中国辐射卫生  2020, Vol. 29 Issue (4): 442-445  DOI: 10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.04.030

引用本文 

杨思琦, 姚颐, 宋启斌, 郑斯豪, 高彦君, 吴彬. DNA损伤修复与肿瘤的放射敏感性[J]. 中国辐射卫生, 2020, 29(4): 442-445. DOI: 10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.04.030.
YANG Siqi, YAO Yi, SONG Qibin, ZHENG Sihao, GAO Yanjun, WU Bin. DNA damage repair and radiosensitivity of tumor[J]. Chinese Journal of Radiological Health, 2020, 29(4): 442-445. DOI: 10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.04.030.

基金项目

中华国际医学交流基金资助项目(Z-2014-06-17358)

通讯作者

姚颐,E-mail:yaoyi2018@whu.edu.cn

文章历史

收稿日期:2020-02-14
DNA损伤修复与肿瘤的放射敏感性
杨思琦 1, 姚颐 1,2, 宋启斌 1,2, 郑斯豪 2, 高彦君 1,2, 吴彬 1     
1. 武汉大学人民医院肿瘤中心,湖北 武汉 430060;
2. 湖北省肿瘤精准医学研究中心
摘要:放射治疗在恶性肿瘤的治疗中具有重要地位,如何提高肿瘤的放射敏感性是临床和基础研究工作的一大主题。放射线可引起细胞DNA不同形式的损伤,而DNA损伤后的修复过程会导致肿瘤细胞放射敏感性下降,甚至出现放射性抵抗。多年来人们对这一问题开展了大量研究,本文就DNA损伤修复机制及其对恶性肿瘤放疗敏感性的影响的研究进展做一综述。
关键词肿瘤    DNA损伤修复    放疗    放射敏感性    机制    
DNA damage repair and radiosensitivity of tumor
YANG Siqi 1, YAO Yi 1,2, SONG Qibin 1,2, ZHENG Sihao 2, GAO Yanjun 1,2, WU Bin 1     
1. Cancer Center, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan 430060 China;
2. Hubei Provincial Research Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer
Abstract: Radiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of malignant tumors, and how to improve the radiosensitivity of tumors is a major topic of clinical and basic research. Radiation can cause multiple forms of DNA damage, and the repair process after DNA damage will lead to the decrease of radiosensitivity of cancer cells, even radiation resistance. In this paper, the mechanism of DNA damage repair and its effect on radiosensitivity of malignant tumors are reviewed.
Key words: Tumor    DNA Damage Repairs    Radiotherapy    Radiosensitivity    Mechanism    

放射治疗是肿瘤治疗的重要手段之一,约60%~70%的恶性肿瘤患者需要接受放射治疗[1]。随着对放疗研究的不断深入,肿瘤细胞对放射线的敏感性下降甚至出现放射抵抗则成为了一大难题,提高放射敏感性是“精准治疗”理念提出的新要求[2]。本文主要就近年来关于DNA损伤修复机制及其在恶性肿瘤放疗敏感性中的研究做一综述。

1 DNA损伤修复机制概述

放射线导致的DNA损伤主要以DNA双链骨架—磷酸二酯键的断裂为主,也被称为双链断裂(double-strand breaks,DSBs)。DSBs是最严重的损伤,若非及时有效地准确修复,会导致基因突变,染色体重排,甚至导致细胞死亡[3]。细胞在出现DNA损伤后,便启动识别和修复机制,出现衰老,自噬和凋亡的现象[4]。DSBs的修复机制主要有两种:同源重组(homology recombination, HR)修复和非同源末端连接(non-homology end joining, NHEJ)修复[5]

1.1 HR修复

HR修复相比于NHEJ修复更加精确,并且需要模板,即一条与损伤DNA序列高度同源的完整姐妹染色单体[6]。HR修复只在细胞周期的S期和G2期出现[7]。当双链断裂,损伤识别蛋白(PARP或者MRN等)迅速结合到损伤位点,启动修复过程[8]。DNA损伤应答通路中的重要激酶ATM被PARP和MRN激活并募集,使H2AX磷酸化为γH2AX(DSBs的标志物)。γH2AX进而激活下游MDC1,促进泛素化连接酶RNF8和RNF168聚集并泛素化修饰组蛋白[9],促进BRCA1和CtIP等DNA末端修饰因子和重组酶Rad51聚集[10]。Rad51通过与末端剪切的DNA单链结合、识别同源臂、链配对,将DNA断端与模板链连接。在重构酶GEN1、BLM等协助下,最终完成同源修复[11]。最新研究表明,Rad52能够协助活化Rad51重组酶,并推动互补单链DNA退火过程,因此Rad52也在HR修复中起到不可忽视的作用[12]

1.2 NHEJ修复

NHEJ修复是哺乳动物细胞DSBs修复的最重要机制之一[13]。NHEJ无需同源序列并可发生在细胞周期的各时段(以G1期为主)[14],在一些修复元件处理DSBs两端后,直接连接断端构成DNA双链[15]。但简单的修复过程易导致碱基插入以及缺失等突变。NHEJ主要包括:DNA末端结合及搭桥(binding and bridging)、末端处理(terminal processing)、连接(ligation)[16]。检测到DSBs后,Ku异二聚体(Ku70-Ku80)与PARP等识别蛋白竞争性识别并结合在DNA末端,使其末端形成不易被DNA酶降解的环状结构[17]。Ku异二聚体与末端结合并募集活化DNA蛋白激酶(DNA-PK)以及Lig4/XRCC4(DNA Ligase IV/X-ray repair cross complementing protein 4)复合物[18]。其中XRCC4可以结合多聚核苷酸激酶(polynucleotidekinase, PNKP),而PNKP以其5’-激酶和3’-磷酸酶活性使DNA5’-磷酸和3’-羟基末端暴露,以满足DNA末端连接的必需条件[19]。有研究显示[20],核酸酶MRN复合物与DNA解旋酶WRN(Werner syndrome helicase, WRN)等也参与NHEJ过程。

2 DNA损伤修复对肿瘤放疗敏感性的影响 2.1 概述

电离辐射能够对肿瘤细胞膜、胞浆蛋白质和DNA造成贯穿性损伤[21]。通过改变基因表达使某些大分子的特性随之改变。并可以干预细胞膜、核和胞浆内的信号传导通路,使细胞周期阻滞、DNA修复、氧化应激和细胞凋亡[22]。因此,DNA损伤感受器、细胞周期检测点、DNA损伤修复途径、氧化应激调节酶类、细胞凋亡途径调节因子均影响细胞对电离辐射的敏感性[23]

2.2 DNA损伤修复影响肿瘤放疗敏感性的调控因子 2.2.1 PARP

聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶(poly ADP ribose polymerase, PARP)通过切除受损碱基而参与DNA单链损伤修复[24]。PARP-1主要存在与细胞核,是PARP家族中最丰富的一种亚型。PARP-1能够在DNA损伤后迅速与受损位点结合,并使参与DNA修复的组蛋白等活化[25]。研究表明,PARP抑制剂可使BRCA1和BRCA2基因突变的乳腺癌和卵巢癌对射线敏感性增加[26]。PARP抑制剂可诱导S期阻滞,并在增强放疗后G2/M阻滞,导致放射增敏。此外,PARP抑制剂Olaparib、iniparib、veliparib能够抑制辐射后软组织肉瘤细胞Rad51焦点形成,干扰HR修复,从而使细胞对射线增敏[27]。但目前关于PARP抑制剂联合增敏的临床研究中,由于出现严重骨髓抑制,故仍在进一步探索中[28]

2.2.2 MRN复合物

MRN复合物包括三种蛋白Mre11、Rad50、Nbs1[29],负责DNA损伤信号感应、复制、细胞周期控制、端粒维持和基因组稳定等[30]。因其在调节DNA损伤修复中发挥重要作用,MRN复合物活性受到抑制后,下游ATM的激活和DSBs的修复过程也同样被抑制。病理学研究显示,中高表达MRN复合物的早期乳腺癌相比于低表达或无表达者对放疗更敏感[31]。新近研究提示,通过下调SMAD基因抑制MRN复合物的功能,可以提高神经胶质瘤细胞的放射敏感性[32]

2.2.3 Rad51

Rad51作为中心蛋白参与HR修复工作。有研究报道,抑制Rad51的功能可显著提高细胞的放疗敏感性[33]。Short等[34]也发现,人胶质瘤细胞系中Rad51的水平与其放射敏感性呈负相关,并且Rad51的降低可以增强瘤细胞对放射线和替莫唑胺(Temozolomide)的敏感性。Collis等[35]通过下调前列腺癌细胞中Rad51蛋白的表达,发现癌细胞放射敏感性提高了40%~70%。

2.2.4 BRCA1/2

BRCA1/2是参与HR修复的重要因子,与CtIP共同参与DNA末端剪切,并招募Rad51[36]。当BRCA1/2缺失时,DNA的HR修复能力显著降低。有研究表明,BRAC1突变与细胞对射线的高敏感性密切相关[37]。一部分微小RNA可以通过靶向调控BRCA1的活性,从而影响细胞的放射敏感性。Has-miR-212靶向作用于BRCA1的3’编码区使其表达下调,降低HR修复效率,进而起到了增敏作用[38]

2.2.5 Ku70/80基因

Ku70/80基因在转录过程中能够激活下游NHEJ通路,后者可在DNA-PK的催化亚单位、连接酶和聚合酶等辅助下,促进DSBs的修复。已证实,当用氯硝柳胺抑制鼻咽癌细胞中Ku70/80的转录时,NHEJ通路被抑制,DNA损伤修复效率明显降低,癌细胞的放射敏感性显著提高[39]。在恶性胶质瘤细胞系M059K中,当Ku蛋白表达受到抑制后,DNA单链损伤修复停止,放疗后细胞凋亡显著增加,提示放射敏感性增加[40]。因此抑制Ku70/80基因的表达,也是放射增敏的重要途径。

2.2.6 DNA蛋白激酶

Ku异二聚体通过与DNA末端结合,招募并激活DNA-PK,发挥向下游蛋白传递信号的作用。由于其在NHEJ通路的重要作用,DNA-PK已被视为放疗增敏的靶点[41]。有研究表明[42],在放射过程中,DNA-PK抑制剂NU7441能够使DNA-PK激酶活性和NHEJ修复效率降低,从而达到放射增敏的目的。除此之外,另一种DNA-PK抑制剂NU7027联合X线照射通过促进凋亡和抑制细胞克隆,从而大幅度地提高放射敏感性。

2.2.7 ATM

ATM是参与DSBs修复的中心激酶之一,在检测G1/S细胞周期过程中有重要作用[43]。ATM基因编码的产物通过参与检测DSBs和启动DNA修复从而影响放射敏感性[44],同时,ATM又可通过调控p53翻译后修饰和Mdm2的磷酸化而介导细胞凋亡[45]。因此ATM在某种意义上是影响癌细胞对电离辐射发生响应的关键因素。目前,已有多个ATM抑制剂被筛选出,且已证实具有良好的放射增敏效果。Karlin等[46]发现,ATM抑制剂AZ32能穿透血脑屏障,能够提高小鼠颅内胶质瘤的放射敏感性。AZD1390作为另一种高效并且高特异性的ATM抑制剂,对胶质瘤也有放射增敏作用,通过促进细胞凋亡,从而提高放射疗效[47]

3 总结与展望

综上所述,通过靶向抑制DNA的损伤修复而提高肿瘤放射敏感性的探索已取得了一定的进展,其中某些靶点的效能值得我们期待。归纳起来,上述靶点主要通过①调控细胞周期,②抑制DNA损伤修复,③增强细胞凋亡等环节来提高肿瘤的放射敏感性。

然而又面临一些问题:首先,肿瘤的发展是受多基因、多通路共同调控的,单独抑制某种基因或蛋白能否取得最佳效果?发掘多靶点抑制剂或许是开发此类药物的方向。其次,针对上述靶点的干预是否存在副作用,目前了解甚少,进一步取得更有力的证据也是今后研究重点。总之,全面了解肿瘤细胞DNA损伤修复的机制,对于发掘高效的干预靶点至关重要。随着越来越多的与DNA损伤修复相关的基因和蛋白被发现,肿瘤的放疗增敏问题将得到更好的解决。

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