畜牧兽医学报  2023, Vol. 54 Issue (11): 4615-4624. DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2023.11.017    PDF    
伊犁马体尺与心脏结构和功能参数的关联性分析
彭宣1, 王彤亮1,2,3, 鲍奕柯1, 姚新奎1,2,3, 孟军1,2,3, 王建文1,2,3, 祁居中4, 欧阳文5, 阿胡·吾拉力别克1, 马钶炎1, 曾亚琦1,2,3     
1. 新疆农业大学, 乌鲁木齐 830052;
2. 新疆马繁育与运动生理重点实验室, 乌鲁木齐 830052;
3. 新疆农业 大学马产业研究院, 乌鲁木齐 830052;
4. 新疆维吾尔自治区地方国营种马场, 伊犁 835000;
5. 新疆昭苏县伊犁种马场伊犁马测试调训中心, 伊犁 835000
摘要:旨在研究不同体尺伊犁马之间心脏结构和功能参数的内在联系, 提高运动马选育效率。本研究使用彩色多普勒超声系统测定健康状况良好的30匹2岁伊犁马的心脏结构和功能参数, 分析伊犁马体高、体长、胸围、管围等体尺与心脏结构和功能参数的相关性并拟合线性模型。结果表明, 伊犁马体重、体表面积、体长、胸围与舒张末期左心房内径(LADd)呈极显著正相关(P < 0.01);体重、体表面积、胸围与二尖瓣内径(MVD)、舒张末期肺动脉内径(PAd)呈显著正相关(P < 0.05);体长与MVD呈极显著正相关(P < 0.01), 与收缩末期左心室游离壁厚度(LVFWs)、左心室心肌质量(LVM)呈显著正相关(P < 0.05);体高与左心室长轴径(LVLD)呈极显著正相关(P < 0.01);管围与收缩末期左心房内径(LADs)、MVD呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。其他各体尺与心脏结构间相关性均不显著(P>0.05)。体重、体表面积、体长、胸围与舒张末期左心室容量(EDV)、收缩末期左心室容量(ESV)呈显著正相关(P < 0.05);体表面积、胸围与左心室射血分数(EF)呈显著负相关(P < 0.05);体高与EDV、每搏量(SV)呈极显著正相关(P < 0.01), 与心输出量(CO)呈显著正相关(P < 0.05);管围与左心室心肌质量指数(LV MASS-I)呈显著负相关(P < 0.05)。共拟合12个线性回归方程, R2值(决定系数)均高于0.9, 达到极显著水平, 均可用于生产实践中。伊犁马体长与体高对心脏结构和功能参数的影响较大。对不同体尺的伊犁马间的心脏结构和功能参数进行相关性及回归分析, 为马匹心脏评估提供理论依据。
关键词伊犁马    心脏结构    超声心动    功能    
Correlation Analysis between Body Size and Cardiac Structural and Functional Parameters in Yili Horses
PENG Xuan1, WANG Tongliang1,2,3, BAO Yike1, YAO Xinkui1,2,3, MENG Jun1,2,3, WANG Jianwen1,2,3, QI Juzhong4, OUYANG Wen5, AHU Wulalibuque1, MA Keyan1, ZENG Yaqi1,2,3     
1. Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China;
2. Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Horse Breeding and Sports Physiology, Urumqi 830052, China;
3. Institute of Horse Industry, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China;
4. Local State-owned Stud Farm of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Yili 835000, China;
5. Yili Horse Test and Training Center, Yili Stud Farm, Zhaosu County, Xinjiang, Yili 835000, China
Abstract: The study aimed to study the internal relationship between cardiac structure and function parameters of Yili horses with different body sizes and improve the efficiency of sports horse selection. In this study, the cardiac structure and function parameters of 30 healthy 2-year-old Yili horses were measured by color Doppler ultrasound system. The correlation between body height, body length, thoracic circumference, pipe circumference and cardiac structure and function parameters of Yili horses was analyzed and the linear model was fitted. The results showed that the weight, body surface area, body length and thoracic circumference of Yili horses were positively correlated with LADd (P < 0.01). Body weight, body surface area, thoracic circumfere-nce were positively correlated with MVD and PAd (P < 0.05). Body length was positively correlated with MVD (P < 0.01), LVFWs and LVM (P < 0.05). Body height was positively correlated with LVLD (P < 0.01). Pipe circumference was positively correlated with LADs and MVD (P < 0.05). There was no significant correlation between other body size and cardiac structure (P> 0.05). Body weight, body surface area, body length, thoracic circumference were positively correlated with EDV and ESV (P < 0.05). Body surface area and thoracic circumference were negatively correlated with EF (P < 0.05). Body height was positively correlated with EDV, SV (P < 0.01) and CO (P < 0.05). Pipe circumference was negatively correlated with LV MASS-I (P < 0.05). A total of 12 linear regression equations were fitted, and the R2 values (coefficient of determination) were all higher than 0.9, reaching the extremely significant level, which could be used in production practice. The body length and body height of Yili horses have great influence on the cardiac structure and function parameters. Conducting correlation and regression analysis of cardiac structure and function parameters among Yili horses of different body sizes can provide theoretical basis for cardiac evaluation of horses.
Key words: Yili horse    cardiac structure    ultrasonic cardiogram    function    

伊犁马是我国著名的培育品种,是优良的乘挽兼用型,具有力速兼备,适应力强、抗病力强等特点[1-2]。心脏是机体最重要的器官之一,24 h不间断持续工作将血液泵到全身各处,并向周围器官提供必要的元素,如氧气和营养物质,对血液循环系统至关重要,心脏功能关系到各类物质能否运输至机体各部位,完成物质交换[3]。心脏超声是用超声波显示心脏、血管结构的一种检查方法,是目前临床诊断心脏疾病患者时应用较为广泛的一项影像学技术[4]。影响心脏功能的因素有体型结构[5]、运动[6]、生理因素[7]、病理因素[8]等。由于各品种间马匹心脏结构存在差异[9],因此其他品种马匹心脏结构无法完全适用于伊犁马,然而国内对心脏结构和功能的影响因素研究鲜有报道,导致伊犁马心脏的影响因素尚不明确。因此,研究伊犁马体尺与心脏结构和功能参数的关联性,对明确不同体尺伊犁马之间心脏存在哪些差异,以及对伊犁马心脏结构和功能的评估意义重大,同时对后期利用心脏结构和功能参数开展运动马精准选材具有指导性作用。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验材料

本试验所采用马匹为新疆维吾尔自治区地方国营伊犁种马场2岁伊犁马30匹,其中公马15匹,母马15匹,饲养环境相同,健康状况良好。

1.2 试验设备

迈瑞M 6兽用便携式彩色多普勒超声系统、耦合剂、畜牧秤、测杖、卷尺。

1.3 试验方法

用卷尺和测杖测量每匹马的体长(body length,BL,单位为cm:肩关节大结节可触及部分和坐骨结节可触及部分之间的距离);胸围(thoracic circumference,TC,单位为cm:在鬐甲稍后方,用卷尺绕胸一周的长度);体高(withers height,WH,单位为cm:马肩隆起最高点的高度);体重(body weight, BWT,单位为kg);体表面积(body surface area,BSA,单位为m2,计算公式:BSW=0.101×BWT2/3);管围(pipe circumference,PC,单位为cm:左前肢前臂骨上三分之一处量取水平周径)。

试验使用迈瑞M6兽用便携式彩色多普勒超声系统2.5 MHz在马匹右胸第三到第四或者第四到第五肋骨之间进行二维(2 D)和M型成像各2次。最大成像深度为30 cm,换能器的焦点被固定在5 cm处。最大扇形角为110°。所有超声心动图检查均由同一操作者进行,每个参数取2次测量结果的平均值。采集心脏舒张末期和收缩末期的B模式右胸骨旁长轴、B模式右胸骨旁左室流出道、B/M模式右胸骨旁短轴静态及动态图像。记录心率区间在32~45次·min-1(beatsperminute, bpm)的不连续3个心动周期图像,取得每个参数的平均值。在进行超声心动图记录时,使用心内标志物来确定转导器的位置,以便根据先前公布的方法获得标准化的图像。在右胸骨旁短轴获得共计32个心脏维度指标(表 1)。

$ 左心室射血分数 \mathrm{EF}(\%)=\\ \frac{\operatorname{EDV}(\mathrm{mL})-\mathrm{ESV}(\mathrm{mL})}{\operatorname{EDV}(\mathrm{mL})} \times 100(公式 1); $
$ 左心室短轴缩短分数 \mathrm{FS}(\%)=\\ \frac{{{\rm{(LVIDd - LVIDs) \times 100}}}}{{{\rm{LVIDd}}}}\;\;\;\;\;\;\left({{\rm{公式2}}} \right); $
$\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 左室心肌质量 \operatorname{LVM}(\mathrm{g})=1.04 \times\\ \left[ {\left( {{\rm{LVIDd }} + {\rm{ LVFWd }} + {\rm{ IVSd}}{{\rm{ }}}} \right)^3 - {\rm{ LVIDd}}{{\rm{ }}^3}} \right] - 13.6\\ \qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad(公式 3); \end{array} $
$ 每搏量 \mathrm{SV}(\mathrm{mL})=\mathrm{EDV}(\mathrm{mL})-\mathrm{ESV}(\mathrm{mL})\\ \qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad(公式 4); $
$ 心输出量 \mathrm{CO}(\mathrm{mL} / \mathrm{min})=\frac{\mathrm{SV}(\mathrm{mL}) \times \mathrm{HR}(\mathrm{bpm})}{1\;000}\\ \qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad(公式 5); $
$ \text { 每搏量指数 } \mathrm{SI}=\frac{\mathrm{SV}(\mathrm{mL})}{\text { 体表面积 }\left(\mathrm{m}^2\right)}\\ \qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad(公式 6); $
$ 心排量指数\mathrm{CI}=\frac{\mathrm{CO}(\mathrm{mL} / \mathrm{min})}{\text { 体表面积 }\left(\mathrm{m}^2\right)}\\ \qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad(公式 7); $
$ 舒张期平均左心室壁厚 \mathrm{MWTd}(\mathrm{cm})=\\ \frac{\text { LVFWd + IVSd }}{2}\qquad\qquad\qquad\text { (公式 8); } $
$ \text { 左室射血时间 } \operatorname{LVET}(\mathrm{s})=\frac{\mathrm{HR}(\mathrm{bpm})}{60}\\ \qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad(公式 9); $
$ \begin{array}{r} \text { 相对舒张期壁厚 RWTd }(\mathrm{cm})=\frac{\mathrm{IVSd}+\mathrm{LVFWd}}{\mathrm{LVIDd}} \\ \text { (公式 10); } \end{array} $
$ \text { 心脏指数 VTI }=\frac{\mathrm{HR}(\mathrm{bpm}) \times \mathrm{SI}}{1000}(\text { 公式 } 11) \text {; } $
$ 左室心肌质量指数{\rm{LV}}\;{\rm{MASS}} -\mathrm{I}=\frac{\mathrm{LVM}(\mathrm{g})}{\text { 体表面积 }\left(\mathrm{m}^2\right)}\\ \qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad(公式 12)。$
表 1 心脏结构和功能参数 Table 1 Cardiac structural and functional parameters
1.4 统计分析

通过Excel对测量收集的心脏结构和心脏功能参数以及体尺数据进行初步整理和筛选,用SPSS 26.0统计软件分析体型结构与马匹心脏结构和功能参数间的相关性,进行体尺与心脏结构和功能参数间的逐步线性回归分析,建立最优回归模型,P < 0.05为显著相关,P < 0.01为极显著相关。

2 结果 2.1 体尺与心脏结构参数间的相关性分析

表 2可知,体重、体表面积、体长、胸围与舒张末期左心房内径(left atrial diameter at end-diastole, LADd)呈极显著正相关(P < 0.01);体重和体表面积、胸围与二尖瓣内径(mitral valve diameter, MVD)、舒张末期肺动脉内径(pulmonary artery dia-meter, PAd)呈显著正相关(P < 0.05);体长与MVD呈极显著正相关(P < 0.01),与收缩末期左心室游离壁(end-systolic left ventricular free wall, LVFWs)、左心室心肌质量(left ventricular myocardial mass, LVM)呈显著正相关(P < 0.05);体高与左心室长轴径(left ventricular long axis dia-meter, LVLD)呈极显著正相关(P < 0.01);管围与收缩末期左心房内径(left atrial diameter at end-systole, LADs)、MVD呈显著正相关(P < 0.05)。其他各体尺与心脏结构间相关性均不显著(P>0.05)。

表 2 2岁伊犁马体尺与心脏结构参数相关性分析 Table 2 Correlation analysis between body size and cardiac structural parameters in two-year-old Yili horses
2.2 体尺与心脏功能参数间的相关性分析

表 3可知,体重、体表面积、体长、胸围与舒张末期左心室容量(end-diastolic left ventricular volume, EDV)、收缩末期左心室容量(end-systolic left ventricular volume, ESV)呈显著正相关(P < 0.05);体表面积、胸围与射血分数(ejection fraction, EF)呈显著负相关(P < 0.05);体高与EDV、每搏量(stroke volume, SV)呈极显著正相关(P < 0.01),与心输出量(cardiac output, CO)呈显著正相关(P < 0.05);管围与左心室心肌质量指数(left ventricular mass index, LV MASS-I)呈显著负相关(P < 0.05)。其他各体尺间与各心脏功能参数相关性均不显著(P>0.05)。

表 3 2岁伊犁马体尺与心脏功能参数相关性分析 Table 3 Correlation analysis of horse size and cardiac functional parameters in two-year-old Yili horses
2.3 体尺与心脏结构、心脏功能参数间的逐步多元回归分析

2岁伊犁马体型结构与心脏结构和功能参数的逐步回归分析见表 4表 5,拟合分析后得到2岁伊犁马体尺性状与心脏结构和功能参数的多元回归方程见表 6表 7。以2岁伊犁马体尺为参考性状,以相应的心脏结构参数为预测性状,构建逐步多元回归方程,模型经F检验R2值达极显著(P < 0.01),表明所建立的线性回归方程具有较高的可靠性和良好的线性度。从表 4~5表 6~7中可得,在体尺与心脏结构参数估计的最优线性回归方程中,除LVM与管围所估测的回归系数为显著水平(P < 0.05),其余均达到了极显著水平(P < 0.01)。方程共纳入了6个体尺变量,其中LVLD与体高的逐步多元回归方程,决定系数最高,R2=0.997。在体尺与心脏功能参数的多元回归方程中,EF与体高预估的回归系数最高,R2=0.996。

表 4 心脏结构参数与体尺的逐步多元回归分析 Table 4 Stepwise multiple regression analysis of cardiac structural parameters and body size
表 5 心脏功能参数与体尺的逐步多元回归分析 Table 5 Stepwise multiple regression analysis of cardiac functional parameters and body size
表 6 体尺与心脏结构参数的多元回归方程 Table 6 Multiple regression equation of body size and cardiac structural parameters
表 7 体尺与心脏功能参数的多元回归方程 Table 7 Multiple regression equation of body size and cardiac functional parameters
3 讨论 3.1 不同伊犁马体尺对心脏结构的影响

在犬[10-11]和人类[12-14]中已经证明超声心动图测量值与体型密切相关,生长发育与心脏尺寸的增加有关,以体重作为心脏参数的回归模型可以很好的反映两者相关性。Al-haidar等[15]对不同马品种进行超声心动图测量,一些测量值与胸围的相关性比与体重的相关性更强,这与本研究的结果一致。说明所有的尺寸都随着生长而增加,未成年马匹需考虑生长因素,不同的品种的生长速度不同[16]。不同的品种间生长特点与生长速度不同[17],纯血马和美国速步马是快速生长的品种,而其他品种的生长速度较慢,例如2岁的卢西塔诺马将达到成年体重的77%[18]。本试验研究的均为2岁的伊犁马,不受年龄的影响,试验结果具有一定代表性。Zucca等[19]使用标准化成像平面通过二维超声心动图(2 D)和M型超声心动图评估95匹美国速步马,构建了一般线性模型,进行多元线性回归分析,在舒张末期左心室内径(left ventricular end-diastolic diameter,LVIDd)、舒张末期右心室内径(right end-diastolic ventricular diameter,RVDd)、主动脉根部内径(the inner diameter of the aortic root,AOD)、LADs中观察到超声心动图测量与体重之间的弱线性关系,本试验结果与其基本一致,但本研究观察到体重与EDV、LADd存在极显著相关,与ESV、MVD、PAd存在显著相关,与LVIDd、RVDd、AOD、LADs这几项指标有相关性,但不显著。品种差异使得心脏结构和功能参数存在差异[20-22],其次运动训练可刺激心脏产生肥大[23-25]。高强度训练会引起马的体重降低,在纯血马美国速度马中观察到与训练有关的左心室尺寸的增加[26-27],表明马匹在接受密集的比赛和耐力训练时左心房尺寸显著增加。本试验研究的马匹未经过调教训练,心脏的维度和功能不受训练的影响,能够真实反映未经训马匹的体尺与心脏功能的相关性,用于日常的马匹心脏功能评估。

3.2 不同伊犁马体尺对心脏功能的影响

在人类的研究中表明,机体成长期间超声心动参数的变化主要是由体型决定的[28-29]。Zucca等[19]为标准种赛马的14个超声心动图参数建立了参考范围,在LVIDd、LVFW和AOD中观察到超声心动图测量与体重之间的弱线性关系,但体重对左心室和主动脉测量结果有影响。本试验结果与其基本一致,马匹的超声心动图尺寸与体重相关性很弱,只与SV、CO存在相关性。Schwarzwald等[30]在健康的马和幼驹中,通过研究心率和心电图(electrocardiogram,ECG)时间间隔与体重的相关性,发现较大体型的马品种比小型马品种心率略快,但在将心率处于正常范围内的马进行比较时,除其他因素外,还需将体重纳入考虑因素[31-33]。本试验结果得出,马的体型结构与心率呈负相关,但不显著,这可能是因为所研究的两岁马匹的体型相对一致,测量得出的心率范围相对集中。心脏决定了哺乳动物的每搏量和最大摄氧量(maximal oxygen consumption, VO2 max)[34-36]。不同体型对心脏结构和功能的需求也不相同,体型较高大的人群需要更多的心输出量,以满足机体血液循环[37]。本试验与其结果相同,体高对SV、CO存在显著影响。

3.3 伊犁马体尺与心脏维度、心脏机能间的逐步多元回归方程

在畜禽选育过程中,不同生长阶段的体重和体尺指标能够反映其生长发育的情况。李涛等[38]和孙国虎[39]通过构建多元回归方程,探究对其影响最大的因素。在统计学中,R2值越大,回归方程越优[40]。本试验多个相关性指标中,EDV与多个性状的相关性呈显著水平,通过构建逐步多元回归方程得出与体高的回归系数最高,R2=0.984,说明体高是EDV的最主要预测指标;LADd与体重、体表面积、体长、胸围等多个性状呈极显著相关水平,并且LADd与体长预估的回归方程系数最高,R2=0.996,说明体长是LADd的最主要预测指标,可通过回归模型预测2岁伊犁马的LADd。

4 结论

本研究发现,2岁伊犁马的体尺与心脏结构和功能参数之间存在相关性,尤其是EDV、ESV以及LADd;体高与EDV、SV、CO存在相关性;体表面积和胸围与EF存在相关性。体尺与心脏结构和功能参数的回归模型R2值均高于0.9,达极显著水平。故本研究拟合的12个线性回归模型均可用于生产实践的心脏预测,对于马匹的心脏评估具有重要意义。

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(编辑   郭云雁)