畜牧兽医学报  2021, Vol. 52 Issue (5): 1407-1413. DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2021.05.026    PDF    
26例犬毛囊肿瘤的组织病理学诊断和免疫组织化学分析
陈梦月, 张羽晨, 娄江城, 罗传真, 赵红利, 刘晓丽, 胡薛英     
华中农业大学动物医学院, 武汉 430070
摘要:本研究旨在为犬毛囊肿瘤的诊断提供最优的免疫标记物,提高肿瘤诊断的准确性,缩短肿瘤的病理学诊断时间,为犬毛囊肿瘤病的临床精准治疗提供帮助。作者收集了26例临床犬毛囊肿瘤病例,分别用免疫标记物CK5/6、CK8/18、CK19、P63、CD34、CD10、Vimentin对肿瘤样本进行免疫组织化学标记(IHC)。26例犬毛囊肿瘤的IHC染色结果表明,CD34在86.9%的毛囊肿瘤中呈瘤细胞阳性;CD10和CK8/18在毛上皮瘤中呈瘤细胞阳性,在其他毛囊肿瘤中均为瘤细胞阴性;CK19在良性和恶性毛上皮瘤中分别为强阳性和中阳性,CD34在良性和恶性毛上皮瘤中分别为中阳性和弱阳性;CD10在毛母细胞瘤中呈周边间质特异性阳性;Vimentin在毛囊肿瘤中呈瘤细胞阴性,间质细胞阳性。结果显示,CK5/6、P63可用作本研究中所有毛囊肿瘤的阳性标记物;CD34可用作除毛母质瘤和毛囊瘤外的其他毛囊肿瘤的瘤细胞特异性阳性标记物;CD10和CK8/18可用作毛上皮瘤的瘤细胞阳性标记物;共同使用CK19和CD34可用于区分毛上皮瘤的良恶性;CD10可用作毛母细胞瘤周边间质特异性阳性标记物;Vimentin可用作毛囊肿瘤的瘤细胞阴性标记物。
关键词    毛囊肿瘤    组织病理学    免疫组织化学    诊断    免疫标志物    
Histopathological Diagnosis and Immunohistochemical Analysis of 26 Cases of Canine Hair Follicle Tumors
CHEN Mengyue, ZHANG Yuchen, LOU Jiangcheng, LUO Chuanzhen, ZHAO Hongli, LIU Xiaoli, HU Xueying     
College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
Abstract: This study aims to provide the best immune markers for the diagnosis of canine hair follicle tumors, improve the accuracy and shorten the time of tumor diagnosis, and be helpful for the clinical precise treatment. In this study, 26 cases of clinical canine hair follicle tumors were collected, and the tumor cases were labeled with immunohistochemistry (IHC) using immune markers CK5/6, CK8/18, CK19, P63, CD34, CD10, and Vimentin. The results of IHC staining of 26 tumors showed that CD34 was positive in 86.9% follicular tumors; Tumor cells of trichoepitheliomas were specifically positive for CD10 and CK8/18; CK19 was strongly positive in benign trichoepitheliomas and moderately positive in malignant tumors, and CD34 was moderately positive in benign trichoepitheliomas and weakly positive in malignant tumors; CD10 was specifically positive in the peripheral stroma of piloblastoma; Tumor cells in all cases were negative for Vimentin, while mesenchymal cells were positive. The results showed that CK5/6 and P63 can be used as positive markers of all follicular tumors in this study. CD34 can be used as a specific positive marker of hair follicular tumors except pilomatricomas and trichofolliculomas. CD10 and CK8/18 can be used as positive markers of trichoepitheliomas. CK19 and CD34 can be used to distinguish the benign and malignant trichoepitheliomas. CD10 can be used as a specific positive marker of the surrounding stroma of trichoblastomas. Vimentin can be used as a negative marker of hair follicle tumors.
Key words: canine    hair follicle tumors    histopathology    immunohistochemistry    diagnosis    immune markers    

在临床肿瘤病例中,毛囊肿瘤较为常见。毛囊肿瘤的分类主要依据瘤细胞的分化模式,毛囊肿瘤可来源于成熟毛囊的上皮细胞及毛囊发育过程中的毛胚芽细胞[1]。毛囊肿瘤种类多、结构复杂,有多种组织学亚型,而且有些肿瘤病例呈现多种分化方向,仅通过组织学难以快速、准确地作出诊断[2]。免疫组化技术(immunohistochemistry,IHC)作为病理组织学诊断最常用的辅助手段,对犬毛囊肿瘤的诊断具有重要意义[3-4]

本研究通过免疫标记物CK5/6、CK8/18、CK19及P63、CD34、CD10、Vimentin在犬毛囊肿瘤中的应用,建立犬毛囊肿瘤的IHC表达谱,为犬毛囊肿瘤的分级诊断提供最优的免疫标记物,同时,为组织学结构相似的肿瘤提供有效的鉴别诊断标记物,从而提高肿瘤诊断的准确性,缩短肿瘤的病理学诊断时间,为犬肿瘤疾病的临床精准治疗提供帮助。

1 材料与方法 1.1 材料

本研究共收集犬毛囊肿瘤26例。大部分肿瘤病例来自华中农业大学兽医院2017—2019年的临床病例,少量病例来自李恒宠物医院等其他武汉宠物医院。

1.2 方法

通过对病犬的临床检查,了解发病过程和疑似肿瘤的位置,初步诊断后,经主人同意切除肿瘤。并对切除肿瘤进行病理特征观察。参照文献[2]进行组织病理学诊断。

将切除的肿块置于10%的福尔马林溶液中固定,常规石蜡包埋,连续切片,切片厚度4 μm。一部分进行HE染色,观察病理变化;另一部分进行免疫组织化学染色,免疫组织化学染色所用抗体的工作浓度见表 1。运用Nikon80i生物光学显微镜及NIS-Elements高清晰度彩色图文分析系统进行结果观察与记录。

表 1 免疫组织化学染色的一抗工作浓度及修复方法 Table 1 Immunohistochemical staining of the first antibody working concentration and repair method
2 结果

共收集毛囊肿瘤26例,其中,角化棘皮瘤7例、毛母细胞瘤7例、毛上皮瘤3例、恶性毛上皮瘤2例、外毛根鞘瘤1例、毛母质瘤4例、毛囊瘤1例、复合型毛囊肿瘤1例。表 2概括了毛囊肿瘤的IHC特征。

表 2 犬毛囊肿瘤的IHC特征 Table 2 Immunohistochemical features of follicular neoplasms in dogs

HE染色结果显示,7例角化棘皮瘤均为囊状结构,囊腔内充满层状角蛋白;囊壁由角质形成细胞构成,囊壁细胞由外向内由立方形变扁平(图 1A)。IHC结果显示,CK5/6、CK19、P63、CD34角质形成细胞均为阳性,CD34阳性信号位于细胞膜和细胞质中(图 1BC);Vimentin、CK8/18、CD10瘤细胞阴性。

A. 角质形成细胞从外到内由立方形变扁平;B. CD34角质形成细胞阳性;C. CK19囊壁各层细胞均为阳性 A. From outside to inside, the keratinocytes vary from cuboid to flat; B. Keratinocytes are positive for CD34; C. Keratinocytes are positive for CK19 图 1 角化棘皮瘤病理变化 Fig. 1 Pathological changes of keratinizing acanthoma

毛母细胞瘤分为水母型和小叶型,肿瘤细胞体积较小,细胞质染色浅,核仁清晰,核分裂象较多(图 2AB)。IHC染色结果显示,CK5/6、CK19、P63瘤细胞广泛阳性,CK19阳性强度较弱(图 2C);7例毛母细胞瘤中5例为CD34阳性,阳性弱;CD10瘤细胞阴性,局部间质细胞阳性,阳性信号主要位于肿瘤周边间质;Vimentin、CK8/18瘤细胞阴性。

A. 水母型,瘤细胞体积小,细胞质略嗜碱性;B. 小叶型;C. CK19广泛阳性 A. Medusoid type, the tumor cells are small with little slightly basophilic cytoplasm; B. Lobular type; C. Tumor cells are widely positive for CK19 图 2 毛母细胞瘤病理变化 Fig. 2 Pathological changes of trichoblastoma

毛上皮瘤呈小叶型或囊状,瘤细胞向3种方向分化,部分瘤细胞胞质淡染,泡状核,类似毛囊外根鞘细胞;部分瘤细胞较小,细胞质和细胞核深染,类似未分化的毛球细胞;部分位于中央囊腔附近的瘤细胞,呈扁平状,类似毛囊内根鞘细胞(图 3AB)。IHC结果为P63、CK5/6瘤细胞阳性;CK19在类外根鞘细胞和类内根鞘细胞中表现为阳性,类毛球细胞阴性(图 3C);CD34类外根鞘细胞膜阳性(图 3D);CD10部分瘤细胞阳性,间质广泛阳性(图 3E);在3例毛上皮瘤中,2例为CK8/18阳性(图 3F);Vimentin瘤细胞阴性。

A. 瘤细胞向3种方向分化;B. 囊状;C. CK19类外根鞘和类内根鞘阳性;D. CD34类外根鞘细胞阳性;E. CD10部分瘤细胞阳性;F. CK8/18部分类内根鞘细胞阳性 A. The tumor cells differentiate into three directions; B. Cystic variant; C. Tumor cells resembling the external root sheath and the inner root sheath are positive for CK19; D. Tumor cells resembling the external root sheath are positive for CD34; E. Partial tumor cells are positive for CD10; F. Tumor cells resembling the inner root sheath are positive for CK8/18 图 3 毛上皮瘤病理变化 Fig. 3 Pathological changes of trichoepithelioma

恶性毛上皮瘤小叶中央囊腔中有角化不全的碎片;瘤细胞主要向类毛球的小细胞和类内根鞘细胞分化,小细胞数量居多,小细胞呈椭圆形、梭形或多边形,核质比大,核分裂象较多(20+/10HPF);瘤组织中有淋巴细胞和浆细胞浸润(图 4A)。IHC结果显示,P63瘤细胞广泛核阳性;CD10小叶中央阳性,间质阳性;CK5/6、CK19小叶周边阳性(图 4B);CD34小叶周边少量细胞呈弱阳性(图 4C);Vimentin、CK8/18瘤细胞阴性。

A. 小叶中央囊腔中有角化不全的碎片,小细胞数量较多;B. CK19肿瘤小叶周边阳性;C. CD34小叶周边弱阳性 A. There are fragments of dyskeratosis in the center of tumor lobule, with a large number of small cells; B. Tumor cells around the lobule are positive for CK19; C. Tumor cells around the lobule are weakly positive for CD34 图 4 恶性毛上皮瘤病理变化 Fig. 4 Pathological changes of malignant trichoepithelioma

外毛根鞘瘤小梁状,肿瘤细胞胞质嗜酸性强,细胞界限不清,有中央角化结构形成(图 5A)。IHC结果显示,CK5/6、CK19、P63、CD34瘤细胞广泛阳性(图 5B5C);Vimentin、CK8/18、CD10瘤细胞阴性,CD10肿瘤小叶之间的间质细胞阳性。

A. 瘤细胞小,胞质嗜酸性,有中央角化结构;B. CD34瘤细胞广泛阳性;C. CK19广泛阳性 A. Tumor cells are small with eosinophilic cytoplasm and central keratinized structure; B. Tumor cells are widely positive for CD34; C. Tumor cells are widely positive for CK19 图 5 外毛根鞘瘤病理变化 Fig. 5 Pathological changes of tricholemmoma

毛母质瘤呈囊状,囊腔中聚集有大量影子细胞;囊壁细胞向两种方向分化,一种瘤细胞表现为胞质少、细胞核小而深染,另一种细胞体积大,细胞核大而浅染(图 6A)。毛母质瘤CK5/6、CK19细胞核大而浅染的细胞阳性(图 6B);P63瘤细胞广泛核阳性(图 6C);CD34瘤细胞广泛弱阳性;Vimentin、CK8/18、CD10瘤细胞阴性,CD10间质阴性。

A. 肿瘤囊腔中有大量影子细胞,瘤细胞有两种分化;B. CK19核大而浅染的瘤细胞阳性;C. P63瘤细胞广泛阳性 A. There are a lot of shadow cells in the center of capsule, and the tumor differentiate into two directions; B. Tumor cells that have lightly stained nuclei are positive for CK19; C. Tumor cells are widely positive for P63 图 6 毛母质瘤病理变化 Fig. 6 Pathological changes of pilomatricoma

毛囊瘤呈小叶状,每个小叶中有多个分化良好的毛囊,囊腔中角化的碎屑,毛囊周围分布有皮脂腺(图 7A)。IHC结果为CK5/6、CK19毛囊分化部分阳性,皮脂腺分化部分储备细胞阳性(图 7B);P63小叶外周细胞阳性(图 7C);Vimentin、CK8/18、CD34、CD10瘤细胞阴性,CD10间质阴性。

A. 肿瘤向毛囊和皮脂腺分化;B. CK5/6毛囊分化部分阳性;C. P63小叶外周阳性 A. The tumor differentiates into hair follicles and sebaceous glands; B. Tumor cells differentiated into hair follicles are positive for CK5/6; C. Cells around the lobule are positive for P63 图 7 毛囊瘤病理变化 Fig. 7 Pathological changes of trichofolliculoma

本研究有1例复合型毛囊肿瘤,肿块中包含外毛根鞘瘤、毛母细胞瘤、角化棘皮瘤3种肿瘤(图 8A)。复合型毛囊肿瘤中3种肿瘤的IHC染色结果与其单独出现的IHC特征一致,CD34在外毛根鞘瘤中阳性最强(图 8B),CK5/6、CK19、P63在3种肿瘤中都表现为广泛阳性(图 8C)。

A. ★指示外毛根鞘瘤,▲指示毛母细胞瘤,指示角化棘皮瘤;B. CD34外毛根鞘瘤强阳性;C. CK19 3种肿瘤均为阳性 A. ★ indicating tricholemmomas, ▲ indicating trichoblastomas, indicating keratinizing acanthomas; B. Tumor cells of tricholemmomas are strongly positive for CD34; C. The three kinds of neoplasm are all positive for CK19 图 8 复合型毛囊肿瘤病理变化 Fig. 8 Pathological changes of complex follicular tumors
3 讨论

7例角化棘皮瘤中CK5/6、CK19、P63、CD34均为瘤细胞阳性,Kok等[6]的研究结果显示,CK19在角化棘皮瘤中为阴性,与本研究结果不一致,不推荐CK19作为角化棘皮瘤的标记物;Vimentin、CK8/18、CD10均为瘤细胞阴性。因此,CK5/6、P63、CD34可用作角化棘皮瘤的瘤细胞阳性标记物,Vimentin、CK8/18、CD10可用作瘤细胞的阴性标记物。

7例毛母细胞瘤中CK5/6、CK19、P63、CD34均表现为瘤细胞阳性,CD34阳性较弱[6],Sengul等[7]详细探讨了CD10在毛母细胞瘤中的表达特点,结果表明,CD10的阳性信号主要在毛母细胞瘤周边间质中,本研究7例毛母细胞瘤的CD10阳性与Sengul等的结果一致;Vimentin、CK8/18表现为瘤细胞阴性。综上,CK5/6、CK19、P63可用作毛母细胞瘤的阳性标记物;CK8/18、Vimentin可用作瘤细胞阴性标记物;当瘤细胞标记物难以进行诊断时,可考虑利用CD10在肿瘤周边间质中呈阳性表达的特点进行诊断。

本研究中,良性毛上皮瘤3例,恶性肿瘤2例,CK5/6、P63、CK19、CD34、CD10、CK8/18在5例肿瘤中均表现为瘤细胞阳性[8];有文献显示,CK19和CD34阳性率的降低可用于毛上皮瘤的良恶性诊断,本研究中CK19在良性和恶性毛上皮瘤中分别为强阳性和中阳性,CD34在良性和恶性毛上皮瘤中分别为中阳性和弱阳性,与文献描述一致[5];Vimentin瘤细胞阴性。综上,CK5/6、P63、CK19、CD34、CD10、CK8/18可用作毛上皮瘤的瘤细胞阳性标记物,Vimentin可用作瘤细胞阴性标记物,CK19和CD34共同使用可用于区分毛上皮瘤的良恶性。

1例外毛根鞘瘤CK5/6、CK19、P63、CD34呈瘤细胞强阳性,与Kok等[5]的研究结果一致;CK8/18、Vimentin呈瘤细胞阴性。因此,CK5/6、CK19、P63、CD34可用作外毛根鞘瘤的瘤细胞阳性标记物,CK8/18、Vimentin可用作瘤细胞阴性标记物。

4例毛母质瘤CK5/6、CK19、P63、CD34呈瘤细胞阳性,在Kok等[5]的研究中,CD34为阴性,与本研究结果不一致;CK8/18、Vimentin呈瘤细胞阴性。因此,CK5/6、P63、CK19可用作毛母质瘤的瘤细胞阳性标记物,CK8/18、Vimentin可用作瘤细胞阴性标记物。

1例毛囊瘤CK5/6、CK19、P63呈小叶外周阳性;Vimentin为瘤细胞阴性。可选用CK5/6、CK19、P63毛囊瘤的瘤细胞阳性标记物,Vimentin可用作瘤细胞阴性标记物。毛囊瘤在犬中发生率低[9],关于毛囊瘤的IHC研究报道很少,本研究的1个病例可供参考。

本研究CD34在角化棘皮瘤、毛母细胞瘤、毛上皮瘤、外毛根鞘瘤共20例毛囊肿瘤中为阳性,占所有毛囊肿瘤的86.9%,因此,CD34也可用作除毛母质瘤和毛囊瘤外的毛囊肿瘤的标记物[6, 10]

4 结论

在犬毛囊肿瘤诊断中,CK5/6、P63可用作本研究中所有毛囊肿瘤的阳性标记物;CD34可用作除毛母质瘤、毛囊瘤外的其他毛囊肿瘤的阳性标记物;CD10、CK8/18可用作毛上皮瘤的阳性标记物;CK19和CD34可用作区分毛上皮瘤良恶性的标记物;CD10可用作毛母细胞瘤周边间质阳性标记物;Vimentin可用作瘤细胞阴性标记物。

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