畜牧兽医学报  2021, Vol. 52 Issue (7): 1891-1902. DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2021.07.012    PDF    
日粮鱼油对高脂日粮饲喂小鼠发情周期和机体产热的影响
杨晓华, 刘方方, 张枫琳, 易鑫, 陈林, 束刚, 王丽娜, 朱晓彤, 高萍, 江青艳, 王松波     
华南农业大学动物科学学院 广东省动物营养调控重点实验室, 广州 510642
摘要:本研究旨在探讨鱼油对高脂日粮饲喂小鼠发情周期和机体代谢产热的影响。试验选用36只4周龄C57BL/6 J雌性小鼠,随机分成3组(n=12):对照组、高脂组和高脂+鱼油组。对照组饲喂标准啮齿动物饲料(AIN-93G),高脂组和高脂+鱼油组分别饲喂高脂日粮(脂肪提供60%能量)和添加5%鱼油(等能替代猪油)的高脂日粮。试验期间,对小鼠体组成(12周龄)、整体代谢(16周龄)、褐色脂肪温度(18周龄)、体核温度(直肠温度,18周龄)和发情周期(20周龄)等进行检测。试验结束后,眼球采血分离血清,检测促卵泡激素(follicle-stimulating hormone,FSH)和雌二醇(estradiol,E2)的水平。此外,采集皮下脂肪、腹部脂肪和肩胛间褐色脂肪,称重并使用Western blot检测脂肪组织中产热相关基因的蛋白表达(UCP1、Cyto C),使用实时荧光定量PCR检测褐色脂肪组织中产热基因的mRNA表达(UCP1,PRDM16,PGC1α,CideaElovl3)。结果显示,与对照组相比,高脂日粮显著增加了小鼠的体脂含量(12周龄)及皮下和腹部脂肪的沉积量(21周龄)(P < 0.05),而添加鱼油显著降低了高脂饮食引起的体脂含量增加(P < 0.05)。另外,高脂日粮导致小鼠的发情周期紊乱,伴随着周期延长、发情期缩短,以及血清中FSH和E2的水平降低(P < 0.05),而添加鱼油可缓解高脂日粮导致的小鼠发情周期紊乱,提高血清中FSH和E2的水平(P < 0.05)。同时,添加鱼油可增加高脂饲喂小鼠肩胛间褐色脂肪(interscapular brown adipose tissue,iBAT)和腹股沟白色脂肪(inguinal white adipose tissue,iWAT)中产热相关基因的表达(P < 0.05),进而促进iBAT激活/产热和iWAT褐色化。结果提示,日粮鱼油可缓解高脂日粮导致的发情周期紊乱,可能与BAT激活和WAT褐色化造成的机体代谢产热增强有关。
关键词鱼油    发情周期    BAT产热    WAT褐色化    小鼠    
Effects of Dietary Fish Oil on Estrous Cycles and Body Heat Production in Mice Fed High-fat Diets
YANG Xiaohua, LIU Fangfang, ZHANG Fenglin, YI Xin, CHEN Lin, SHU Gang, WANG Lina, ZHU Xiaotong, GAO Ping, JIANG Qingyan, WANG Songbo     
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary fish oil on estrous cycles and body heat production of mice fed high-fat diets (HFD). Thirty-six C57BL/6 J female mice at 4-week-old were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=12): control group, HFD group and HFD + fish oil group, respectively. The control group was fed with a standard rodent chow diet (AIN-93G). The HFD group and HFD + fish oil group were fed HFD (60% energy from fat) without or with 5% fish oil (equally replace lard energy), respectively. During the trial, the mice were used for various examinations, including body composition (12-week-old), body energy metabolism (16-week-old), brown adipose tissue(BAT) temperature (18-week-old), body core temperature (rectum temperature, 18-week-old) and estrous cycles (20-week-old). At the end of the experiment, the blood sample was collected from eye sockets, and the serum was isolated for examination of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol (E2). In addition, the subcutaneous fat, abdominal fat and interscapular BAT were collected, weighed and used for detection of the protein expression of genes related to thermogenic program in adipose tissues (UCP1, Cyto C) by Western blot, and the mRNA expression of genes related to thermogenic program in brown adipose tissues (UCP1, PRDM16, PGC1α, Cidea, Elovl3) by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. The results showed that HFD induced a significant increase in body fat content (12-week-old), and subcutaneous fat and abdominal fat mass (21-week-old) compared with the control diet (P < 0.05). Notably, the HFD-induced increase of fat content was significantly reduced by fish oil supplementation (P < 0.05). In addition, HFD led irregular estrous cycles, with prolonged cycle duration and shortened estrus period, and decreased the level of FSH and E2 in serum (P < 0.05). However, the HFD-induced estrous cycle irregularity of mice was alleviated by fish oil supplementation and the level of FSH and E2 in serum was increased (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, fish oil supplementation increased BAT activation/thermogenesis and promoted white adipose tissue(WAT) browning in HFD-fed mice, with enhanced the expression of thermogenic marker genes in interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) and inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that dietary fish oil can alleviate HFD-induced estrous cycle irregularity, possibly associate with enhanced body thermogenesis via BAT activation and WAT browning.
Key words: fish oil    estrous cycle    BAT thermogenesis    WAT browning    mouse    

过多的能量摄入会导致动物躯体不同部位的脂肪沉积。研究报道称,肥胖会引起内分泌及代谢异常,如代谢率降低[1]、高胰岛素血症[2]和孕酮产生过剩[3],伴随着发情周期紊乱[4-5]、多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)[6-7]和不孕症[8-9]。在动物生产中,脂肪沉积会影响母猪繁殖性能,如降低发情率、受胎率和仔猪出生成活率等[10-11]。因此,预防肥胖可以提高母猪繁殖性能,降低女性生殖疾病的发病率,改善动物繁殖性能和人类健康。

根据功能的差异,脂肪组织通常分为3种类型,即白色脂肪组织(white adipose tissue, WAT)、褐色脂肪组织(brown adipose tissue, BAT)和米色脂肪组织。白色脂肪组织主要负责能量储存[12];褐色脂肪组织通过解偶联蛋白1 (uncoupled protein 1, UCP1)解偶联氧化磷酸化来消耗能量[13];米色脂肪组织分布在白色脂肪组织中,具有褐色样表型,此过程称为褐色化[14]。BAT激活/产热和WAT褐色化在治疗肥胖中具有潜在作用[15-17],并且BAT激活能够改善生殖障碍[18-20]。一些营养物质如白藜芦醇(resveratrol)[21]、芦丁(rutin)[22]、叶绿醇(phytol)[23]和视黄酸(retinoic acid)[24]已被证明可以激活BAT产热和WAT褐色化。因此,通过营养干预促进BAT产热和WAT褐色化是预防肥胖相关生殖功能障碍的有利策略。

鱼油中富含大量的n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acid, PUFA),即二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid, DHA)。n-3 PUFA有多种益处,包括抗炎[25]和预防心血管疾病[26],而添加鱼油能有效预防肥胖的发生[27-28]。此外,n-3 PUFA已被证明可以改善PCOS大鼠的卵巢发育,并对PCOS的生化特性如FSH和脂联素发挥有益作用[29]。然而,鱼油是否能够缓解高脂饮食导致的发情周期紊乱尚不清楚。

因此,本研究旨在探究日粮鱼油对高脂饮食导致的发情周期紊乱和机体代谢的影响,研究结果有望揭示鱼油在改善肥胖相关繁殖异常方面的调控作用,为其在动物生产和人类健康中的应用提供试验依据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验动物与试验设计

选取36只4周龄的C57BL/6 J雌性小鼠(购自广东省医学实验动物中心),在温度(23±3)℃、湿度(70±10)%的条件下,进行12 h的光-暗循环试验。适应1周后,将小鼠随机分为3组(n=12):对照组、高脂组和高脂+鱼油组。对照组饲喂标准啮齿动物饲料(AIN-93G),高脂组和高脂+鱼油组分别饲喂的高脂日粮(脂肪提供60%能量)和添加5%鱼油(等能替代猪油)的高脂日粮。本试验日粮鱼油添加量是根据Halade等[30]试验中使用的日粮鱼油添加量(5%)所确定。小鼠日粮成分组成和脂肪酸组成见表 1表 2。试验期21周。在不同饲养阶段,对小鼠体组成、整体代谢、褐色脂肪温度、直肠(体核)温度和发情周期等进行检查。试验结束后,用二氧化碳麻醉小鼠,眼球取血分离血清,用ELISA试剂盒检测FSH和E2水平。此外,采集皮下脂肪、腹部脂肪和肩胛间褐色脂肪,称重后保存于-80 ℃冰箱,以便进一步分析。

表 1 试验日粮组成 Table 1 The composition of experimental diets 
表 2 不同饲粮的脂肪酸组成 Table 2 Fatty acid composition of different diets 
1.2 材料和试剂

鱼油由广州市优百特饲料科技有限公司提供。促卵泡激素和雌二醇检测试剂盒购自南京建成生物工程研究所,β-actin抗体购自北京博奥森生物技术有限公司,UCP1和Cyto C抗体购自CST公司。

1.3 测定指标及方法

1.3.1 体组成   在12周龄时,用动物体成分和核磁共振成像系统分析仪(MesoQMR23-060H型, Niumag Corporation公司)测定小鼠的体脂含量和脂肪分布。

1.3.2 红外热成像和体核(直肠)温度测定   18周龄的小鼠在25 ℃或4 ℃环境中暴露4 h,自由饮食和饮水。采用红外数字热像仪获取小鼠的红外图像,并用红外数字热像仪(E60型,FLIR公司)快速报告软件对iBAT温度进行分析。用直肠探头连接数字温度计测量小鼠的直肠温度。

1.3.3 发情周期鉴定   对20周龄雌性小鼠进行连续8 d阴道涂片的细胞学检查,每天观察一次阴道涂片细胞类型,确定发情周期所处阶段。固定小鼠,用移液枪吸取20 μL生理盐水至小鼠阴道,反复抽吸5次后,将液体均匀涂至整个载玻片,涂片自然干燥后,用甲醇固定3 min,瑞氏染液染色5~8 min,流水缓慢冲洗,吉姆萨染液染色8 min,最后用自来水漂洗,自然干燥,封片,待检。各阶段的分辨方法如下:发情期(estrous, E)的卵泡会成熟排卵,均为无核角化细胞或有少量上皮细胞;发情前期(proestrus, P)的卵泡快速生长,可见大量有核上皮细胞,少量角化细胞;发情后期(metestrus, M)的黄体生成,具有一半的上皮细胞和一半的白细胞,前者的细胞核较大,且半透明、有皱褶;发情间期(diestrus, D)的黄体退化,可见大量白细胞及少量黏膜和上皮细胞。

1.3.4 整体代谢   在16周龄时,采用综合实验动物监测系统(CLAMS)(Promethion Metabolic Screening Systems,美国Sable Systems International公司)测定小鼠的产热和耗氧量等代谢参数。小鼠称重后,提前将小鼠放于代谢笼适应2 d后,测定代谢参数1 d,期间自由采食和采水。试验结束后,小鼠称重。根据前后体重的平均,统计第3天白天(12 h)和黑夜(12 h)的代谢参数。

1.3.5 苏木精-伊红(HE)和免疫组化(IHC)染色   剪取一块脂肪于多聚甲醇固定24~36 h,脱水后用石蜡包埋,切片(5 μm),贴片,烘干,用苏木精和伊红染色,或用UCP1抗体进行免疫组化染色,拍照。

1.3.6 组织RNA提取和实时荧光定量PCR检测   按照广州美基生物科技公司RNA快速提取试剂盒内的说明书提取腹股沟白色脂肪和肩胛间褐色脂肪RNA。主要步骤为:组织加入裂解液后,匀浆,静置,氯仿抽提,离心,吸上清,加无水乙醇,过柱,清洗,加入无核酸水溶解RNA。按照以下反转录步骤(购自日本TaKaRa公司)反转成cDNA,主要为:体系一(RNA+oligod(T)18)预变性70 ℃,5 min,结束后立即放至冰盒;体系二(预变性得到的RNA+dNTP+RNase+2×Buffer+M-MLV RTase+DEPC水)温育(37 ℃,90 min)后灭活反转录酶(70 ℃,7 min)。反应结束后,将样品取出后,置于-20 ℃冰箱中保存。

通过实时荧光定量PCR检测组织中的UCP1、PRDM16、PGC1α、CideaElovl3基因的mRNA表达,引物序列如表 3所示。试验步骤主要为:cDNA样品稀释5倍(20 μL cDNA+80 μL DEPC水),配置引物工作液(引物母液上下游各10 μL+80 μL DEPC水),点样(20 μL体系:3 μL已稀释的cDNA+6.5 μL无核酸水+0.5 μL引物工作液+10 μL SYBR green),贴膜后离心、上机,反应程序如表 4。最后分析数据,根据公式计算各目的基因的mRNA相对表达量(以β-actin为内参基因):目的基因mRNA相对表达量=2(Ct目的基因-Ct内参基因)

表 3 qPCR检测的引物 Table 3 Primers used for the qPCR assay
表 4 qPCR反应程序 Table 4 Reaction process for the qPCR assay

1.3.7 蛋白质印迹法   使用RIPA裂解液裂解脂肪组织,匀浆,离心后取上清,使用BCA法测定蛋白浓度,根据浓度,用5X SDS对样品进行进行等质量蛋白分装,并99 ℃变性10 min。利用SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离蛋白,试验步骤主要为:配置分离胶和浓缩胶(根据美国Bio-Rad公司的Western blot快速制胶试剂盒制胶),将分离胶和浓缩胶注入板中,插梳子,静置凝固30 min后,将胶用电泳夹子夹紧放入电泳槽,将电泳液倒入电泳槽,拔梳子,点样,跑电泳(120 V,60 min),准备PVDF膜(转膜前15 min PVDF膜用预冷的甲醇活化)和转膜液,转膜(横流90 mA,65 min(70 ku以下的蛋白分子)或90 min(70 ku以上的蛋白分子)),转膜结束后将条带取出,用TBST在摇床上清洗5次,用6%脱脂奶粉封闭2.5 h,TBST洗5次条带,4 ℃过夜孵育一抗(UCP1(1∶2 000)、Cyto C(1∶2 000)和β-actin(1∶2 000)),TBST洗5次条带,用二抗室温孵育1.5 h后洗涤,曝光。并用Image J软件分析条带灰度。

1.4 统计分析

所有数据均以"平均值±标准误(SEM)"表示。使用Sigmaplot 14软件进行统计分析。采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)对各组均值进行差异分析,采用Duncan’s法进行多组数据之间的比较,P<0.05为有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 日粮鱼油降低小鼠体脂含量和白色脂肪重量

与对照组相比,饲喂高脂日粮小鼠的脂肪含量增加了21个百分点,但鱼油的摄入逆转了HFD引起的脂肪含量增加,比高脂组降低了10个百分点(P<0.05,图 1AB)。与此结果一致,日粮鱼油能显著减少HFD导致的皮下和腹部脂肪的增加(P<0.05),分别减少了1.1和2.8个百分点(图 1C),且BAT的重量明显高于对照组和高脂组小鼠(P<0.05,图 1C)。综上所述,日粮鱼油显著降低雌性小鼠的体脂含量和白色脂肪重量。

A.体组成;B.脂肪分布;C.不同部位脂肪组织指数。柱子上方,不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下同 A. Body composition; B. Fat distribution; C. Adipose tissue index of different parts. Above the column, different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05). The same as below 图 1 日粮鱼油对小鼠体脂含量和白色脂肪重量的影响 Fig. 1 Effects of dietary fish oil on fat content and WAT mass of mice
2.2 日粮鱼油缓解高脂日粮导致的雌性小鼠发情周期紊乱

与对照组相比,HFD能延长小鼠的发情周期(8~10 d),并降低发情期的时间比例,增加发情间期的时间比例(P<0.05)。而日粮鱼油将发情周期缩短到正常天数(4~5 d),并且恢复HFD导致的发情期缩短和发情间期延长(P<0.05,图 2AB)。通过计算各组正常发情小鼠与异常发情小鼠的比率发现,高脂组的正常发情小鼠的比率只有18%,而日粮鱼油显著增加正常发情的小鼠比率(75%)(P<0.05,图 2C)。同时日粮鱼油能够增加HFD导致的血清FSH和E2水平的降低(P<0.05,图 2DE)。综上表明,日粮鱼油可以缓解HFD导致的雌性小鼠发情周期紊乱。

A.发情周期对比图,横坐标1~8表示天数;B.发情周期统计图;C.发情比率统计图;D.促卵泡激素水平;E.雌二醇水平 A. Comparison of estrous cycles, 1-8 in the abscissa indicates the number of days; B. Statistical graph of estrous cycles; C. Statistical graph of estrus rate; D. The level of FSH; E. The level of E2 图 2 日粮鱼油缓解高脂日粮诱导雌性小鼠的发情周期紊乱 Fig. 2 Dietary fish oil alleviated HFD-induced estrous cycle irregularity in female mice
2.3 日粮鱼油改善高脂日粮导致的雌性小鼠能量代谢异常

为探究鱼油缓解HFD导致的发情周期紊乱是否与机体能量代谢有关,本研究测定了各组小鼠的代谢状态。结果显示,HFD降低小鼠的耗氧量和产热量,而日粮鱼油恢复了HFD导致的耗氧量和产热量的降低(P<0.05,图 3B~E)。同时,添加鱼油使小鼠的直肠温度显著升高(P<0.05,图 3A),与能量代谢增加的表型一致。综上所述,日粮添加鱼油能增强高脂饲喂小鼠的能量消耗和直肠温度,表明鱼油能够改善HFD导致的小鼠能量代谢异常。

A.直肠温度统计图;B、C.耗氧量统计图;D、E.热量统计图 A. Statistical graph of rectum temperature; B, C. Statistical chart of oxygen consumption; D, E. Statistical chart of heat 图 3 日粮鱼油可改善高脂饲喂雌性小鼠能量代谢的异常 Fig. 3 Dietary fish oil improved the abnormal of energy metabolism in HFD-fed female mice
2.4 日粮鱼油促进高脂饲喂小鼠的BAT产热

由于能量消耗的增加与BAT激活/产热有关,本研究进一步探索日粮添加鱼油能否促进高脂日粮饲喂小鼠的BAT产热。根据图 4A4B所示,在25 ℃下,高脂小鼠的iBAT温度与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),但在4 ℃冷刺激下,高脂小鼠的iBAT温度显著降低(P<0.05)。而无论是25 ℃或4 ℃,鱼油均能促进高脂日粮饲喂小鼠的iBAT产热,且增加产热标志基因(UCP1,PRDM16,PGC1α,CideaElovl3)和蛋白(UCP1和Cyto C)的表达(P<0.05,图 4C~E)。以上结果表明,鱼油通过增加BAT产热基因和蛋白的表达,进而促进高脂饲喂小鼠的机体代谢产热。

A.肩胛间褐色脂肪温度红外图像;B.肩胛间褐色脂肪温度统计图;C.肩胛间褐色脂肪产热标志基因的mRNA表达;D、E.肩胛间褐色脂肪产热标志基因的蛋白表达 A.Infrared images of iBAT temperature; B. Statistical chart of iBAT temperature; C. The mRNA expression of genes related to thermogenic program in the iBAT; D, E. The relative protein expression of genes related to thermogenic program in the iBAT 图 4 日粮鱼油促进高脂饮食诱导雌性小鼠的iBAT产热 Fig. 4 Dietary fish oil increased iBAT thermogenesis in HFD-fed female mice
2.5 日粮鱼油促进高脂饲喂小鼠的iWAT褐色化

WAT褐色化也能促进机体产热。因此,本研究探讨了鱼油对iWAT褐色化的影响。HE染色结果显示,与对照组相比,高脂饲喂小鼠中iWAT的脂肪细胞内脂滴变大,数量减少。然而,添加鱼油显著降低了脂肪细胞内脂滴大小,数量增加(图 5A)。由UCP1免疫组化染色观察可知,高脂饲喂小鼠中iWAT的UCP1阳性染色变浅,而添加鱼油UCP1阳性染色加深(图 5A)。与IHC结果一致,添加鱼油可显著增加iWAT中UCP1、Cyto C等产热标志基因的蛋白表达(P<0.05,图 5BC)。以上结果表明,日粮鱼油可促进高脂饲喂小鼠中iWAT的褐色化。

A.腹股沟白色脂肪UCP1的HE染色(上)和免疫组化图(下);B、C.腹股沟白色脂肪脂肪产热标志基因的蛋白表达 A.Representative HE staining (upper) and immunohistochemistry for UCP1 (lower) of images of iWAT; B, C. The relative protein expression of genes related to thermogenic program in the iWAT 图 5 日粮鱼油促进高脂饮食诱导雌性小鼠的iWAT褐色化 Fig. 5 Dietary fish oil promoted iWAT browning in HFD-fed female mice
3 讨论 3.1 日粮鱼油对高脂饲喂小鼠脂肪沉积的影响

有文献报道,鱼油可以降低动物体重和脂肪沉积,预防肥胖[28, 31-32]。与这些研究一致,本试验结果表明,鱼油可逆转高脂日粮导致的脂肪含量和白色脂肪重量的增加。也有研究发现,鱼油能增加仓鼠[33]和大鼠[34]的iBAT重量,与本试验结果一致。

3.2 日粮鱼油对高脂饲喂小鼠繁殖性能的影响

大量的研究报道,肥胖或高脂饮食会对雌性繁殖性能产生不利影响,如大鼠[35]和小鼠[20]的发情周期紊乱。与这些研究结果一致,本试验结果表明,高脂饮食导致雌性小鼠发情周期紊乱,降低正常发情率。一直以来,肥胖被认为与女性月经紊乱有关[36]。基于鱼油的抗肥胖作用,本研究推测,鱼油可以缓解高脂日粮导致的发情周期紊乱。与假设一致,本试验结果表明,日粮鱼油可以缓解高脂日粮导致的发情周期紊乱。同样,有报道称,富含EPA或DHA的饮食能促进大鼠排卵[37],且增加山羊排出卵泡的数量和大小[38]

发情周期是动物繁殖过程的重要部分,受生殖激素的调控,然而,不规律的发情周期往往伴随着FSH和E2等生殖激素的变化。本研究中,饲喂高脂日粮的小鼠血清FSH和E2水平显著降低。有报道指出,超重女性血清的FSH水平低于正常体重的女性[39]。有趣的是,本研究中添加鱼油提高了高脂饲喂小鼠血清中FSH和E2的水平,与此结果一致,有报道称DHA增加了牛卵巢颗粒细胞中的E2浓度[40]。但Bauer等[41]发现,鱼油降低了正常体重而非肥胖女性在整个月经周期间的血清FSH水平。本研究与Bauer等[41]研究的结果差异可能是由于研究对象的不同。上述结果说明,摄入富含鱼油的高脂日粮可以预防高脂饮食导致的雌性小鼠发情周期紊乱和生殖激素的改变。

3.3 日粮添加鱼油对高脂饲喂小鼠BAT产热和WAT褐色化的影响

本研究还进一步探索了鱼油缓解高脂日粮引起的发情周期紊乱的机制。肥胖往往伴随着能量平衡的变化。因此,本研究通过检测小鼠的机体代谢产热发现,日粮添加鱼油增加了耗氧量和产热量,并提高了高脂日粮导致的直肠温度降低。与此结果一致,有研究表明,鱼油增加了小鼠的耗氧量[27, 42]和直肠温度[42]。由于动物可以通过BAT的UCP1解偶联氧化磷酸化来增加产热,因此,本研究检测了小鼠BAT的温度。结果发现,鱼油提高了iBAT的温度,并伴随着褐色脂肪细胞标志基因和蛋白的表达的增加,说明鱼油可促进BAT的激活/产热。在人类皮下脂肪细胞培养中发现,与体重较轻的人相比,肥胖个体的UCP1基因表达降低[43]。此外,有研究表明,鱼油可改善iBAT中UCP1的表达[28]。基于已有的研究,BAT的移植[44]或BAT激活[45]有利于改善PCOS。同时,本试验结果显示,日粮添加鱼油显著增加BAT的含量。因此,本研究揭示了鱼油促进的BAT激活或产热可能有助于缓解发情周期的紊乱。

除了BAT产热,WAT产热/WAT褐色化也有助于增加机体产热[46]。报道显示,添加鱼油可诱导iWAT中UCP1的上调[42, 47],EPA可增加皮下脂肪细胞中UCP1基因的表达[48]。与该报道一致,本试验结果显示,日粮鱼油促进了iWAT中UCP1基因和蛋白的表达。但Pahlavani等[49]发现,高脂日粮添加EPA(45%的能量来自脂肪)并没有促进iWAT中UCP1蛋白的表达。两者研究结果的差异可能是由于鱼油的添加量和来源不同,或膳食脂肪含量不同。上述结果表明,鱼油促进WAT褐变可能也与增强产热和改善发情周期紊乱有关。

本研究发现,鱼油能够显著增加血清中E2的水平。而有研究表明,E2的增加会通过雌激素受体ER-α抑制神经肽Y(neuropeptide Y, NPY)的分泌[50]。NPY是能量消耗的主要调节因子,通过抑制BAT活性而降低能量消耗[51]。并且,在Hu等[45]的研究中发现,BAT的激活能够改善PCOS,其机制可能是BAT分泌的细胞因子脂联素改善了胰岛素抵抗,进而改善了PCOS。因此,鱼油可能通过增加E2的水平,抑制了NPY的表达,从而削弱了NPY对BAT活性的抑制作用,最终BAT的激活介导脂联素缓解发情周期紊乱。

4 结论

综上所述,日粮鱼油可缓解高脂日粮导致的发情周期紊乱和代谢产热降低,其可能与BAT激活/产热和WAT褐色化过程有关。本研究揭示了鱼油在改善肥胖相关生殖异常方面的潜在应用,为改善动物繁殖性能和人类健康提供理论和试验基础。

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