畜牧兽医学报  2022, Vol. 53 Issue (6): 1994-2004. DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2022.06.032    PDF    
芪英汤和子甘汤中药复方促进母猪繁殖性能和断奶仔猪生长性能的临床研究
郭大伟1,2, 侯思鲁1,2, 池宇佳1,2, 于非可1,2, 尉啸涵1,2, 邓倩1,2, 肖传明3, 刘晓晔1,2, 董虹1,2     
1. 北京农学院 兽医学(中医药)北京市重点实验室,北京 102206;
2. 北京农学院 北京市中兽药工程技术研究中心,北京 102206;
3. 北京康华远景股份有限公司,北京 101509
摘要:母猪产死胎、弱胎和断奶仔猪腹泻是兽医临床养猪业亟待解决的问题。为了响应国家在养殖业中执行的“减抗替抗”政策,本文基于中医辩证论治,探讨中草药复方芪英汤、子甘汤分别对母猪繁殖性能和断奶仔猪生长性能的影响。对同期发情的母猪(35头)和同期断奶仔猪(140头)进行中药方剂预混饲料的饲养方式,分别持续饲养至分娩结束、30 d,同时记录母猪分娩数据包括窝均出生仔猪数、窝均重、窝均死胎数、死胎率等,仔猪生长数据包括初重、末重、料肉比和腹泻率,通过酶联免疫吸附方法(ELISA)、荧光定量PCR(RT-PCR)检测母猪血清中IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α、IgG、IgA、IgM和断奶仔猪血清中IgA的分泌情况以及母猪圆环病毒2型、伪狂犬病病毒、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒及抗体来确定母猪免疫力情况。结果表明,芪英汤可以显著降低妊娠母猪炎性因子IL-6、TNF-α分泌水平,降低低胎次母猪生产新生仔猪死胎率、弱胎率、死亡率,分别下降1.96%、5.83%、8.25%,提高母猪的繁殖性能。子甘汤和芪英汤联用能够显著提高仔猪断奶后期IgA水平,降低腹泻率和料肉比, 提高生长性能,降低断奶仔猪血液中白细胞水平,红细胞恢复到正常水平。综上,中药复方芪英汤和子甘汤有助于提高母猪繁殖性能和恢复断奶仔猪生长性能。
关键词中药复方    妊娠母猪繁殖性能    断奶仔猪生长性能    免疫力    炎性因子    
Clinical Research of Qiying Decoction and Zigan Decoction on Promoting Reproductive Performance of Sows and Growth Performance of Weaned Piglets
GUO Dawei1,2, HOU Silu1,2, CHI Yujia1,2, YU Feike1,2, YU Xiaohan1,2, DENG Qian1,2, XIAO Chuanming3, LIU Xiaoye1,2, DONG Hong1,2     
1. Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China;
2. Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China;
3. Beijing Keepyoung Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 101509, China
Abstract: Stillbirths, weak fetuses and diarrhea of weaned piglets in sows are urgent matters to be solved in the swine industry of veterinary clinics. In response to the national policy of "reducing resistance and replacing resistance" implemented in the breeding industry, this article discusses the effects of Chinese herbal compounds on the reproductive performance of sows and the growth performance of weaned piglets based on the dialectical treatment of traditional Chinese medicine. Feeding the sows (35 heads) and piglets (140 heads) that were in estrus during the same period were fed with pre-mixed feeds of traditional Chinese medicine, and continued to feed them until the end of farrowing and 30 days respectively. At the same time, the farrowing data of the sows including the number of piglets born in the litter were recorded. Litter average weight, number of stillbirths per litter, stillbirth rate, etc. and piglet growth data including initial weight, final weight, feed to meat ratio and diarrhea rate, detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) The secretion of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IgG, IgA, IgM in the serum of sows and IgA in the serum of weaned piglets, as well as sow circovirus, pseudorabies virus, pseudorabies virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and their antibody to determine the immunity of sows. The results showed that Qiying Decoction can significantly reduce the secretion of inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α in pregnant sows, reduce the stillbirth rate, weak birth rate and mortality rate of newborn piglets produced by low parity sows, respectively decreased by 1.96%, 5.83%, 8.25%, and improve the reproductive performance of sows. The combined use of Zigan Decoction and Qiying Decoction can significantly increase the IgA level of piglets in the late weaning period, reduce the rate of diarrhea and the ratio of feed to meat to improve growth performance, reduced white blood cell levels in the blood of weaned piglets and returned red blood cells to normal levels.In summary, the Chinese herbal compound Qiying Decoction and Zigan Decoction are helpful to improve the reproductive performance of sows and restore the growth performance of weaned piglets.
Key words: Traditional Chinese medicine compound    sow performance    growth properties of weaned piglets    immunity    inflammatory factors    

母猪繁殖性能以及断奶仔猪的生长性能与养殖效益密切相关,因此培育优良的后备母猪以及预防断奶仔猪腹泻是提高养猪业利润的重要策略。由于母猪产仔数量增多,导致产程和产后仔猪的死亡率增加[1-2]。目前,我国集约化养殖母猪平均每只每胎产仔后存活数量在8~12头,丹麦集约化养殖场母猪的产仔存活数能达到15头以上[3],我国母猪健康水平未能达到高水平阶段。断奶仔猪通过母乳中免疫球蛋白获得免疫力,并随着时间呈下降趋势,免疫球蛋白在仔猪出生后1周达到峰值,第3周降到最低值,而仔猪免疫系统发挥作用为出生后第4周。通常来说,仔猪哺乳期一般为3~5周,应该控制在35 d,由于仔猪早期断奶缩短母猪哺乳期一定程度提高母猪生产力,采取21~25 d断奶,甚至在18~20 d断奶手段,可能会引起仔猪腹泻,严重造成仔猪死亡[4]

母猪繁殖性能低下以及断奶仔猪腹泻严重影响养猪业的发展。引起母猪产死胎的原因有多种,如繁殖障碍性疾病[5-8]、氧化应激状况[9-10]、母猪的年龄因素[11-17]、营养状况、新生仔猪体重、出生状况以及饲喂管理以及环境因素等[18-20]。母猪哺乳期结束后,对新生仔猪进行断奶,由于仔猪肠道等消化系统发育还不够健全,加上仔猪断奶为了适应环境会出现氧化应激造成肠道结构功能以及肠道菌群改变等,表现为食欲降低、生长迟缓、抵抗免疫力下降、腹泻以及水肿等症状,严重会导致仔猪死亡[21-23]。由于抗生素的药物残留[24-26],目前,非特异性免疫刺激剂、天然植物以及植物提取物被作为饲料添加剂添加到基础日粮中提高母猪繁殖性能以及断奶仔猪生长性能。集约化养殖生产中,添加饲料添加剂后导致养殖成本升高,而中药资源广泛、价格低廉,并且根据中兽医理论临床辩证添加到基础日粮当中能够极大降低饲喂成本,因此可以通过生产植物提取物饲料添加剂以减少病原微生物的侵入以及增强机体免疫,已然成为动物营养学研究的热点[27-29]

芪英汤和子甘汤为中药复方,因此本研究以芪英汤、子甘汤作为饲料添加剂探究对母猪生产性能的影响,为中草药饲料添加剂的开发提供参考。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试剂

芪英汤中药复方提取物粉剂(黄芪、蒲公英、金银花、白术、知母、女贞子、甘草中药提取物,北京康华远景科技股份有限公司),子甘汤中药复方提取物粉剂(苦木、诃子、甘草中药提取物,北京康华远景科技股份有限公司);基础日粮购自北京正大饲料有限公司(表 12);猪IgA(货号:MM-0905O1)IgM (MM-0402O1)、IgG (货号:MM-0403O1)、IL-6(货号:MM-0418O1)、IL-1β(货号: MM-0422O1)、TNF-α(货号:MM-0383O1) ELISA试剂盒购自上海酶联生物科技有限公司;猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒抗体ELISA检测试剂盒(生产批号:PRRSV20201021E)、猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型抗体酶免检测试剂盒(生产批号:PCV20210517E)购自哈尔滨元亨生物药业有限公司; IDEXX、IDEXX PRV/ADV gB抗体检测试剂盒(货号:99-09732);IDEXX PRV/ADV gE抗体检测试剂盒(货号:99-09836)

表 1 母猪日粮中营养成分 Table 1 Nutritional composition of sow diet 
表 2 断奶仔猪日粮中营养成分 Table 2 Nutrients in diets for weaned piglets 
1.2 主要仪器

离心机(Sigma,型号: 6-16K);酶联免疫分析仪(杭州奥盛仪器有限公司,型号:AMR-100);实时荧光定量PCR系统(德国Roche公司,型号:LightCycler® 480Ⅱ)

1.3 试验分组

采取随机分组试验设计,选择同期发情的大长及长大二元/三元母猪35头,用同一头公猪的精液人工授精,两日内间隔12 h重复3次。随机分为两个处理组,分别为芪英汤组(n=16)和空白组(n=19),芪英汤组于母猪妊娠开始饲喂,分娩结束后完成饲喂。当新生仔猪断奶后,将饲喂芪英汤母猪组的断奶仔猪作为子甘汤组,空白母猪组的断奶仔猪为仔猪空白对照组,各组均分为7个平行重复组(n=10),于新生仔猪断奶后开始饲喂,试验周期为30 d。空白处理组饲喂母猪或断奶仔猪基础日粮,芪英汤组、子甘汤组分别以1.0、0.5 g·kg-1将芪英汤粉剂和子甘汤粉剂混入基础日粮中。

1.4 饲喂管理

试验开始之前对猪舍进行清洗、消毒、空置,对母猪常规免疫以及驱虫处理。控制猪舍不同围栏内的温湿度、通风状况一致。根据猪场饲喂程序正常饲喂,母猪妊娠期前84 d,给料量为(2.0±0.5) kg·d-1;妊娠期85~112 d,给料量为(3.5±0.5) kg·d-1;产前2 d,给料量为2.0 kg·d-1;产仔当天,给料量为1.0 kg;哺乳期1周内,除第1天不给料外,其余每头每天从1.0 kg依次递增,一周后恢复自由采食。每日4:30—5:00、16:20—16:50饲喂两次,均为自由采食和饮水。将各组断奶仔猪分于同一仔猪猪舍,并且各组重复分在同一栏。每天早上7:00—8:00、13:00—14:00、18:00—19:00以1.5 kg饲料·d-1饲喂仔猪3次,仔猪体重10 kg后更换基础日粮(图 1)。

图 1 芪英汤和子甘汤组试验流程 Fig. 1 Qiying decoction and Zigan decoction group test process
1.5 样品采集与分析

母猪妊娠期全过程检测猪舍温度、湿度以及猪舍空气的氨气含量,维持试验过程中适宜的环境条件。每个处理组选取7头母猪,在妊娠期30、60、90 d和分娩当天进行颈前腔静脉采血,每头次母猪采血5 mL,于5 mL采血管中;每个处理组选取2头断奶仔猪,在10、20、30 d进行颈前腔静脉采血10 mL,分别于5 mL EDTA采血管和5 mL采血管,4 ℃3 000 r·min-1离心10 min后,取上清分装于1 mL离心管中,于-80 ℃保存。

样品用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定IgA、IgM、IgG、IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α,各项操作均按照ELISA试剂盒说明书进行;用qPCR方法检测母猪圆环病毒2型[30]、伪狂犬病病毒GB[31]、伪狂犬病病毒GE[32]、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒[33]以及酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测病毒抗体,检测时间为妊娠期90 d。

分娩过程中,详细记录好分娩参数,包括分娩持续时间、出生间隔、产仔数、新生仔猪重量、死胎数以及死胎出生顺序、弱胎数等指标。分别在仔猪断奶前和仔猪断奶后称重,同时每天记录各组动物采食量、腹泻率。

1.6 数据处理与分析

试验数据使用GraphPad Prism 8.0(GraphPad软件)进行独立样本配对t检验分析处理。数据表示为“平均值±标准差(x±s)”。P<0.05表示差异显著或极显著(*.P<0.05,**.P<0.01,***.P<0.001)。

2 结果 2.1 芪英汤作为饲料添加剂对妊娠母猪繁殖性能的影响

妊娠舍面积、空间大,保持猪舍内的良好的通风条件,温度波动较大,差异显著,同时较大程度上受季节因素的影响,温度保持在15~25 ℃水平。与妊娠舍相比,分娩舍面积、空间小且猪舍环境相对封闭,温度则稳定在10~24 ℃,较高于妊娠舍最低温度(图 2A)。本试验母猪整个妊娠期作为试验周期,贯穿夏、秋、冬3个季节,由于试验初期位于夏末,猪舍配有水帘,湿度相比其他时间段湿度较高,妊娠期20~60 d湿度变化显著,60 d后湿度趋于稳定,湿度相对较高,妊娠舍湿度稳定在36%~82%;分娩舍湿度稳定在57%~75%,整体湿度适中(图 2B)。猪舍空气中的氨气检测值,妊娠舍氨气值≤5×10-6,分娩舍氨气值≥2×10-6且≤7×10-6。环境温度、湿度适宜母猪生产,空白对照组和芪英汤处理组均在相同猪舍环境条件下开展试验,排除环境对母猪繁殖性能的影响。

A. 母猪妊娠舍和分娩舍温度曲线;B.母猪妊娠舍和分娩舍湿度曲线;C.母猪死胎出现顺序;D. 新生仔猪死胎体重;E. 母猪妊娠周期 A. Temperature curve of sow gestation house and farrowing house; B. Humidity curve of sow gestation house and farrowing house; C. The order of sow stillbirth; D.Stillbirth weight of newborn piglets; E. Sow gestation cycle length 图 2 妊娠母猪繁殖性能 Fig. 2 Reproductive performance of pregnant sow

仔猪出生顺序显著影响仔猪死亡率,试验中仔猪出生顺序主要集中在25%之前以及90%之后,出生顺序集中于50%的仔猪存活率高,与芪英汤处理组对比,空白对照组死胎出生顺序比较集中,差异不显著(图 2C)。芪英汤处理组死胎体重低于空白对照组,差异不显著,并且两种死胎性状之间不存在差异(图 2D)。母猪妊娠周期长度平均为114 d,芪英汤处理组母猪的妊娠周期长度增加(图 2E))。低胎次母猪(2~6胎),与对照组相比,芪英汤处理组仔猪出生均重增加0.02 kg,死胎率下降1.96%,弱仔率下降5.38%,仔猪死亡率下降8.25%,断奶后仔猪均重增加0.37 kg。与对照组相比,高胎次母猪在窝均死胎数、死胎率结果刚好相反(表 3)。

表 3 妊娠母猪分娩数据 Table 3 Sow farrowing data
2.2 芪英汤对妊娠母猪炎性因子、免疫球蛋白、病毒性疾病抗体的影响

血清中TNF-α含量在芪英汤处理组和空白处理组之间,妊娠30 d差异不显著,60、90 d、分娩当天显著低于空白处理组(图 3A),血清中IL-6含量在妊娠期30、60 d显著低于空白处理组,芪英汤处理组IL-6含量呈上升趋势,且分娩当天显著低于空白处理组(图 3B),IL-1β含量在妊娠期30、90 d均显著低于空白处理组,分娩当天差异不显著,低于空白处理组(图 3C)。不同阶段妊娠母猪血清中,芪英汤处理组在整个妊娠周期母猪血清中的IgA含量呈下降趋势,分娩当天血清中IgA含量显著低于空白处理组(图 3D)。芪英汤处理组与空白处理组血清中IgG含量均呈上升趋势,妊娠期30、60 d、分娩当天血清中IgG含量显著低于空白对照组(图 3E)。IgM含量与空白处理组对比,在妊娠期30、60 d差异显著,妊娠期90 d、分娩当天差异不显著,整体呈上升趋势(图 3F)。

A.不同阶段妊娠母猪血清中TNF-α含量; B.不同阶段妊娠母猪血清中IL-6含量;C.不同阶段妊娠母猪血清中IL-1β含量;D.不同阶段妊娠母猪血清中IgA含量; E.不同阶段妊娠母猪血清中IgG含量;F.不同阶段妊娠母猪血清中IgM含量 A. TNF-αcontent in the serum of pregnant sows at different stages; B. IL-6 content in the serum of pregnant sows at different stages; C. IL-1β content in the serum of pregnant sows at different stages; D. IgA content in the serum of pregnant sows at different stages; E. IgG content in the serum of pregnant sows at different stages; F. IgM content in the serum of pregnant sows at different stages 图 3 妊娠母猪血清中炎性因子、免疫球蛋白含量 Fig. 3 Sow pregnancy inflammatory cytokines, immunoglobulin content

母猪血清中未检出病毒阳性,但血清中检测到病毒抗体,在正常免疫程序免疫后的病毒性疾病抗体水平表现为芪英汤处理后圆环病毒Ⅱ型抗体、伪狂犬病病毒GB抗体、繁殖与呼吸综合征抗体水平均呈现阳性,同时其中出现伪狂犬病病毒GE抗体阳性(表 4)。

表 4 病毒性疾病抗体检测结果 Table 4 Viral disease antibody test results
2.3 子甘汤对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

断奶仔猪断奶时体重和断奶30 d后体重均差异不显著(图 4A4B),与空白处理组对比,断奶仔猪头均增重、头均采食量,子甘汤处理组分别下降6%、9%,差异不显著(图 4CD)。子甘汤处理组,料肉比显著低于空白处理组(图 4E),同时能够预防断奶仔猪腹泻的发生,腹泻率显著低于空白处理组(图 4F)。

A.断奶仔猪初重; B.断奶仔猪末重;C.断奶仔猪头均增重; D. 断奶仔猪头均吃料;E.断奶仔猪料肉比;F.断奶仔猪腹泻率 A. Weaned piglet initial weight; B. Weaned piglet weight; C. Weaned piglet's average daily weight gain; D. Weaned piglet's head feed; E. Weaned piglet's feed and meat ratio; F. Weaned piglet's diarrhea rate 图 4 断奶仔猪生长性能 Fig. 4 Growth performance of weaned piglets
2.4 子甘汤对断奶仔猪血常规、免疫球蛋白IgA的影响

空白处理组断奶仔猪在断奶30 d白细胞数量超过最高限水平,存在炎症,子甘汤处理后,白细胞降到正常水平,炎症消失(图 5A)。空白处理组和子甘汤处理组在断奶10、20 d血液中红细胞数量、血红蛋白数量、红细胞比积低于最低限,断奶30 d,子甘汤处理组恢复到正常水平(图 5B~D)。血小板数量空白处理组与子甘汤处理组差异不显著(图 5E)。另外断奶仔猪血清中IgA含量30 d子甘汤处理组显著高于空白处理组(图 5F)。

A. 断奶仔猪血液中白细胞数量;B. 断奶仔猪血液中红细胞数量;C.断奶仔猪血液中血红蛋白数量; D. 断奶仔猪血液中红细胞比容;E.断奶仔猪血液中血小板数量;F.断奶仔猪血液中IgA的含量 A. The number of WBC in the blood of weaned piglets; B. The number of RBC in the blood of weaned piglets; C. The number of HGB in the blood of weaned piglets; D. HTC in the blood of weaned piglets; E.PLT in the blood of weaned piglets; F. The content of IgA in the blood of weaned piglets 图 5 断奶仔猪血常规、IgA Fig. 5 Weaned piglet blood routine, IgA
3 讨论

母猪繁殖性能和断奶仔猪腹泻严重影响着集约化养殖场利润,目前,我国母猪产仔存活数以及仔猪断奶后腹泻仍然是有待解决的问题[1]。抗生素的药物残留量大,加上抗生素的禁用,动物营养学领域把特异性免疫刺激剂、天然植物以及植物提取物作为饲料添加剂研究热点。李雁冰[21]研究发现饲喂不同纤维素、蛋白质能够降低断奶仔猪腹泻。在研究高温对母猪繁殖性能的研究中发现添加不同营养水平日粮能够缓解高温对母猪繁殖性能的影响[20]。另外,陈敏霞等[27]研究发现,在基础日粮中添加淀粉、油脂能提高妊娠母猪糖代谢以及母猪繁殖性能。中医辩证认为“气为血之帅,血为气之母”,二者相辅相成[34],妊娠母猪由于气血不足,阴阳失衡,免疫力低下,妊娠母猪自身气虚导致母猪血液不能运送至乳腺,影响乳腺的正常发育,最终导致产死胎、弱胎等繁殖性能问题[35-37]。断奶仔猪脾胃虚弱,脾阳不振,致使脾胃运化失职,水谷不能腐熟,精微不能运化,清浊不分,致成泻症[38]。芪英汤中药复方主要组成由黄芪、蒲公英、金银花、白术、知母、女贞子、甘草等中药,其中,黄芪、女贞子、甘草、白术为补中益气类中药,金银花、蒲公英、知母为清热解毒类中药,芪英汤中药复方具有补气固表、益气健脾、解毒清热功效。子甘汤主要成分有诃子、苦木、甘草等中药,具有涩肠止泻、清热解毒、健脾的功效。

本试验以芪英汤、子甘汤分别作为母猪妊娠期、仔猪断奶期的饲料添加剂,在基础日粮中添加芪英汤粉剂具有降低炎性因子的作用,提高母猪的繁殖性能以及对病毒疾病性抗体具有一定的保护作用;子甘汤能降低仔猪腹泻率、料肉比,从而提高断奶仔猪的生长性能,同时在断奶后期增加IgA的含量提高仔猪免疫力水平。这与相关文献报道结果一致[28-29, 39]

由于芪英汤和子甘汤都是复方制剂,成分多,对机体的作用靶点多,因此有关芪英汤降低炎性因子的机制以及子甘汤提高机体免疫力预防断奶仔猪腹泻和提高其生长性能的机制需要进一步研究。

4 结论

芪英汤能够提高母猪繁殖性能,子甘汤能够提高断奶仔猪的生长性能,为生产应用提供了依据。

参考文献
[1]
CHALLIS J R G, SLOBODA D M, ALFAIDY N, et al. Prostaglandins and mechanisms of preterm birth[J]. Reproduction, 2002, 124(1): 1-17. DOI:10.1530/rep.0.1240001
[2]
奚照寿. 浅谈规模化猪场提高母猪年生产力关键措施[J]. 畜牧业环境, 2020(4): 47, 60.
XI Z S. Talking about the key measures of the productivity of the sow pig farm scale increase[J]. Animal Industry and Environment, 2020(4): 47, 60. (in Chinese)
[3]
刘少才. 丹麦: 北欧小国走上世界养猪强国之路[J]. 今日养猪业, 2017(5): 106-107.
LIU S C. Denmark: nordic small country on the path to world power in the pig[J]. Pigs Today, 2017(5): 106-107. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8977.2017.05.030 (in Chinese)
[4]
祖兆文. 早期断奶仔猪腹泻的发生原因及其预防措施[J]. 畜牧业环境, 2020(5): 64-65.
ZU Z W. Early weaning piglet diarrhea in the cause and prevention measures[J]. Animal Industry and Environment, 2020(5): 64-65. (in Chinese)
[5]
彭彦华. 猪常见病毒性繁殖障碍性疾病诊断及预防[J]. 畜牧兽医科学: 电子版, 2019(6): 60-61.
PENG Y H. Diagnosis and prevention of viral reproductive disorders common in pigs[J]. Graziery Veterinary Sciences (Electronic Version), 2019(6): 60-61. (in Chinese)
[6]
栾成泉. 猪繁殖障碍性疾病的流行病学、临床表现、实验室诊断及免疫预防[J]. 现代畜牧科技, 2021(5): 153-154.
LUAN C Q. Porcine reproductive disorders epidemiology, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis and immunization[J]. Modern Animal Husbandry Science & Technology, 2021(5): 153-154. (in Chinese)
[7]
WANG H, HU C J, CHENG C H, et al. Unraveling the association of fecal microbiota and oxidative stress with stillbirth rate of sows[J]. Theriogenology, 2019, 136: 131-137. DOI:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.06.028
[8]
于学祥, 朱娴静, 孙琪, 等. 伪狂犬病病毒野毒感染猪场的gE抗体阳性头胎母猪生产成绩调查[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2020, 51(11): 2778-2784.
YU X X, ZHU X J, SUN Q, et al. Investigation on the production performance of gE antibody positive sows in pig farms infected with wild type pseudorabies virus[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2020, 51(11): 2778-2784. DOI:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2020.11.016 (in Chinese)
[9]
肖霞. 山银花、黄芩提取物对母猪繁殖性能和后代仔猪生长性能影响及作用机制研究[D]. 绵阳: 西南科技大学, 2020.
XIAO X. Effect of scutellaria baicalensis and lonicera japonicaon extracts on reproductive performance in sows and growth performance in offspring piglets and their mechanism of action[D]. Mianyang: Southwest University of Science and Technology, 2020. (in Chinese)
[10]
TAN C Q, WEI H K, AO J T, et al. Inclusion of Konjac flour in the gestation diet changes the gut microbiota, alleviates oxidative stress, and improves insulin sensitivity in sows[J]. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2016, 82(19): 5899-5909. DOI:10.1128/AEM.01374-16
[11]
LAVERY A, LAWLOR P G, MAGOWAN E, et al. An association analysis of sow parity, live-weight and back-fat depth as indicators of sow productivity[J]. Animal, 2019, 13(3): 622-630. DOI:10.1017/S1751731118001799
[12]
张蕾, 孙敬春, 肖锦红, 等. 胎次、年份和季节对大白母猪繁殖性能的影响[J]. 中国畜牧杂志, 2021, 57(S1): 57-59, 68.
ZHANG L, SUN J C, XIAO J H, et al. Effects of parity, season of the year and large white sow reproductive performance[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2021, 57(S1): 57-59, 68. (in Chinese)
[13]
邹爽, 王春强, 马巍. 胎次及背膘厚度对长大二元母猪繁殖性能的影响[J]. 现代畜牧兽医, 2021(2): 30-34.
ZOU S, WANG C Q, MA W. Effect of parity and backfat thickness on litter performance of Landrace-Yorkshire sows[J]. Modern Journal of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2021(2): 30-34. (in Chinese)
[14]
王盼, 张豪. 季节、胎次对大白母猪繁殖性能的影响[J]. 畜牧兽医科学: 电子版, 2020(9): 50-51.
WANG P, ZHANG H. Effects of season and parity on reproductive performance of large white sows[J]. Graziery Veterinary Sciences (Electronic Version), 2020(9): 50-51. (in Chinese)
[15]
VANDERHAEGHE C, DEWULF J, DE KRUIF A, et al. Non-infectious factors associated with stillbirth in pigs: a review[J]. Anim Reprod Sci, 2013, 139(1-4): 76-88. DOI:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.03.007
[16]
NOPPIBOOL U, ELZO M A, KOONAWOOTRITTRIRON S, et al. Genetic correlations between first parity and accumulated second to last parity reproduction traits as selection aids to improve sow lifetime productivity[J]. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci, 2017, 30(3): 320-327.
[17]
彭澎, 王宁. 胎次对母猪繁殖性能的影响[J]. 饲料博览, 2021(5): 59-60.
PENG P, WANG N. Impact of parity on reproductive performance[J]. Feed Review, 2021(5): 59-60. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-0084.2021.05.016 (in Chinese)
[18]
OMTVEDT I T, NELSON R E, EDWARDS R L, et al. Influence of heat stress during early, mid and late pregnancy of gilts[J]. J Anim Sci, 1971, 32(2): 312-317. DOI:10.2527/jas1971.322312x
[19]
ALMOND P K, BILKEI G. Seasonal infertility in large pig production units in an Eastern-European climate[J]. Aust Vet J, 2005, 83(6): 344-346. DOI:10.1111/j.1751-0813.2005.tb15627.x
[20]
孙强东, 朱爱民. 夏季高温饲喂不同营养水平日粮对母猪繁殖性能、血液生化及乳成分的影响[J]. 中国饲料, 2021(12): 9-12.
SUN D Q, ZHU A M. Effects of feeding different nutritional levels on reproductive performance, blood biochemistry and milk composition of sows fed in high temperature[J]. China Feed, 2021(12): 9-12. (in Chinese)
[21]
李雁冰. 不同纤维素、蛋白质水平颗粒饲料对断奶仔猪腹泻的影响[D]. 延吉: 延边大学, 2006.
LI Y B. A study on the effect of the level of dietary protein and fiber on trophic diarherra in piglets[D]. Yanji: Yanbian University, 2006. (in Chinese)
[22]
时祺. 果寡糖对断奶前仔猪胃肠道发育、消化酶活性、乳酸杆菌菌群结构及数量的影响[D]. 南京: 南京农业大学, 2010.
SHI Q. Effect of fructo-oligosaccharides supplementation on gastrointestinal tract development and lactobacillus flora structure and number of unweaned piglets[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University, 2010. (in Chinese)
[23]
SMITH F, CLARK J E, OVERMAN B L, et al. Early weaning stress impairs development of mucosal barrier function in the porcine intestine[J]. Am J Physiol, 2010, 298(3): G352-G363.
[24]
ROTH F X, KIRCHGESSNER M. Influence of avilamycin and tylosin on retention and excretion of nitrogen in finishing pigs[J]. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr, 1993, 69(1-5): 245-250. DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0396.1993.tb00811.x
[25]
CROMWELL G L, DAVIS G W, MORROW W E, et al. Efficacy of the antimicrobial compound U-82, 127 as a growth promoter for growing-finishing pigs[J]. J Anim Sci, 1996, 74(6): 1284-1287. DOI:10.2527/1996.7461284x
[26]
KYRIAKIS S C, SARRIS K, KRITAS S K, et al. Effect of salinomycin in the control of Clostridium perfringens type C infection in suckling pigs[J]. Vet Rec, 1996, 138(12): 281-283. DOI:10.1136/vr.138.12.281
[27]
陈敏霞, 杨芸瑜, 谭成全. 淀粉与油脂对妊娠母猪糖脂代谢及其繁殖性能影响的研究进展[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2020, 47(12): 3953-3964.
CHEN M X, YANG Y Y, TAN C Q. Research advance in effects of starch and fat on glucolipid metabolism and reproductive performance of sows[J]. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2020, 47(12): 3953-3964. (in Chinese)
[28]
刘培琦. 黄芪系列中草药复合添加剂对母猪繁殖性能和仔猪生产性能影响的研究[D]. 泰安: 山东农业大学, 2019.
LIU P Q. Study on the effect of astragalus series compound additives for Chinese herbal medicine on the reproductive performance of sows and the performance of piglets[D]. Taian: Shandong Agricultural University, 2019. (in Chinese)
[29]
王玉, 魏淑玲, 付宝明, 等. 芪贞增免颗粒对母猪繁殖性能及哺乳仔猪生长性能的影响[J]. 今日畜牧兽医, 2018, 34(6): 12, 11.
WANG Y, WEI S L, FU B M, et al. Effects of Qizhen Zengmian Granules on the reproductive performance of sows and the growth performance of suckling piglets[J]. Today Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2018, 34(6): 12, 11. (in Chinese)
[30]
温海京, 石玉佩, 胡胜云, 等. 猪圆环病毒2型与3型双重PCR检测方法的建立[J]. 北京农学院学报, 2020, 35(3): 101-105.
WEN H J, SHI Y P, HU S Y, et al. Establishment of double PCR detection method for porcine circovirus type 2 and type 3[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Agriculture, 2020, 35(3): 101-105. (in Chinese)
[31]
杨红杰, 于长青, 林树伯, 等. 伪狂犬病病毒gB基因荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立[J]. 北京农学院学报, 2015, 30(3): 48-51.
YANG H J, YU C Q, LIN S B, et al. Establishment of a real-time quantitative PCR method for the detection of pseudorabies virus gB gene[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Agriculture, 2015, 30(3): 48-51. (in Chinese)
[32]
李雪明, 于红欣, 杨红杰, 等. 伪狂犬病病毒gE基因荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立[J]. 北京农学院学报, 2015, 30(4): 74-77.
LI X M, YU H X, YANG H J, et al. Establishment of a real-time quantitative PCR method for the detection of pseudorabies virus gE gene[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Agriculture, 2015, 30(4): 74-77. (in Chinese)
[33]
单晶晶, 陈天慧, 于红欣, 等. 猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立[J]. 北京农学院学报, 2016, 31(1): 60-63.
SHAN J J, CHEN T H, YU H X, et al. Establishment of a real-time quantitative PCR method for the detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Agriculture, 2016, 31(1): 60-63. (in Chinese)
[34]
韩晓伟, 马贤德, 关洪全. 中医"气血津液"学说与现代免疫学思想[J]. 中华中医药学刊, 2009, 27(7): 1380-1381.
HAN X W, MA X D, GUAN H Q. Discussing relationship between theory of Qi blood and body fluid in TCM and modern immunology[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2009, 27(7): 1380-1381. (in Chinese)
[35]
关洪全, 韩晓伟, 梁洪志. 试论中医"气血"学说中的免疫学思想[J]. 中医药导报, 2008, 14(1): 7-8, 25.
GUAN H Q, HAN X W, LIANG H Z. Trial discussion on immunologic concept in "Qi-Blood" theory of traditonal Chinese medicine[J]. Guiding Journal of TCM, 2008, 14(1): 7-8, 25. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-951X.2008.01.004 (in Chinese)
[36]
褚秀玲, 刘学彬, 张晓云, 等. 中兽医气血理论及其在母猪生产中的应用[J]. 中兽医医药杂志, 2016, 35(5): 83-85.
CHU X L, LIU X B, ZHANG X Y, et al. Theory of qi and blood of traditional Chinese veterinary medicine and its application in the sow production[J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, 2016, 35(5): 83-85. (in Chinese)
[37]
史万玉. "气血"是母猪保健的关键[J]. 今日畜牧兽医, 2014(11): 19-21.
SHI W Y. "Qi-Blood" is the key to sow health[J]. Today Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2014(11): 19-21. (in Chinese)
[38]
杨建忠. 家畜腹泻的发病原因及辨证治疗[J]. 中国畜牧兽医文摘, 2016, 32(12): 145.
YANG J Z. The cause of diarrhea in livestock and its treatment based on syndrome differentiation[J]. Chinese Abstracts of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2016, 32(12): 145. (in Chinese)
[39]
隋明静, 陈小风, 吴峰洋, 等. 天然植物提取复方制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能、营养物质表观消化率及免疫力的影响[J]. 饲料研究, 2020, 43(8): 46-50.
SUI M J, CHEN X F, WU F Y, et al. Effect of natural plant extract compound preparation on growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibility and immunity of weaned piglets[J]. Feed Research, 2020, 43(8): 46-50. (in Chinese)

(编辑   白永平)