis)、林谷棒六恙螨(S. ligula)、云南背展恙螨(G. yunnanensis)、贡山纤恙螨(L. gongshanense)、永胜纤恙螨(L. yongshengense)、无结无前恙螨(W. enode)和宽板背展恙螨(G. latiscutata)15种主要恙螨合计构成比为84.55%(7 871/9 309)。

表 3 云南省德宏傣族景颇族自治州小兽体表恙螨(蜱螨亚纲:恙螨科)分类鉴定名录 Table 3 Taxonomic checklist of chigger mites (Acari: Trombiculidae) on small mammals in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China
表 4 云南省德宏傣族景颇族自治州小兽体表恙螨数量及构成比 Table 4 Number and constituent ratios of chigger mites on small mammals in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China
3 讨论

本研究调查点位于云南省西南边境的德宏州,地处中缅边境线上,是恙虫病的主要流行区和疫源地之一[33]。在4个调查地区中,瑞丽市、盈江县和陇川县均与缅甸接壤[34],是重要的边境旅游区,人员流动频繁[35]。在与德宏州接壤的缅甸北部地区,恙虫病流行十分严重,随时都有可能传播到德宏州[11-12]。德宏州4个调查点鉴定出117种恙螨,超过了中国其他各省恙螨种类记载数,甚至超过几个省记载数之和,如湖北省记载恙螨41种[36]、福建省记载53种[37]、中国西北地区(陕西省、宁夏回族自治区、甘肃省、青海省和新疆维吾尔自治区)记载81种[38]。本研究表明,德宏州的恙螨种类十分丰富,物种多样性很高,这可能与德宏州的特殊地理位置、复杂气候类型和海拔垂直梯度变化较大有关[14-15]

地里纤恙螨、攸氏无前恙螨和长足背展恙螨3种恙螨是德宏州境内的优势恙螨种类,其中以地里纤恙螨的数量构成比最高。黄胸鼠、大绒鼠、臭鼩和黑缘齿鼠是本次德宏州捕获的主要小兽宿主。地里纤恙螨不仅是中国和东南亚恙虫病最主要的传播媒介,也是世界上许多地区恙虫病的主要或重要传播媒介[39]。黄胸鼠、大绒鼠、臭鼩和黑缘齿鼠是恙虫病等多种人兽共患病的重要传播宿主[40]。黄胸鼠、大绒鼠、臭鼩和黑缘齿鼠及地里纤恙螨在德宏州的大量存在,增加了该地恙虫病持续存在流行和传播的风险,增大了恙虫病从动物传播给人的概率,应当引起高度重视。

恙螨幼虫是恙虫病的唯一传播媒介。我国已经确证的恙虫病6种主要媒介是地里纤恙螨、微红纤恙螨、吉首纤恙螨、高湖纤恙螨(L. gaohuense)、海岛纤恙螨(L. insulare)和小板纤恙螨。此外,我国还存在十几种恙虫病的次要或潜在媒介螨种,如古丈纤恙螨(L. guzhangensis)、英帕纤恙螨、苍白纤恙螨(L. pallidum)、须纤恙螨(L. palpale)等[41]。本文结果显示,除了中国恙虫病最主要的传播媒介地里纤恙螨外,德宏州境内还存在小板纤恙螨、微红纤恙螨、吉首纤恙螨、乡野纤恙螨、英帕纤恙螨、富士纤恙螨、姬鼠纤恙螨、居中纤恙螨、西盟合轮恙螨、印度囊棒恙螨、中华无前恙螨和林谷棒六恙螨,这些媒介恙螨的存在,进一步增加了该地恙虫病持续存在、流行和传播的风险。在本文所调查的4个县(市)中,瑞丽市、陇川县是我国边境各类传染病防控的重要区域[42]。提示在对包括恙虫病在内的各类传染病的监测、防控中,还应当增加对媒介恙螨的监测和防控。

志谢 本文原始资料来源于此前的大量现场调查和分类鉴定,邹云集、王乔花、张勇、高聪华、赵南、普昌吉、欧阳德才、部分研究生和本科生等参与了部分现场调查、标本制作和分类鉴定等工作,特此志谢

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