畜牧兽医学报  2020, Vol. 51 Issue (5): 1158-1162. DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2020.05.027    PDF    
一例犬前肢血管周细胞瘤的病理及免疫组化分析
郑家三, 朱婷婷, 陈文文, 张佳韧     
黑龙江八一农垦大学动物科技学院, 大庆 163319
摘要:血管周细胞瘤是一种软组织肉瘤,起源于毛细血管壁的周细胞。在本报道中,描述了一只11岁中华田园犬的左腿腕关节肿块。为确定肿块性质,采用影像学、细胞学和病理学检查加以诊断。X光检查显示肿瘤始于软组织,肿物界限清晰;细胞学检查显示细胞呈梭形,核仁明显,细胞核大小不一;病理组织学结果显示存在围绕血管的梭形细胞;免疫组织化学结果显示波形蛋白和α-SMA阳性表达,desmin和S-100阴性表达,肿瘤组织中PCNA阳性肿瘤细胞的数量大于25%,Masson trichrome染色显示肿瘤组织中胶原纤维的含量少。结合病理学及免疫组化确诊为血管周细胞瘤。
关键词    血管周细胞瘤    病理学    免疫组织化学    
Pathological and Immunohistochemical Analysis of Hemangiopericytoma in a Dog Forelimb
ZHENG Jiasan, ZHU Tingting, CHEN Wenwen, ZHANG Jiaren     
College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
Abstract: Hemangiopericytoma is a soft tissue sarcoma that originate from the pericytes of the capillary wall. In this study, we described a left radiocarpal joint mass in an 11-year-old female mixed-breed dog. Iconography, cytology, histopathology, and immunohistology were used to determine the nature of the mass. X-ray imaging showed that the tumor began in soft tissue and had clear boundaries; cytology showed that the cells were spindle-shaped, with obvious nucleoli and variably sized nuclei; histopathology revealed the presence of spindle cells surrounding blood vessels; immunohistochemistry was positive for vimentin and α-SMA, and negative for desmin and S-100. The number of PCNA positive tumor cells was more than 25%. Masson trichrome staining showed that the content of collagen fibers in tumor tissue was low. The diagnosis of hemangiopericytoma was confirmed by pathology and immunohistochemistry.
Key words: canine    hemangiopericytoma    pathology    immunohistochemistry    

血管周细胞瘤是由周细胞在分裂过程中由于染色体受损造成分裂异常,未形成正常的组织结构,而转变成的罕见肿瘤。1942年首次报道该病,该肿瘤发病率较低,多发于中老年犬,发病部位多见于四肢,也有外阴、口腔等部位的报道[1-2],肿瘤可发生眼部、腹腔、肺部转移[3-4]

血管周细胞瘤目前被分在血管周围壁瘤分类中,其诊断较为困难[5],特别是很难与血管内皮细胞瘤进行鉴别[6]。采取细胞学、病理组织学及免疫组织化学方法进行肿瘤诊断依然是最为准确的方式[7]。犬血管周细胞瘤临床罕见,为此,报道本病例的病理及免疫组化分析过程,以期给临床兽医工作者提供参考。

1 临床资料与检查方法

中华田园犬,11岁,母犬,一年前在左腿腕关节附近出现增生物,近期生长迅速,肿物表面破溃,前来就诊。临床检查发现肿物表面有液体渗出,按压无明显痛觉,质地坚实。对患犬进行X光、血液学检查。使用22G针头穿刺肿物,在肿物中选取三个方向负压抽吸3~5次后,将针头内细胞吹到载玻片上,用Diff-Quik染液染色进行细胞学检查。肿物经手术摘除后,将样本放入10%甲醛固定,经石蜡包埋,常规切片,获得病理组织学切片,光镜下观察。对样本组织经过脱蜡、TBS浸洗、封闭、加一抗、二抗、DBA显色、复染、封片等获得免疫组化切片。免疫组化所用一抗分别为vimentin(Boster BM0135)、PCNA(Sangon D120014)、α-SMA(Boster BM0002)、desmin (Boster BM0036)和S-100(abcam ab34686)。

2 结果 2.1 X光检查

X光显示,该犬胸腔无异常,在左前肢腕关节外侧有一大小为7.2 cm ×4.0 cm的中等密度、质地均匀肿物,肿物边界整齐,腕关节处骨骼未见骨膜反应出现。

2.2 血液学检查

血常规显示白细胞及淋巴细胞总数升高,红细胞及血红蛋白轻度下降,血液生化检查未见明显异常。

2.3 细胞学检查

在红细胞背景下可见低密度细胞,细胞呈梭型,细胞核圆形至椭圆形,大小均匀,核仁明显,细胞核内可见1~3个核仁,细胞质内有少量空泡,根据细胞学表现初步判断为间质细胞类肿瘤(图 1)。

细胞核圆形至椭圆形,核仁明显,细胞核内可见1~3个核仁(箭头所示) The nucleus is round to oval, with obvious nucleoli, 1-3 nucleoli can be seen in the nucleus (indicated by arrows) 图 1 细胞学检查结果(Diff-Quik染色,1 000×) Fig. 1 Results of cytological examination (Diff-Quik staining, 1 000×)
2.4 病理组织学变化

肿瘤组织于真皮深层和皮下组织内生长,外周无包膜结构,与周围组织界限不清,镜下可观察皮下有嗜酸性染色的黏液基质和组织坏死(图 2A)。增殖的肿瘤细胞以血管为中心呈巢状分布,外周肿瘤细胞呈空泡化(图 2B)。肿瘤细胞多呈梭形或纺锤形,细胞质丰富且呈嗜酸性染色。细胞核多样,呈椭圆形或长梭形,核仁大而多,可见病理性核分裂像(图 2C)。

A.肿瘤细胞在真皮深层和皮下组织内广泛性增殖,无包膜,与周围组织的界限不清,局部产生黏液基质沉淀和坏死(箭头所示),bar=200 μm;B.瘤细胞排列成巢状,中心为血管,外周瘤细胞呈空泡化(箭头为巢状分布,三角为血管),bar=100 μm;C.图B的局部放大,肿瘤细胞呈梭形或纺锤形,细胞质丰富呈嗜酸性染色,细胞核多样呈椭圆或长梭形,核仁清晰,可见核分裂像(三角为多核仁细胞,箭头为核分裂像),bar=50 μm A. Tumor cells proliferate extensively in the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissues, without capsules, and the boundaries between them and the surrounding tissues are unclear. Mucus matrix sedimentation and necrosis occur locally (shown by arrows), bar = 200 μm; B. Tumor cells are arranged in a nest shape with blood vessels in the center, and peripheral tumor cells are vacuolated (arrows are nested and triangles are blood vessels), bar = 100 μm; C. Partial enlargement of figure B. The tumor cells are fusiform-shaped or spindle-shaped, the cytoplasm is rich in eosinophilic staining, the nucleus is variously oval or long spindle-shaped, the nucleoli are clear, and the mitotic image can be seen (the triangle is a multinucleated cell, the arrow is mitotic image), bar = 50 μm 图 2 肿瘤组织病理学变化 Fig. 2 Tumor histopathological changes
2.5 免疫组化分析

免疫组化结果显示,vimentin在肿瘤组织中呈阳性表达,且阳性反应区域分布广泛。vimentin波形蛋白是正常间叶细胞及其来源的肿瘤细胞的特异性标志蛋白,结果表明,该肿瘤为来源于间叶组织的肿瘤细胞增殖所致。PCNA免疫组化结果显示,阳性表达主要发生在肿瘤组织的细胞核中,而且在肿瘤组织中阳性表达率大于25%,提示肿瘤组织生长旺盛(图 3)。

A. Vimentin在肿瘤组织中的表达,呈阳性反应并广泛分布,bar=200 μm;B. Vimentin在肿瘤细胞中的表达,阳性反应分布在细胞胞质中(箭头所示),bar=50 μm;C. PCNA在肿瘤组织中的表达,呈阳性反应呈弥散性分布,bar=200 μm;D. PCNA在肿瘤细胞中的表达,阳性反应分布在细胞胞核中(箭头所示),bar=50 μm A. The expression of vimentin in tumor tissues was positive and widely distributed, bar=200 μm; B. Vimentin was expressed in tumor cells, and the positive reaction was distributed in the cytoplasm (as shown by the arrow), bar=50 μm; C. PCNA was expressed in tumor tissues, and the positive reaction showed a diffuse distribution, bar=200 μm; D. PCNA was expressed in tumor cells, and the positive reaction was distributed in the cell nucleus (arrow), bar=50 μm 图 3 Vimentin和PCNA表达结果(免疫组化) Fig. 3 Results of vimentin and PCNA expression (immunohistochemistry)

肿瘤组织中α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)、阳性表达,desmin、S-100的免疫组织化学染色结果显示为阴性。肿瘤组织Masson trichrome染色结果,肿瘤组织中胶原纤维成分少,分布在血管周围和间质(图 4)。

E. α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)在肿瘤组织中的表达,阳性反应主要出现在血管周围平滑肌细胞中(箭头所示),bar=50 μm;F. Desmin在肿瘤组织中的表达为阴性反应,bar=200 μm;G. S-100在肿瘤组织中的表达为阴性反应,bar=200 μm;H.肿瘤组织Masson trichrome染色结果,肿瘤组织中胶原纤维成分(蓝色)少,分布在血管周围和间质,为软组织瘤,bar=200 μm E. α-SMA was expressed in tumor tissues, and the positive reaction mainly occurred in perivascular smooth muscle cells (arrow), bar=50 μm; F. Desmin expression in tumor tissues was negative, bar=200 μm; G. The expression of S-100 in tumor tissues was negative, bar=200 μm; H. According to the results of Masson trichrome staining, the tumor tissue contained less collagen fiber (blue), distributed in perivascular and interstitium, and was a soft tissue tumor, bar=200 μm 图 4 α-SMA、desmin和S-100表达结果和Masson trichrome染色情况(免疫组化) Fig. 4 α-SMA, desmin and S-100 expression and results of Masson trichrome staining (immunohistochemistry)
3 讨论

血管周细胞瘤病理学检查可见真皮深层大量增生的肿瘤细胞,呈片状、条索状、漩涡状,排列紊乱。存在围绕着中央打转的特征,围绕的中心多为血管,呈指纹状或鹿角样,但这些特征缺乏特异性。因此,进一步明确诊断需要结合免疫组化检查。研究表明,周围神经鞘瘤通常对vimentin及S-100均表达阳性,本病例vimentin强阳性表达,但S-100阴性表达,因此可以排除周围神经鞘瘤。另外有研究对12例犬血管周细胞瘤的免疫组化结果显示,所有样本的vimentin均为阳性[8]。PCNA可以评价肿瘤细胞的增殖状态,其本质为DNA聚合酶的辅助蛋白,在细胞周期S期广泛表达,为DNA复制及合成所必需。因此PCNA的表达强度可以反映细胞增殖活性,PCNA可用于判断肿瘤细胞生长速度,协助鉴别肿瘤性质[9]。本病例PCNA阳性肿瘤细胞的数量大于25%,说明肿瘤增殖速度较快,具有转移风险。Desmin为肌源性标记物,在平滑肌、横纹肌的肿瘤免疫组化呈阳性表达,α-SMA为血管壁的特异性标志物,当肿瘤细胞来源于小动脉或小静脉的周细胞时,则α-SMA免疫组化呈阳性[10]。本病例免疫组化显示α-SMA阳性,从而证实了该肿瘤细胞来源于血管周细胞,desmin表达阴性,可将平滑肌、横纹肌肿瘤排除。Masson trichrome染色显示,肿瘤组织中胶原纤维含量少,可以排除纤维组织性肿瘤。结合肿瘤细胞病理组织学特征以及肿瘤细胞免疫组化结果,最终确诊为血管周细胞瘤。

虽然血管周细胞瘤切除后有复发的风险,但手术切除是最常用的治疗方法[11]。本病例采用外科手术方法将肿瘤完全切除,术后进行抗生素输液4 d,6个月后进行回访,病犬恢复良好,无复发转移迹象。

4 结论

临床确诊一例血管周细胞瘤,手术切除后恢复良好,回访无异常。

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