中国辐射卫生  2022, Vol. 31 Issue (4): 494-497, 506  DOI: 10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2022.04.021

引用本文 

林志安, 侯如蓉, 苏端玉, 张英军, 张清罗, 潘慧敏, 陆海杰. 乳腺癌改良根治术后辅助调强放疗中胸壁补偿膜放置的效果[J]. 中国辐射卫生, 2022, 31(4): 494-497, 506. DOI: 10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2022.04.021.
LIN Zhian, HOU Rurong, SU Duanyu, ZHANG Yingjun, ZHANG Qingluo, PAN Huimin, LU Haijie. Effectiveness of the use of chest wall bolus during adjuvant intensity modulated radiotherapy after modified radical mastectomy[J]. Chinese Journal of Radiological Health, 2022, 31(4): 494-497, 506. DOI: 10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2022.04.021.

文章历史

收稿日期:2022-04-27
乳腺癌改良根治术后辅助调强放疗中胸壁补偿膜放置的效果
林志安 , 侯如蓉 , 苏端玉 , 张英军 , 张清罗 , 潘慧敏 , 陆海杰     
厦门大学附属中山医院肿瘤放疗科,福建 厦门 361004
摘要目的 分析乳腺癌改良根治术后辅助调强放疗中胸壁未放置补偿膜的复发率,探讨补偿膜放置的必要性。方法 以2013年 1月—2019年6月收治的218例乳腺癌改良根治术后辅助调强放疗病例为研究对象,术后放疗全程胸壁未放置补偿膜,分析放疗后胸壁复发率。结果 住院记录、门诊记录、本市居民健康系统、电话等方式随访至2021年6月31日,随访率100%,平均随访时间48.9个月。放疗后出现胸壁复发为3例,其中1例单纯胸壁复发、2例合并区域淋巴结复发,胸壁复发率为1.4%。3例出现胸壁复发的乳腺癌患者中,其中2例患者TNM分期为N3、HER2阳性,1例患者为三阴性,3例患者出现局部复发时均伴有远处转移。218例患者中,5例出现Ⅰ度放射性皮肤反应,3例出现Ⅱ度放射性皮肤反应,未出现Ⅲ度或Ⅳ度放射性皮肤反应;218例病例胸壁皮肤均未出现Ⅲ/Ⅳ度急性放射性损伤。结论 乳腺癌改良根治术后辅助适型/调强放射治疗,在系统的全身治疗情况下,如果治疗前肿瘤没有侵犯皮肤,胸壁放疗时可考虑不放置补偿膜。
关键词乳腺癌    调强放疗    组织补偿膜    局部复发    
Effectiveness of the use of chest wall bolus during adjuvant intensity modulated radiotherapy after modified radical mastectomy
LIN Zhian , HOU Rurong , SU Duanyu , ZHANG Yingjun , ZHANG Qingluo , PAN Huimin , LU Haijie     
Department of Radiotherapy, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004 China
Abstract: Objective To analyze the recurrence of breast cancer without use of chest wall bolus during adjuvant intensity modulated radiotherapy after modified radical mastectomy, so as to investigate the necessity of bolus use. Methods A total of 218 patients undergoing adjuvant intensity modulated radiotherapy after modified radical mastectomy during the period from January 2013 to June 2019 were enrolled as the study subjects. The chest wall bolus was not used during the whole period of radiotherapy after modified radical mastectomy, and the recurrence of breast cancer in the chest wall was analyzed after radiotherapy. Results The post-surgical follow-up through outpatient records, inpatients records, local residents’ health system and telephone was performed until June 31, 2021. The proportion of follow-up was 100%, and the mean follow-up period was 48.9 months. There were three cases with breast cancer recurrence in the chest wall, including one case with recurrence in the chest wall alone and two cases with recurrence in the chest wall and regional lymph nodes, and the overall recurrence of breast cancer was 1.4% in the chest wall. Among the 3 cases with breast cancer recurrence in the chest wall, there were two cases with N3 stage and positive for HER2, and one triple-negative breast cancer case, and all three cases developed distal metastases upon local recurrence. Among 218 study subjects, there were 5 cases with grade Ⅰ radioactive skin reaction, 3 cases with grade Ⅱ radioactive skin reaction, and no grade Ⅲ or Ⅳ radioactive skin reaction occurred. In addition, no grade Ⅲ or Ⅳ acute radioactive injury was seen in the chest wall skin among the 218 study subjects. Conclusion No use of chest wall bolus may be considered during adjuvant intensity modulated radiotherapy after modified radical mastectomy in presence of systemic therapy if tumor invasion into skin is not observed prior to therapy.
Key words: Breast cancer    Intensity modulated radiotherapy    Bolus    Local recurrence    

乳腺癌是全球三大最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,亦是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤[1]。2020年,全球共有230万乳腺癌新发病例,68.5万人死于乳腺癌[2],因乳腺癌而导致的疾病负担超过1.7亿伤残调整生命年(disability-adjusted life years, DALYs)[3]。目前,手术和放疗是乳腺癌治疗的主要手段[4]。二维放疗时代乳腺癌根治术后放疗经常应用胸壁电子线+锁骨上区X线照射野放疗,胸壁电子线放疗时常放置一定厚度的补偿膜,以提高皮肤和皮下组织的放疗剂量[5]。但放置的补偿膜厚度和时间尚无统一共识[6]

近10多年来,适形调强放疗技术可以降低肺和心脏的照射剂量,从而减少肺和心脏的放射性损伤概率,该技术已逐渐应用于乳腺癌根治术后放射治疗临床实践[7-9]。部分放射肿瘤学家认为,乳腺癌根治术后适型调强放疗时胸壁无需放置人体组织补偿膜[10]。但亦有研究报道,胸壁放疗没有放置补偿膜,可能增加乳腺癌胸壁复发风险[11]。本研究选择接受乳腺癌改良根治术后行辅助放疗的病例,评估应用适型调强放疗时胸壁补偿膜放置的效果,结果报告如下。

1 材料与方法 1.1 研究对象

收集2013年 1月—2019年6月在本院接受乳腺癌改良根治术后行辅助放疗的患者作为研究对象。病例纳入标准:1)规范乳腺癌改良根治术,术后规律辅助化疗+靶向抗HER2治疗及内分泌治疗;2)有辅助放疗适应证并完成放射治疗疗程;3)放疗技术应用正向调强放疗或逆向调强放疗技术。排除肿瘤侵犯皮肤的临床和/或病理T4期患者及胸壁放疗技术应用电子线者。本研究获得厦门大学附属中山医院医学伦理审查委员会批准通过。

1.2 放疗技术

按照乳腺癌改良根治术后放疗规范要求行标准放疗。患者取仰卧位,体部真空袋固定或者乳腺托架(翼型板)固定,表面放置抽去导线的电源线外皮作为靶区的体表提示。采用Siemens公司85 cm大孔径 CT 模拟定位机定位并行螺旋CT扫描,层厚3 mm、层间距5 mm、范围从下颌骨下缘至肝脏下缘。将CT图像传输至VarianEclipse7.0/13.0工作站进行三维重建,绘制乳腺癌根治术后放疗临床靶区(clinical target volume, CTV)及危及器官(organ at risk, OAR)。CTV包括胸壁和锁骨上淋巴结引流区,内乳淋巴结只在高度可疑或肿瘤位于内侧象限或者腋窝淋巴结转移数目 > 4个以上。将CTV向三维方向外放5 mm定义为相应的计划靶区(planning target volume, PTV),OAR不增加外放。处方剂量CTV-PTV为4600~5000 cGy。要求95%PTV达到处方剂量,靶区外不能出现 > 110%剂量,肺的 V20 < 30%、V5 < 60%;脊髓最高剂量 < 4 000 cGy。放疗计划设计射野的数目一般为5个,以切线野照射为主。使用Varian2300加速器6 MV X线正向调强放疗或逆向调强放疗技术。

1.3 数据采集

从患者病历资料中收集患者年龄等人口学特征和肿瘤分期、治疗等临床资料。所有患者从完成治疗后每3个月随访,内容包括治疗不良反应、复发、转移等。局部复发定义为临床或者病理证实的患侧肿瘤胸壁复发,区域复发定义为临床或者病理证实的患侧锁骨上下、腋窝或者内乳出现淋巴结,远处转移定义为临床或者病理证实的肿瘤转移。

2 结 果 2.1 病例特征

最终共有218例符合病例纳入和排除标准的患者纳入本研究。其中患者年龄以30~50岁为主,占60.6%;TNM分期中,以T1-T2分期为主,占72.5%;临床分期以III为主,占69.3%;ER阳性占69.3%,孕激素受体阳性占63.8%,HER2阳性占36.2%;分子分型以Luminal A型为主,占50.0%;脉管癌栓阳性占55.5%;核分级以2级为主,占65.6%;全部患者均接受化疗,27.1%患者接受靶向抗HER2治疗,70.2%患者接受内分泌治疗(表1)。随访时间截至2021年6月31日,随访方式为住院记录、门诊记录、本市居民健康系统、电话随访。随访率为100%,平均随访时间48.9个月。

表 1 218例乳腺癌患者临床特征 Table 1 Clinical characteristics of 218 breast cancer patients
2.2 胸壁复发

218例病例随访结果见表2。放疗后出现胸壁复发为3例,其中1例单纯胸壁复发、2例合并区域淋巴结复发,胸壁复发率为1.4%。

表 2 218例乳腺癌患者随访结果 Table 2 Follow-up outcomes of 218 breast cancer patients
2.3 局部复发

3例出现胸壁复发的乳腺癌患者中,其中2例患者TNM分期为N3、HER2阳性,因经济原因未行抗HER2靶向治疗;1例患者为三阴性,核分级为3级合并脉管癌栓。3例患者出现局部复发时均伴有远处转移(表3)。

表 3 3例胸壁复发乳腺癌患者临床资料 Table 3 Follow-up outcomes of 218 breast cancer patients with chest wall recurrence
2.4 放射性皮肤损伤

218例病例中,5例出现Ⅰ度放射性皮肤反应;3例出现Ⅱ度放射性皮肤反应,部位都是在下颈部皮肤皱褶处;未出现Ⅲ度或Ⅳ度放射性皮肤反应;218例病例胸壁皮肤均未出现Ⅲ/Ⅳ度急性放射性损伤。

3 讨 论

乳腺癌术后残留的亚临床病灶会导致局部和区域淋巴结复发,还可能成为以后远处转移的根源[12]。辅助放疗的目的在于杀灭术后残存于胸壁和淋巴结引流区的亚临床病灶,降低局部复发和远处转移发生率[13]。术后辅助放疗不仅有助于提高局部控制率、降低复发风险,同时能够减少肿瘤播散和转移机会,从而提高患者生存率[14]。多数放射肿瘤学家认为乳腺癌根治术后放疗靶区应包括胸壁和锁骨上/下区,关于皮肤是否为乳腺癌根治术后放疗的靶区至今仍有争议[15]。ESTRO靶区勾画指南中,胸壁靶区是皮肤外缘往里修回3 mm[16-17]。而乳腺肿瘤一般先发生在乳腺腺体,然后局部浸润性生长,通过皮下淋巴管向前哨淋巴结转移[1]。手术技术的进步使全乳腺切除较彻底,从而降低胸壁皮下淋巴管复发的风险[4]

我们应用调强放疗技术,不管正向或者逆向计划,都需要多野照射,所应用的X线多数为4~8 MV能量,射线的剂量建成区小。6 MV的X线表面剂量为50%,最大剂量在15 mm深度。射野角度又以切线野照射为主野,多野照射可以补偿,靶区适形度增加,从而增加皮肤及皮下组织剂量。随着化疗药物进展,化疗强化,内分泌治疗甚至强化内分泌、抗HER2等靶向治疗药物的应用等,改变了乳腺癌改良根治术后局部复发的模式。局部复发模式的改变还有历史因素,本组多数患者为T2~T3分期,T4分期者较少。而20世纪乳腺癌患者发现晚、肿瘤大,局部广泛浸润,出现皮肤、皮下淋巴管浸润,治疗后容易出现局部复发。

放置补偿物是为了提高皮肤或皮下照射剂量,进而提高胸壁局部控制率,但补偿物的放置明显增加放射性皮肤损伤概率[18]。Nichol等[19]分析发现,1569例乳腺癌患者中318例没有放置补偿物,放置补偿物组与没有放置组10年乳腺癌局部复发率分别为1.9%和0.9%,10年局部区域复发率分别为 3.1%和3.2%,多因素分析显示放置补偿物没有提高局部控制率(HR = 1.44)。另一方面,放置补偿物常引起皮肤急性损伤,严重者需要暂停放疗,而放疗中断是局部复发的主要原因之一。Yap等[20]发现,143例患者全胸壁放置补偿物,其中88例仅在手术疤痕处放置,23例未放置;20例因急性皮肤反应放疗暂停放疗,其中17例在全胸壁组、2例在疤痕组、1例在未放置组;随访发现全胸壁组发生胸壁复发13例、疤痕组4例、未放置组2例,且脉管受侵及放疗中断与局部复发相关。

乳腺癌改良根治术后辅助放射治疗时,在系统的全身治疗下,应用适型/调强放疗技术照射,胸壁即使没有放置补偿物,胸壁复发率低。如果治疗前肿瘤没有侵犯皮肤,胸壁放疗时可考虑不放置补偿物,以减少皮肤的放射性损伤。但对分期为N3或者脉管癌栓的乳腺癌患者,如合并有多个高危因素时,应审慎考虑是否放置补偿物。本组病例数较少,本结论需要更多的病例数及更高级别的证据加以验证。

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