畜牧兽医学报  2020, Vol. 51 Issue (8): 2016-2021. DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2020.08.027    PDF    
犬腺病毒CAV-BJ02株的分离与鉴定
由欣月1,2, 刘畅1,2, 郝雲峰1,2, 梁琳1,2, 秦彤1,2, 崔尚金1,2     
1. 中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所, 北京 100193;
2. 农业部兽用药物与诊断技术北京科学观测实验站, 北京 100193
摘要:本研究旨在分离犬腺病毒(CAV)的北京地区流行株,采集北京地区某宠物医院2~4月龄发生咳嗽等呼吸道症状犬的鼻咽拭子,经胶体金和PCR检测,初筛为犬腺病毒阳性。经过处理后,将其处理液接种于MDCK细胞,进行连续传代培养,出现变圆、脱落、葡萄串样等特征性细胞病变。通过形态学观察、PCR鉴定及动物回归试验等方法对其进行鉴定。PCR扩增片段测序结果表明,该分离株为犬腺病毒Ⅱ型,遂将其命名为CAV-BJ02(GenBank:MN744708)株。用Reed-Muench法测得CAV-BJ02株的TCID50为106.7·(100 μL)-1。电镜下可清晰地观察到呈正六边形的二十面体、直径在86 nm左右的犬腺病毒颗粒。遗传进化分析结果表明,本株病毒为CAV-Ⅱ型。动物回归试验结果表明,CAV-BJ02株可引起犬发热等轻微临床症状,以口鼻分泌物为主要排毒方式,排毒期为5~6 d,不导致犬死亡。上述研究结果为深入了解北京地区CAV的流行情况,为犬腺病毒病的诊断、防治及后续相关研究奠定了理论基础。
关键词犬腺病毒    分离鉴定    进化分析    动物试验    
Isolation and Identification of Canine Adenovirus CAV-BJ02 Strain
YOU Xinyue1,2, LIU Chang1,2, HAO Yunfeng1,2, LIANG Lin1,2, QIN Tong1,2, CUI Shangjin1,2     
1. Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
2. Beijing Science Observatory Experimental Station for Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Beijing 100193, China
Abstract: This study aimed to isolate an epidemic strain of the canine adenovirus (CAV) from Beijing. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 2 to 4 months dogs with cough and other respiratory symptoms in a pet hospital in Beijing. The sample showing positive with canine adenovirus after initial screening by colloidal gold and PCR, was propagated in MDCK cells after processing. Continuous subculture was carried out, and typical cytopathic lesions such as rounding, shedding, and grape stringing appeared. The sample was identified by morphological observation, PCR identification and animal regression test. The PCR amplification results indicated that the isolate was a canine adenovirus type II, and it was named as CAV-BJ02 (GenBank:MN744708) strain. Virus titers were determined according to the method of Reed and Muench, and TCID50 of CAV-BJ02 isolated was 106.7·(100 μL)-1 in MDCK cells. Canine adenovirus particles with a regular hexagonal icosahedron and a diameter of about 86 nm can be observed clearly under electron microscope. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the sequence of the CAV-BJ02 strain was consistent with that of CAV type Ⅱ. Animal regression test results showed that CAV-BJ02 strain can cause mild clinical symptoms such as fever, with oral and nasal secretions as the main routes for viral shedding, and the viral shedding period is about 5-6 days, which does not cause dogs to die. The results above provided insights into the prevalence of CAV in Beijing and laid a theoretical foundation for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of canine adenovirus disease.
Key words: canine adenovirus    isolation and identification    evolutionary analysis    animal experiment    

犬腺病毒(canine adenovirus,CAV)可感染许多哺乳动物,世界范围分布[1-3],为腺病毒科哺乳动物腺病毒属的无囊膜的双链DNA病毒,外表面由纤维、五邻体基质和六邻体衣壳粒组成,病毒粒子呈二十面体对称[4]。直径在70~90 nm,其纤突顶端有一直径4 nm的球形物,可吸附细胞和凝集红细胞[5]。CAV可感染犬、虎、狐、熊、郊狼和浣熊等动物[6-9]。1925年,CAV-Ⅰ首次被报道。1984年,夏咸柱等[10]证实了我国存在CAV-Ⅰ;随后,哈尔滨、北京等地相继分离获得CAV-Ⅰ[11-12]

CAV可分为Ⅰ型(CAV-Ⅰ)和Ⅱ型(CAV-Ⅱ)。CAV-Ⅰ引起犬传染性肝炎,多发于1岁以内的犬[13],系以肝小叶中心坏死,肝实质、皮质细胞核内出现包涵体和出血时间长为特征的急性传染病[14-15],可使狐、熊发生脑炎[16]。CAV-Ⅰ感染的临床症状有发热、精神萎靡、厌食、眼鼻分泌物增多等;在急性期后,发生角膜穿孔、角膜炎、间质性肾炎等。肝细胞和许多组织的血管内皮细胞是被侵害的主要部位[17-20]。CAV-Ⅱ型引起犬呼吸道疾病,症状为高热、呼吸急促、干咳、浆液或脓性鼻漏及扁桃体肿大等[21]。CAV-Ⅱ的感染与传染性喉气管炎、肠炎都有关[22-24]。犬传染性支气管炎是一种温和的、自我限制性上呼吸系统敏感性疾病,存在普遍流行性[25]

本试验从北京地区患有咳嗽、流鼻涕等呼吸道症状的病犬气管分泌物中成功分离出1株犬腺病毒,并进行PCR鉴定、电镜观察、遗传进化分析及动物回归试验,该研究结果为更好地预防、控制相关疾病奠定了理论基础。

1 材料与方法 1.1 细胞及主要试剂

MDCK细胞由本实验室保存。LA保真酶购自北京百旺通达公司。DMEM培养基、胎牛血清(FBS)、胰酶细胞消化液(含酚红)均购自北京经日今典有限公司。磷酸盐缓冲液购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司。2×PCR Taq酶购北京自博迈德基因技术有限公司。病毒DNA快速提取试剂盒购自北京艾德莱生物科技有限公司。

1.2 样本的采集及处理

采集北京某动物医院2~4月龄发生高热、咳嗽的幼犬气管分泌物,经胶体金和PCR初筛为CAV阳性者用于后续试验。将气管分泌物用PBS稀释后加入1%青、链霉素。12 000 r·min-1离心10 min,将上清用0.22 μm滤器过滤除菌后为分离病毒样品,-80 ℃保存用于病毒的分离。

1.3 病毒的分离、传代及滴度测定

将病毒样品接种于对数生长期的MDCK细胞,感染1 h后,加入含有2% FBS的DMEM细胞培养液,加入1%青霉素、链霉素双抗,然后放入37 ℃、5% CO2细胞恒温培养箱中进行培养,设立阴性对照,当出现80%的CPE时,收获病毒。接毒后第72小时不出现CPE者经收获后再次接种细胞,每代细胞培养物经PCR检测,盲传4代后,CPE和PCR检测均为阴性者视为病毒分离阴性。对分离出的病毒按照Reed-Muench法测定病毒的TCID50[26]

1.4 病毒的PCR鉴定

将第4代细胞培养物反复冻融3次后收获病毒,经6 000 r·min-1离心5 min后,取上清液提取病毒核酸后,作为PCR扩增模板备用。针对CAV-Ⅱ的E3基因设计并由北京六合华大基因科技有限公司合成1对特异性引物CAV-2-F:5′-CTTACCAAGAGGGACACGG-3′,CAV-2-R:5′-CCAGAAAGGCGGGATAGA-3′,进行PCR扩增反应。反应体系:2×PCR Mix 10 μL;CAV-2-F/CAV-2-R各1.0 μL,模板2 μL;ddH2O补足至20 μL。反应条件:95 ℃ 5 min;95 ℃ 30 s,56 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 30 s,35个循环;72 ℃ 10 min。并设置阴性对照。

1.5 病毒的电镜观察

将病毒液6 000 r·min-1离心30 min后,取上清液。将上清液分装于离心管中,每管约30 mL,用长针头将20%蔗糖溶液缓慢加入管底;170 000×g离心2 h,弃上清,每管用50 μL、pH7.4的PBS重悬沉淀,经醋酸铀负染,电镜下观察病毒形态。

1.6 遗传演化分析

根据PCR鉴定结果,笔者参考GenBank中CAV-Ⅱ型毒株序列,针对E3基因的ORF2扩增后由北京六合华大基因科技有限公司测序得到1 081 bp序列,然后,在NCBI下载多个地区不同时间分离的CAV的Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型E3基因ORF2序列(GenBank登录号:AC_000003、KX181846、EF057101、KP670424、KC577558、MH469715、CAU55001、KU755729、KU315335、GQ915311、JX416842.1、KF676982、MF356370.1、U77082.1、KY775390、KP670422、KF676980、KF676977、KU755723、KT853096、KU755713、KU755712),与CAV-BJ02株的E3基因ORF2测序结果利用DNAStar及MEGA6.0软件进行处理,序列比对后进行遗传演化分析。

1.7 动物回归试验

从北京昌平地区犬养殖场中购买2~3月龄的幼犬,检测无犬细小病毒(CPV)、犬瘟热病毒(CDV)、犬副流感病毒(CPIV)、犬冠状病毒(CCoV)等感染。观察2周,无任何症状后开始试验。随机分为A组(n=4)和B组(n=2)。A组每只犬给予CAV病毒液[TCID50为106.7·(0.1 mL)-1] 2.0 mL,B组每只犬给予DMEM 2.0 mL。攻毒后逐日采集试验犬的鼻咽及肛拭子,观察并记录临床症状。棉拭子以800 μL PBS稀释处理,经6 000 r·min-1离心5 min后取上清液作为病毒核酸提取液备用。检测引物[27]为CAV-2 225U20(上游引物): 5′-TTGCACATGCCATTGGAGAG -3′;CAV-2 395L20(下游引物): 5′-CCATAATGCGCTTCAGCTTC -3′,扩增长度为190 bp。

2 结果 2.1 病毒分离培养

本株CAV在接毒24 h可使MDCK细胞出现CPE,接毒48 h后,MDCK细胞开始有脱落、葡萄串样,界限不清晰等细胞病变,培养48~53 h可收获病毒。

2.2 PCR鉴定

利用CAV-Ⅱ的E3基因特异性引物对分离株DNA进行PCR扩增,得到大小为655 bp的目的条带。PCR产物条带大小与预期相符,将目的条带PCR产物经回收、克隆及测序,其序列与GenBank中CAV-Ⅱ型毒株相似性可达96%以上,证明分离的BJ02株病毒为CAV-Ⅱ型(图 1)。

1.阴性对照;M.MB2000+相对分子质量标准;2.分离毒株 1. Negative control; M. MB2000+DNA marker; 2. Isolated strain 图 1 CAV E3基因的PCR扩增 Fig. 1 PCR amplification results of CAV E3
2.3 电镜观察

病毒液浓缩纯化后经醋酸铀负染,在电子显微镜下放大4.2万倍进行观察。可观察到较多病毒粒子,呈现典型的二十面体结构,直径为70~90 nm(图 2)。

图 2 CAV电镜负染结果(42 000×) Fig. 2 The electron microscope negative staining results of CAV (42 000×)
2.4 遗传进化分析

进化树结果表明,本试验分离株与CAV-Ⅱ处于同一分支,且与1996年多伦多分离的1株CAV-Ⅱ (GenBank登录号:U77082.1)相似性最高,达99.9%(图 3)。

图 3 CAV BJ02株遗传演化分析进化树 Fig. 3 The strain genetic evolution analysis evolution tree of CAV BJ02
2.5 动物回归试验

2.5.1 临床症状   正常的健康幼年犬体温在38.5~39 ℃浮动。A组接种CAV-BJ02株的试验犬出现轻微肉眼可见的鼻镜处鼻液增多现象,鼻镜明显比B组犬湿润,并伴有稀便和体温高于39 ℃的发热等临床症状,B组犬未出现任何临床症状。

2.5.2 排毒情况观察   经对攻毒后第1~10天的咽拭子和肛拭子进行处理,提取病毒核酸后经PCR扩增观察其排毒状况,结果表明,试验犬从攻毒后第2天开始排毒,至攻毒后第6天排毒结束,且攻毒后第2、3天排毒量最大,在咽部和粪便中都有病毒排出,以咽部为主。

3 讨论

CAV-Ⅱ最早在1962年被分离[28],有报道,CAV-Ⅰ型也可以引起犬发生呼吸道症状,且应用CAV-Ⅱ型来免疫犬也同样可以产生有效保护力,所以有观点称CAV-Ⅱ是CAV-Ⅰ的变异株[29-30],又有观点认为CAV两型重组有可能引发免疫效果变差[25],1885和1988年均有报道分离得到CAV-Ⅱ型病毒[23-24]

笔者通过病毒的分离培养、病毒形态学观察方法确定分离病毒为犬腺病毒,可在细胞上引起细胞变圆、聚集等典型的细胞病变。通过电镜观察病毒粒子为正二十面体,粒径在86 nm左右,与犬腺病毒的形态学特性完全符合。利用PCR扩增及测序的方法发现出本株CAV[31]为CAV-Ⅱ[31],并命名为CAV-BJ02(GenBank:MN744708)株。

CAV-Ⅱ型的临床症状温和,往往与犬瘟热病毒、犬副流感病毒等其他呼吸道病毒混合感染[32],发生混合感染时会有较严重的临床症状出现,这可以解释本次动物试验的临床症状未出现明显咳嗽等的原因。虽然本株CAV引起的临床症状与张洋等[33]的弱毒组动物试验结果相似,但依然伴有试验犬鼻液增多以及体温升高的临床症状,所以本株CAV是致病的。

排毒情况检测结果显示,本株CAV在咽部和粪便中均可检出,但以咽部为主要排出途径。以此为根据可推测本病毒可在幼犬相互舔舐的过程中被传播而导致全窝犬被感染。试验动物未发生死亡现象,说明本株CAV致病力较弱,加以驯化可成为一株良好的疫苗毒株。

4 结论

分离到1株北京地区犬Ⅱ型腺病毒,可以引起2~4月龄幼犬发生体温升高、鼻液轻度增多等临床症状。病毒感染后第2天开始排毒,且主要以口鼻分泌物的方式排出,排毒期持续5~6 d。

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