畜牧兽医学报  2023, Vol. 54 Issue (12): 5264-5274. DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2023.12.035    PDF    
麻杏石甘口服液治疗肉鸡感染鸡毒支原体的效果评价
雷亚萍1, 周世伟1, 滕雨萌1, 农碧丹1, 庞晓敏1, 张诣1, 刘晓丽1, 王玉莲1,2, 胡薛英1     
1. 华中农业大学动物医学院, 武汉 430070;
2. 国家兽药残留基准实验室(华中农业大学), 武汉 430070
摘要:旨在验证麻杏石甘口服液对人工感染鸡毒支原体治疗效果。将87只1日龄健康鸡按常规饲养至20日龄, 随机分为感染对照组、空白对照组和治疗组。空白对照组正常饲喂, 不感染。感染对照组和治疗组的试验鸡通过滴鼻、点眼、气囊注射鸡毒支原体M17菌液共1.5 mL (109 CCU·mL-1), 1次·d-1, 连续感染4 d。在感染的第5天(D1), 治疗组经每升水1.5 mL麻杏石甘口服液饲喂治疗, 连用5 d, 停药后观察6 d。观察给药前1 d (D0)~D11各组鸡的呼吸、咳嗽、流涕、甩鼻、采食和精神状态等临床症状并进行评分, 计算临床症状总评分、痊愈率、有效率和无效率。于D0和D12称量试验鸡体重, 计算平均增重。分别于D2、D6、D12, 每组剖检试验鸡6只, 观察肺和气囊病理变化, 并采集肺进行组织病理学观察。结果显示: 治疗组临床症状总评分在D3开始明显降低(P<0.05);治疗组在D2、D6、D12, 肺和气囊病变评分均显著低于感染对照组(P<0.05), 肺的组织病理学病变评分也显著低于感染对照组(P<0.05), 空白对照组未见异常; 治疗组的痊愈率为76.5%, 有效率94.1%, 无效率为5.9%。感染对照组和治疗组的平均增重显著低于空白对照组(P<0.05)。麻杏石甘口服液可明显改善肉鸡气囊和肺组织病理损伤, 对人工感染鸡毒支原体的肉鸡有较好的治疗效果。
关键词麻杏石甘口服液    鸡毒支原体    治疗    
Effect Evaluation of Maxing Shigan Oral Liquid in the Treatment of Broiler Chicken Infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum
LEI Yaping1, ZHOU Shiwei1, TENG Yumeng1, NONG Bidan1, PANG Xiaomin1, ZHANG Yi1, LIU Xiaoli1, WANG Yulian1,2, HU Xueying1     
1. College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
2. National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Wuhan 430070, China
Abstract: The study was conducted to verify the therapeutic effect of Maxing Shigan Oral Liquid on artificial infection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Eighty-seven 1-day-old healthy chickens were routinely raised to 20 days of age and randomly divided into infection control group, blank control group and treatment group. The blank control group was fed normally without infection. The chickens in the infection control group and the treatment group were injected with 1.5 mL (109 CCU·mL-1) of Mycoplasma gallisepticum M17 bacterial solution by nasal drip, eye drop and air sac injection, once a day for 4 days. On the 5th day (D1) of infection, the treatment group was fed with 1.5 mL Maxing Shigan Oral Liquid per liter of water for 5 days, and observed for 6 days after drug withdrawal. The clinical symptoms such as respiration, cough, runny nose, nasal throwing, feeding and mental state of chickens in each group were observed and scored from 1 day (D0) to D11 days before administration. The total score of clinical symptoms, cure rate, effective rate and inefficiency were calculated. The body weight of the chickens was weighed on D0 and D12, and the average weight gain was calculated. On D2, D6 and D12 days, 6 chickens in each group were sacrificed to observe the pathological changes of lung and air sac, and the lungs were collected for histopathological observation. The total score of clinical symptoms in the treatment group decreased significantly on D3 (P<0.05). On D2, D6 and D12, the scores of lung and air sac lesions in the treatment group were significantly lower than those in the infection control group (P<0.05), and the histopathological lesion score of the lung was also significantly lower than that in the infection control group (P<0.05). There was no abnormality in the blank control group. The cure rate of the treatment group was 76.5%, the effective rate was 94.1%, and the ineffective rate was 5.9%. The average weight gain of the infection control group and the treatment group was significantly lower than that of the blank control group (P<0.05). Maxing Shigan oral liquid can significantly improve the pathological damage of air sac and lung tissue of broilers, and has a good therapeutic effect on broilers artificially infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum.
Key words: Maxing Shigan oral liquid    Mycoplasma gallisepticum    treatment    

鸡毒支原体(Mycoplasma gallisepticum,MG)感染常会导致家禽慢性呼吸道疾病(chronicrespirtory disease,CRD)[1]。鸡毒支原体在世界范围广泛分布,且感染后不易清除,给家禽养殖带来巨大的经济损失[2]。目前CRD的治疗主要是应用抗生素,但由于抗生素耐药性的产生和药物残留问题[3],急需更安全有效的药物进行治疗。麻杏石甘口服液是麻杏石甘汤临床用药的剂型之一,有镇咳、抗炎、调节免疫功能等多种药理作用,对咳嗽、支气管炎、肺炎、哮喘等多种疾病具有良好的治疗效果,但其在临床上主要用于治疗人、小鼠、牛和羊肺炎支原体感染的呼吸系统疾病,治疗鸡毒支原体感染的相关研究较少[4-6]。本试验拟观察麻杏石甘口服液对人工感染鸡毒支原体的治疗效果,以期为临床治疗CRD提供新思路和新方向。

1 材料与方法 1.1 材料

麻杏石甘口服液(批号:202009073):保定冀中生物科技有限公司。

鸡毒支原体M17:国家兽药残留实验室(华中农业大学)保存。

1日龄健康广西黄二号鸡,购自武汉温氏畜禽有限公司。

1.2 麻杏石甘口服液对MG感染鸡的疗效试验

1.2.1 鸡毒支原体的复苏与培养   将鸡毒支原体M17传代2~3次后,按谢道远等[7]的方法测定颜色变化单位为109 CCU·mL-1。将培养好的菌液置于-20 ℃保存,备用。

1.2.2 试验动物分组与处理   87只1日龄健康广西黄二号鸡,在干燥通风,卫生良好的动物房常规饲养至20日龄,其中饲料为不添加任何抗菌药的全价配合饲料。该群鸡临床表现正常,试验前采集喉拭子检测支原体结果为阴性。将试验鸡随机分成3组,分别为感染对照组、空白对照组和治疗组,空白对照组单独隔离饲养。空白对照组正常饲喂,不感染;感染对照组和治疗组的全部鸡用保存的菌量为109 CCU·mL-1的菌液分别通过滴鼻、点眼、气囊注射菌液0.2、0.3、1 mL,1次·d-1,连续感染4 d,感染期间每天早晚两次用2%氨水喷洒每笼鸡及鸡笼周围的环境;采集全部鸡只的喉拭子,由生工武汉技术部合成设计鸡毒支原体特异性引物,F上游引物:5′-CCCATCTCGACCACCAGAAA-3′,R下游引物:5′-ATGGTAACACAGCCAACACCT-3′,采用PCR方法检测,目的片段碱基数为259 bp。在感染的第5天,治疗组通过饮水给予麻杏石甘口服液治疗,剂量为每1升水添加1.5 mL麻杏石甘口服液,连用5 d,停药后观察6 d,分别于D0(给药前1 d)和D12(停药第7天)进行试验鸡体重称量,计算平均增重。感染对照组和空白对照组正常饲喂,不给药。

1.2.3 临床观察   观察记录D0~D11(停药第6天)各组鸡的临床症状。每日定时观察各组鸡的呼吸、咳嗽、流涕、甩鼻、食欲情况、精神状态,根据各临床症状的轻重程度以计分方法表示。各项评分均为1~4分,6种症状评分的和为总评分,总分为6~24分,分数越高提示症状越严重[8]。症状评分标准见表 1

表 1 病情分级及临床症状评分标准 Table 1 Disease classification and clinical symptom scoring criteria

1.2.4 病理剖检及样品采集   在给药的第2天(D2)、停药第1天(D6)和停药第7天(D12),每组随机抽取6只鸡进行剖检。观察记录气囊和肺部的病理变化并采集肺组织样本,根据Swayne[10]和林曦[9]的研究中所述的病理变化和评分标准对肺和气囊的损伤进行分级评分,具体评分标准见表 2

表 2 气囊和肺病变评分 Table 2 Air sac and lung lesion score

1.2.5 肺组织病理学观察   在D2、D6、D12采集肺组织,用4%多聚甲醛固定,用于组织病理学观察。在光镜下观察肺组织病理学变化,并对其从以下6个方面进行评分:肺组织二级支气管上皮细胞完整性、二级支气管黏膜炎性细胞浸润、二级支气管管腔内浆液、三级支气管管腔和肺房内炎性细胞浸润、三级支气管和肺房内浆液及肺组织淤血、出血、水肿,具体见表 3,总分为0~24分,是各项指标评分总和,总分越低说明临床症状越轻[11]

表 3 肺组织病变评分 Table 3 Lung tissue lesion score

1.2.6 疗效判定标准   疗效评定标准参照《中药新药临床研究指导原则》2002版制定[12],分临床痊愈、有效、无效,以疗效指数判定。计算公式:疗效指数(%)=[(治疗前症候总评分-治疗后症候总评分)/治疗前症候总评分]×100%

痊愈率(%):临床症状消失或基本消失,疗效指数≥95%,判为痊愈。计算公式:痊愈率(%)=痊愈鸡只数/试验鸡只数×100%

有效率(%):临床症状有明显改善,30%≤疗效指数<95%,判为有效。计算公式:有效率(%)=(痊愈鸡数+显效鸡数+有效鸡数)/试验鸡数×100%。

无效率(%):临床症状均无明显改善,甚至加重,疗效指数<30%,判为无效。计算公式:无效率(%)=(无效鸡数+死亡鸡数)/试验鸡数×100%。

1.3 数据统计分析

采用GraphPad Prism 7.00软件对数据进行统计分析,组间差异采用one-way ANOVA分析。P<0.05时,表示差异显著;P>0.05时,表示差异不显著。

2 结果 2.1 临床症状结果分析

在MG连续感染4 d后,试验鸡出现呼吸困难、咳嗽、甩鼻、采食减少和精神沉郁等临床症状,喉拭子检测结果均呈阳性,部分结果见图 1。空白对照组为健康不感染组,试验鸡无临床症状(图 2A)。连续给药5 d后,治疗组临床症状基本消失(图 2B),感染对照组鸡食欲减退,仍出现甩鼻、张口呼吸等症状(图 2C)。

M. DNA相对分子质量标准;N. 阴性对照;P. 阳性对照;1~18. 鸡毒支原体特异性序列扩增产物 M. DL2000 DNA marker; N. Negative control; P. Positive control; 1-18. MG specific sequence amplification product 图 1 鸡毒支原体扩增条带的电泳鉴定 Fig. 1 Electrophoresis results of MG
A. 空白对照组;B. 治疗组;C. 感染对照组,精神萎靡,张口呼吸(圆圈) A. Blank control group; B. Treatment group; C. Infection control group, mental malaise, mouth breathing (circle) 图 2 感染鸡临床症状 Fig. 2 Clinical symptoms of infected chickens

对D0~D11三组鸡的呼吸、采食、精神状态、甩鼻、咳嗽、流涕评分6种临床症状的总评分进行分析,结果见图 3。治疗组总评分在给药治疗后逐渐降低,与感染对照组相比,治疗组的总评分在D3明显下降(P<0.05);在D6~D11,治疗组总评分明显低于感染对照组(P<0.05),且与空白对照组总评分无明显差异(P>0.05)。

组间标不同大写字母的差异有显著性(P<0.05);组内不同试验时间之间标小写字母的差异有显著性(P<0.05) Significant difference in capitalization between groups (P<0.05); Significant difference in lowercase letters between experimental groups (P<0.05) 图 3 麻杏石甘口服液对MG感染鸡的临床症状评分的影响 Fig. 3 The effect of Maxing shigan oral liquid on the clinical symptom score of MG infected chickens
2.2 平均增重

各试验组鸡的平均增重见表 4,D0各组鸡平均体重无差异,D12感染对照组和治疗组的体重和平均增重显著低于空白对照组(P<0.05)。

表 4 各组试验鸡平均增重(x±s) Table 4 Average weight gain of chickens in each group(x±s)
2.3 大体病变及评分结果

鸡毒支原体感染后主要病变表现在肺和气囊。在D2、D6和D12抽取试验鸡进行剖检发现,空白对照组的气囊薄而透明(图 4 A1A2A3);感染对照组气囊壁变厚,变浑浊,囊内可见渗出的大量黄白色干酪样物质(图 4 C1C2C3);治疗组在D2气囊内有渗出物(图 4 B1),在D6,气囊透明,仅气囊边缘有少量泡沫样和干酪样渗出物(图 4 B2);D12天,部分试验鸡的气囊基本恢复正常(图 4 B3)。

A1~A3. 空白对照组;B1~B3. 治疗组;C1~C3:感染对照组;B1、C1、C2、C3:气囊壁变厚,囊内可见渗出的大量黄白色干酪样物质(→标注)。D2. 给药1 d后;D6. 停药第1天;D12.停药第7天,下同 A1-A3. Blank control group; B1—B3: Treatment group; C1-C3. Infection control group; B1, C1, C2, C3. the wall of the air sac was thickened, and there was yellow-white cheese-like exudation in the air sac(→ labeled). D2. 1 day after administration; D6. Day 1 of withdrawal; D12.Day 7 of withdrawal. The same as below 图 4 气囊病理变化 Fig. 4 Gross pathology in air sac

在D2、D6和D12的剖检发现,空白对照组的肺呈粉红色,无眼观病变(图 5 A1A2A3)。感染对照组和治疗组在D2天,肺组织局部灰红色,质地变实,有稍凸出肺表面的黄白色病灶(图 5 B1C1);感染对照组的肺组织在D6和D12,呈灰红色,在肺组织表面有凸起的灰白色病灶(图 5 C2C3)。治疗组中部分试验鸡的肺在D6和D12眼观无病变(图 5 B2B3)。

A1~A3. 空白对照组;B1~B3. 治疗组;C1~C3. 感染对照组;B1、C1、C2、C3. 肺组织局部灰红色,质地变实,有稍凸出肺表面的黄白色或灰白色病灶(→标注) A1-A3. Blank control group; B1-B3. Treatment group; C1-C3. Infection control group; B1, C1, C2, C3. The local lung tissue was grayish red, the texture became solid, and there were yellow-white or gray-white lesions slightly protruding from the lung surface (→ labeled) 图 5 肺病理变化 Fig. 5 Gross pathology in lesions in lung

根据表 2对肺和气囊大体病变进行评分,结果见图 6。在D2、D6和D12,与空白对照组相比较,感染对照组试验鸡的肺和气囊病变评分均显著升高(P<0.05);与感染对照组相比,麻杏石甘口服液治疗后肺和气囊病变评分均显著下降(P<0.05)。治疗组D6天肺组织大体评分为0,显著低于D2和D6(P<0.05);治疗组的不同时间气囊评分无显著差异。

字母a和b分别表示与空白对照组、感染对照组比较(P<0.05) Letter a and b represent a significant difference compared to the blank control group and the infection control group respectively(P<0.05) 图 6 麻杏石甘口服液治疗试验肺和气囊大体病变评分 Fig. 6 Maxingshigan oral liquid treatment test lung tissue and air sac gross lesion score
2.4 肺组织病理学观察及评分结果

对D2、D6和D12采集的肺组织进行组织病理学观察,发现肺的二级和三级支气管出现了相同的病理变化,其中三级支气管结果见图 7。D2、D6和D12空白对照组的肺三级支气管未见异常(图 7 A1A2A3)。在D2,感染对照组三级支气管出现了肉芽肿,其中心为干酪样坏死物(图 7 C1)。在D6,部分三级支气管,上皮增生导致上皮叶延伸到周围的三级支气管腔,引起管腔闭塞(图 7 C2)。在D12,三级支气管出现液化性坏死,其中坏死物质导致气道闭塞,病变合并在一起,累及大面积的肺组织(图 7 C3)。在D2,治疗组肺的三级支气管的肺房中混有红细胞、脱落的上皮细胞以及渗出的浆液(图 7 B1),在D6、D12部分试验鸡的肺三级支气管基本恢复正常结果(图 7 B2B3)。

A1~A3. 空白对照组;B1~B3. 治疗组,上皮细胞脱落,浆液渗出(B1,→标注);C1~C3. 感染对照组,凝固型坏死(C1,→标注),上皮细胞增生(C2,→标注),液化性坏死(C3,→标注);Bar=200 μm A1-A3. Blank control group; B1-B3. Treatment group, epithelial cell shedding, slurry exudation (B1, → labeled), C1-C3. Infection control group, coagulation necrosis (C1, → labeled), epithelial cell proliferation (C2, → labeled), Liquefied necrosis (C3, → labeled); Bar=200 μm 图 7 肺三级支气管组织病理学观察 Fig. 7 Histopathological observation of tertiary bronchus of lung

表 3中的评分标准对肺组织进行组织病理学评分,结果如图 8。在试验的D2、D6和D12,与空白对照组相比较,治疗组和感染对照组病变评分显著上升(P<0.05);与感染对照组相比,治疗组病变评分显著下降(P<0.05),治疗组的不同时间肺组织病理学评分无显著差异。

字母a和b分别表示与空白对照组、感染对照组比较(P<0.05) Letter a and b represent a significant difference compared to the blank control group and the infection control group respectively(P<0.05) 图 8 麻杏石甘口服液治疗试验肺组织病变评分 Fig. 8 Maxing shigan oral liquid treatment test lung tissue lesion score
2.5 临床疗效评价

根据“1.2.6”中的疗效判定标准计算,治疗组的痊愈率为76.5%,治疗的有效率为94.1%,无效率为5.9%(表 5)。

表 5 疗效评价结果统计 Table 5 Statistics on the efficacy evaluation results
3 讨论

目前,鸡毒支原体感染仍在全球范围流行[1, 13],鸡群之间主要是通过接触、气溶胶和污染物的直接和间接传播[14]。鸡群感染鸡毒支原体后,严重影响蛋产量、鸡蛋孵化率和饲料利用效率[15]。且一旦感染MG后机体抵抗力下降,极易引起其他并发症,增加鸡群30%以上的死亡率,给家禽养殖带来巨大经济损失[16]。临床上多用疫苗和抗生素进行防治,随着抗生素耐药的普遍性以及人们对绿色健康食品的关注增加,中药组方在兽药使用中越来越受关注。

MG入侵后在呼吸道上皮组织的黏附、定植、引起定植部位宿主细胞的损伤及机体免疫失调是其主要致病原因[17]。MG进入宿主体内后,首先通过其膜表面的黏附分子GapA和CrmA吸附在宿主呼吸道上皮细胞,然后在局部组织细胞内大量增殖,并造成机体特别是呼吸系统的病理损伤, 引起气管和肺部的炎症[18-20]。本试验中感染对照组肺组织的各级支气管均出现了炎症反应,治疗组的肺和气囊病变在给药后均显著减轻(P<0.05),且肺各级支气管炎性细胞浸润较感染对照组轻,说明药物治疗能够有效修复肺和气囊病变,减轻或阻止肺组织的炎症损伤。这可能是麻杏石甘口服液收缩了肺毛细血管,防止了渗出[21-22];减少炎症反应细胞的渗透从而减轻肺组织炎性细胞浸润[23-24]。说明麻杏石甘汤有潜在的抗炎特性,能治疗肺损伤[25]。本试验中使用的麻杏石甘口服液为麻杏石甘汤临床用药的剂型之一,有清肺平喘、辛凉宣泄的效果[26],能有效减少临床症状[27]。在本研究中能够减轻感染组鸡群的呼吸困难的症状,给药3 d后,鸡群总体的临床感染症状出现好转;在D6天,临床症状基本消失;治疗的有效率达94.1%,治愈率为76.5%。

本试验中治疗组的鸡增重迟缓改善不显著,可能由于样本较少或试验周期较短所致。试验鸡D6天的肺大体评分显著低于D2天,而在D12天肺组织大体评分高于D6天,且麻杏石甘口服液减轻呼吸困难虽有显著效果,但未达到百分百的治愈率,可能是因其杀菌效果较弱,停药后部分支原体恢复活力导致的。许多初步研究证实了天然产物的抗炎和免疫调节作用, 有一定的抗支原体作用[28-30]。但麻杏石甘汤实现抗菌效果的浓度是方剂的十倍或百倍,然而这是常用治疗浓度难以达到的[31]。单方治疗的痊愈率略低,制约了麻杏石甘汤在兽医临床上抗菌方面的应用和普及,针对不同病因联合抗生素可以提高疗效,同时能减少抗生素的用量[32],或许临床中治疗肉鸡感染鸡毒支原体时与相应抗生素合用,效果更佳。

4 结论

麻杏石甘口服液可明显改善鸡毒支原体感染引起的呼吸困难,减弱气囊和肺组织病理损伤,对鸡慢性呼吸道病有较好的治疗效果。

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