中国媒介生物学及控制杂志  2023, Vol. 34 Issue (1): 53-57

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王壮飞, 卢雪, 侯晓晖
WANG Zhuang-fei, LU Xue, HOU Xiao-hui
青海省东部4县库蠓分布调查
Distribution of Culicoides in four counties of eastern Qinghai province, China
中国媒介生物学及控制杂志, 2023, 34(1): 53-57
Chin J Vector Biol & Control, 2023, 34(1): 53-57
10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2023.01.010

文章历史

收稿日期: 2022-08-25
青海省东部4县库蠓分布调查
王壮飞 , 卢雪 , 侯晓晖     
遵义医科大学基础医学院细胞生物学教研室, 贵州 遵义 563099
摘要: 目的 调查青海省祁连山国家公园及麦秀自然保护区内互助、门源、祁连和泽库县4地的库蠓种类分布、种类构成,探讨气候因素对上述区域库蠓分布的影响。方法 2020年7-8月使用灯诱法在上述4县采集库蠓,分类鉴定后使用SPSS 25.0和GraphPad Prism 8.2.1软件对海拔、气象因子和采集数量进行Pearson相关性检验和作图。结果 共采获库蠓8 417只,计1属5亚属10种,其中青海省新记录6种,分别为渐灰库蠓、刺螫库蠓、迟缓库蠓、暗端库蠓、圆斑库蠓和淡角库蠓。4个县的优势库蠓均为渐灰库蠓,分别占4个采集点库蠓总数的33.60%、85.85%、97.95%和97.97%。泽库县采获的渐灰库蠓、淡角库蠓和灰黑库蠓吸血率分别为2.23%、1.23%和1.89%。Pearson相关性检验显示,在调查区域内单日库蠓采集量与海拔(R2=0.130,P=0.639)、风速(R2=0.059,P=0.641)无相关性,而与降水量(R2=0.199,P=0.038)、平均温度(R2=0.838,P=0.010)呈负相关。结论 青海省东部4个县采获库蠓1属5亚属10种,渐灰库蠓为优势种,该地区库蠓种群数量与降水量、平均温度有相关性。
关键词: 库蠓    种类分布    种类构成    吸血率    青海省    
Distribution of Culicoides in four counties of eastern Qinghai province, China
WANG Zhuang-fei , LU Xue , HOU Xiao-hui     
Department of Cell Biology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563099, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the species distribution and species composition of Culicoides in Huzhu, Menyuan, Qilian, and Zeku county in Qilian Mountain National Park and Maixiu Nature Reserve in Qinghai province, China, and to discuss the influence of meteorological factors on the distribution of Culicoides in the above areas. Methods From July to August 2020, Culicoides midges were captured with light traps in the above four counties. After classification and identification, the Pearson correlation test and plotting of relationship between altitude, meteorological factors, and the number of collected Culicoides were performed using SPSS 25.0 and GraphPad Prism 8.2.1 softwares. Results A total of 8 417 Culicoides midges were collected, and 10 species from 5 subgenera were identified, including 6 newly recorded species in Qinghai province, namely C. grisescens, C. punctatus, C. segnis, C. nigritus, C. halonostictus, and C. pallidicornis. The dominant species in all four counties was C. grisescens, which accounted for 33.60%, 85.85%, 97.95%, and 97.97% of the total number of Culicoides midges at the four sampling sites, respectively. The blood sucking rates of C. grisescens, C. pallidicornis, and C. pulicaris were 2.23%, 1.23%, and 1.89% in Zeku county, respectively. The Pearson correlation test showed that the single-day number of captures of Culicoides had no correlation with altitude (R2=0.130, P=0.639) and wind speed (R2=0.059, P=0.641), but showed negative correlation with rainfall (R2=0.199, P=0.038) and average temperature (R2=0.838, P=0.010) in the survey area. Conclusion There are 10 species of Culicoides from 5 subgenera captured in the four counties of eastern Qinghai province. C. grisescens is the dominant species. The population density of Culicoides in this area is correlated with the rainfall and average temperature.
Key words: Culicoides    Species distribution    Species composition    Blood sucking rate    Qinghai province    

库蠓为双翅目蠓科的一种小型嗜血昆虫,全世界现存吸血蠓为4属1 834种[1],其中库蠓超过1 000种[2-3]。在世界范围内,人们已经从蠓虫中分离出50多种虫媒病毒[4-6],包括蓝舌病毒(Bluetongue virus,BTV)、施马伦伯格病毒(Schmallenberg virus,SBV)和非洲马瘟病毒(African horse sickness virus,AHSV),这些病毒主要影响到牛、马、羊等家畜。在过去10年间库蠓作为疾病媒介的作用常常被忽视,这导致蠓媒病毒性疾病的发病率在世界各地都有了大幅的增加,尤其是BTV和SBV的入侵给部分地区农牧业造成了巨大的经济损失[7-10]。因此,加强库蠓种群与分布的监测极为重要。

青海省属于高原大陆性气候,是我国五大牧区之一,温度、降雨、风速等气候条件以及其他因素对蠓虫活动和数量的影响已得到公认[11]。文献记载青海省截至2022年已记录18种库蠓[1-2, 5]。本研究对青海省祁连山国家公园及麦秀自然保护区4个县的库蠓种类及活动进行监测,评估该地库蠓种群密度与气候因素的相关性,为青海省吸血蠓防治和青海省生物多样性研究提供参考。

1 材料与方法 1.1 标本采集时间及地点

2020年7-8月对青海省祁连山国家公园及麦秀自然保护区所在的海北和黄南藏族自治州(海北州和黄南州)的互助、门源、祁连和泽库4个县进行库蠓调查,其中8月6-11日在泽库县进行了6 d的连续采集。

1.2 标本采集方法及鉴定

使用紫外光诱虫灯进行标本采集,诱虫灯悬挂于牲畜圈舍旁、靠近水源且无其他光源处,避风,诱虫灯距地面高度约1.5 m,于日落时分挂灯、次日早收回。诱捕器在220 V电压下由柴油发电机驱动,被紫外光(波长365 nm)吸引的小型昆虫被一层纱网过滤经风扇吸至下方的纱网中。

采集到的昆虫保存于75%乙醇溶液中,实验室中使用树胶酚封片法制作成玻片标本,根据文献[10]进行形态学鉴定及计数。

1.3 统计学分析

使用SPSS 25.0和GraphPad Prism 8.2.1软件对海拔、降水量、日均温度、风速、采集地点与采集库蠓数量进行Pearson相关性检验,P < 0.05表示相关性有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 采样点概述

本研究中互助、门源、祁连和泽库4县不同采集地点的经纬度、海拔、生态环境等信息见表 1图 1,其中泽库县2020年8月6-11日的气温、日平均降水量、平均风速等气象数据来自中国气象数据中心(http://data.cma.cn)。

表 1 青海省4个采集点的经纬度、海拔及生境 Table 1 Longitude, latitude, altitude, and habitat of four Culicoides sampling sites in Qinghai province
注:采集点1、2、3、4分别是互助、门源、祁连和泽库县。 图 1 青海省4个库蠓采集点的位置及生境 Figure 1 Location and habitat of four Culicoides sampling sites in Qinghai province
2.2 采集库蠓种类

采获库蠓经形态学鉴定均为库蠓属(Culicoides),分属于5亚属10种,其中海北州有3亚属6种,黄南州有4亚属9种。青海省新记录共6种,分别为渐灰库蠓(C. grisescens)、刺螫库蠓(C. punctatus)、迟缓库蠓(C. segnis)、暗端库蠓(C. nigritus)、圆斑库蠓(C. halonostictus)和淡角库蠓(C. pallidicornis)。见表 2

表 2 青海省4县采获库蠓分布 Table 2 Distribution of Culicoides captured in four counties of Qinghai province
2.3 种类组成和吸血率

海北州的互助、门源和祁连县3个采集点中渐灰库蠓采获的数量最多,分别为33.60%、85.85%和97.95%,其中互助采集点的灰黑库蠓和青海库蠓所占比例略低于渐灰库蠓,分别为29.96%和27.53%。同时,黄南州的泽库采集点采获的库蠓种类和数量最多,其优势种仍为渐灰库蠓,占比为97.97%。见表 3

表 3 青海省4县库蠓种类组成 Table 3 Species composition of Culicoides in four counties of Qinghai province

共采集8 417只库蠓标本,其中饱血个体为179只,总吸血率为2.13%,其中渐灰库蠓8 074只,饱血个体为172只,吸血率为2.13%。采获的库蠓标本中饱血个体仅见于互助和泽库县的渐灰库蠓、灰黑库蠓和淡角库蠓3种,其中互助县采获标本中饱血个体数量较少,仅见灰黑库蠓和淡角库蠓2种,平均吸血率为3.14%,而泽库县采获标本的总数多,渐灰库蠓、淡角库蠓和灰黑库蠓的吸血率相差不大,分别为2.23%、1.23%和1.89%。见表 4

表 4 青海省2县3种库蠓的饱血情况 Table 4 Satiety of three Culicoides species in two counties of Qinghai province
2.4 库蠓采集量与自然条件相关性

互助、门源和祁连县单日采获库蠓的数量分别为247、106和195只,泽库县连续6 d采获库蠓共7 869只,4地的优势种均为渐灰库蠓,其次是灰黑库蠓、淡角库蠓和青海库蠓。

库蠓在海拔2 598~3 011 m区间内的采集量与海拔高度未呈现相关性(R2=0.130,P=0.639)。泽库县采集点的库蠓日采集量与平均温度(R2=0.838,P=0.010)、降水量(R2=0.199,P=0.038)呈负相关(图 2AB),而与平均风速无相关性(R2=0.059,P=0.641)(图 2C)。

图 2 2020年7月26日-2020年8月11日青海省泽库县采集库蠓数量与气象因素的相关性分析 Figure 2 Correlation analysis of the number of collected Culicoides and meteorological factors in Zeku county of Qinghai province from July 26, 2020 to August 11, 2020
3 讨论

库蠓的分布、寿命与当地的温度和气候条件密切相关[11-14],根据本研究库蠓的采集量与相关因素关联分析,显示仅降水量、平均气温可能会影响单日库蠓的采集量。关于气候条件如何影响库蠓活动,已有研究认为库蠓可适应较冷的气候条件,且温度波动对库蠓的丰度存在影响[12-15],这与本研究的结果一致。近期的研究也发现蠓虫活动起始平均温度为1~3 ℃[16],同时温度波动对库蠓的飞行活动产生影响[17]。此外,还有研究表明温度会影响蠓类成虫的活动[18],瑞典学者进行的一项研究中发现只有在温度高于8 ℃时才能采集到库蠓成虫[19]。本研究中泽库地区调查期间的平均气温在10.8~12.4 ℃,从数据上看采集量与温度呈负相关,但这个结果一方面温度范围变化较小,另一方面还可能受其他因素影响,故库蠓采集量与温度间关系尚待深入研究。

本研究中青海省4县的库蠓采集量相对较低,吸血率仅为1.23%~5.41%,这可能与海拔、降水、温度等多种因素有关。贺晓龙[20]对青海省8地牛、羊血清样品中BTV进行检测,结果在209份血清样品中检出4份阳性样品,该调查结果显示蓝舌病在青海地区呈散发,推测可能与青海省的地理位置和气候有关,但是不排除该病在青海省传播的可能性,仍需对该病的传播媒介——库蠓在青海地区的流行情况进行持续监测。

气候可以影响库蠓对虫媒疾病的传播能力[20],库蠓传播疾病的流行病学调查发现其与气候密切相关,且在高海拔的低温地区库蠓丰度及其传播疾病的发生率也很低。研究发现,蠓虫之所以能够作为虫媒病毒的载体,与其在适当气候条件下可达到庞大的种群数量及其传播方式有关[21-23]。由于本研究仅对2020年7-8月间的库蠓活动进行了调查,尚不足以评估库蠓可能对研究区域病毒的传播风险,还需对青海省吸血蠓流行性进行全面、长期和更大范围的监测。

利益冲突  无

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