基于玉米种植的生长育肥猪粪污农田承载力

引用本文

杜坤, 焦洪超, 王晓鹃, 赵景鹏, 林海. 基于玉米种植的生长育肥猪粪污农田承载力[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2020, 51(5): 1049-1059.

DU Kun, JIAO Hongchao, WANG Xiaojuan, ZHAO Jingpeng, LIN Hai. The Stock Capacity in the Manure of Growing-finishing Pigs Based on Corn Planting[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2020, 51(5): 1049-1059.

基于玉米种植的生长育肥猪粪污农田承载力

杜坤, 焦洪超, 王晓鹃, 赵景鹏, 林海

山东农业大学动物科技学院, 山东省动物生物工程与疾病防治重点实验室, 泰安 271000

收稿日期：2019-11-18

基金项目：山东省重点研发计划项目（2018GNC111008）；山东省农业重大应用技术创新项目（SD2019XM002）；山东省"双一流"奖补资金

作者简介：杜坤(1991-), 男, 山东济宁人, 硕士生, 主要从事畜禽养殖废弃物资源化利用研究, E-mail:18264830593@163.com.

通信作者：焦洪超, 主要从事畜禽环境与营养研究, E-mail:hongchao@sdau.edu.cn.

摘要：本研究旨在以生长育肥猪和玉米种植农田为模型，准确评定生长育肥猪粪肥养分的产生量和不同施肥量下玉米的生物产量及养分需求量，以此为基础建立基于粪肥还田利用的玉米种植农田粪肥承载系数。试验选取8头13周龄胎次和体重（（33.2±3.5）kg）相近的"杜×长×大"生长育肥猪进行饲养试验，分别于16和25周龄各进行一次消化试验，测定其粪、尿产量及粪肥氮、磷产生量。玉米种植试验设6个处理组，对照组施用化肥，负对照组不施肥，4个试验组分别按玉米种植全期氮标准需要量的100%、130%、160%和磷标准需要量的100%施用猪粪有机肥，分别在乳熟后期和完熟期测定玉米种植的氮、磷需求量，与猪粪肥氮、磷产生量拟合，测算粪肥农田承载系数。结果表明，按130%氮需求量施用猪粪有机肥，一季玉米种植乳熟后期和完熟期收获，对氮、磷的需求量分别为122.1、53.0 kg·hm^-2和190.2、62.8 kg·hm^-2，按130%氮施肥量下乳熟后期和完熟期收获的玉米农田承载系数，以N为基础为61.1头·hm^-2和95.2头·hm^-2，以P为基础为90.5头·hm^-2和107.3头·hm^-2，而且施用猪粪有机肥还可增加玉米生物产量，一定程度上增加玉米中氮、磷含量。因此，分别基于玉米对氮和磷的需求，单季玉米种植每公顷土地生长育肥猪的承载参数分别为95.2头和107.3头。

关键词：生长育肥猪粪污还田玉米种植承载参数

The Stock Capacity in the Manure of Growing-finishing Pigs Based on Corn Planting

DU Kun, JIAO Hongchao, WANG Xiaojuan, ZHAO Jingpeng, LIN Hai

Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China

Corresponding author: JIAO Hongchao, E-mail: hongchao@sdau.edu.cn.

项目
Item

13~19
周龄
13-19
Week

20~27
周龄
20-27
Week

日粮组成Composition of the diet

玉米Corn

70.23

70.51

豆粕Soybean meal

17.50

10.50

麸皮Wheat bran

5.50

13.00

大豆油Soybean oil

3.00

2.50

赖氨酸Lysine

0.32

0.24

蛋氨酸Methionine

0.05

0.03

苏氨酸Threonine

0.10

0.02

磷酸氢钙Dicalcium phosphate

1.00

石粉Limestone

1.00

0.90

食盐Salt

0.30

预混料^① Compound-premix

1.00

营养水平^② Nutrient level

消化能/(MJ·kg^-1) Digestible energy

11.90

11.80

粗蛋白质Crude protein

14.24

12.42

钙Calcium

0.66

0.61

可利用磷Available phosphorus

0.32

0.31

赖氨酸Lysine

0.86

0.75

蛋氨酸Methionine

0.26

0.23

^①预混料为每千克日粮提供：VA 5 300 IU，VD₃ 1 330 IU，VE 24 IU，VK₃ 1.75 mg，VB₁ 1.50 mg，VB₂ 5.25 mg，VB₆ 2.25 mg，VB₁₂ 0.026 mg，泛酸15.00 mg，尼克酸22.5 mg，生物素0.075 mg，叶酸0.45 mg，Mn 6.00 mg，Fe 90 mg，Zn 90 mg，Cu 9.00 mg，Se 0.45 mg；^②干物质基础；消化能、粗蛋白质和钙为实测值，其他指标为计算值
^①The compound-premix provides following components for per kilogram of diet: VA 5 300 IU, VD₃ 1 330 IU, VE 24 IU, VK₃ 1.75 mg, VB₁ 1.50 mg, VB₂ 5.25 mg, VB₆ 2.25 mg, VB₁₂ 0.026 mg, pantothenic acid 15.00 mg, nicotinic acid 22.5 mg, biotin 0.075 mg, folic acid 0.45 mg, Mn 6.00 mg, Fe 90 mg, Zn 90 mg, Cu 9.00 mg, Se 0.45 mg. ^②Based on the dry matter; The data of digestible energy, crude protein and calcium are measured values, and other indicators are calculated values

×10³kg·hm^-2

项目
Item

处理组Group

P value

100N

130N

160N

100P

新鲜产量Fresh production

秸秆Straw

25.04±1.15

24.24±2.65

27.66±2.45

22.29±1.75

21.76±1.98

22.28±2.37

0.396 6

穗轴Corncob

3.56±0.13

3.50±0.22

3.48±0.27

3.27±0.25

3.30±0.13

3.13±0.35

0.774 9

籽粒Grain

12.68±0.44

12.26±0.34

12.79±0.86

10.88±0.87

11.99±0.84

11.79±1.32

0.647 3

全株Whole crop

41.28±1.72

40.02±3.20

43.92±3.09

36.44±2.76

37.05±1.56

37.20±3.96

0.420 8

干物质产量Dry matter production

秸秆Straw

6.54±0.21

6.49±0.58

7.10±0.66

5.72±0.34

5.04±0.67

5.52±0.53

0.133 4

穗轴Corncob

1.31±0.07

1.36±0.10

1.47±0.13

1.27±0.10

1.22±0.07

1.11±0.13

0.315 0

籽粒Grain

8.67±0.38

8.40±0.24

9.14±1.34

7.81±0.53

8.08±0.56

7.84±0.98

0.506 5

全株Whole crop

16.52±0.66

16.24±0.92

17.71±0.93

14.80±0.96

14.34±0.76

14.47±1.62

0.198 2

项目
Item

处理组Group

P value

100N

130N

160N

100P

乳熟后期Late milk-ripe stage

籽粒Grain

1.49±0.01

1.58±0.01

1.47±0.01

1.53±0.05

1.49±0.00

1.48±0.04

0.059 4

穗轴Corncob

0.67±0.02^ab

0.73±0.01^a

0.61±0.07^b

0.70±0.02^a

0.53±0.01^c

< 0.000 1

秸秆上部Top of straw

1.62±0.03

1.48±0.05

1.70±0.04

1.62±0.01

1.61±0.09

1.62±0.03

0.132 5

秸秆中部Middle of straw

1.17±0.01

1.13±0.02

1.09±0.05

1.20±0.04

1.10±0.09

1.29±0.05

0.050 0

秸秆下部Bottom of straw

0.98±0.05

1.02±0.03

0.93±0.03

0.89±0.08

1.01±0.03

1.05±0.03

0.103 4

完熟期Full-ripe stage

籽粒Grain

1.43±0.03

1.42±0.02

1.44±0.04

1.48±0.03

1.49±0.04

1.53±0.04

0.192 2

穗轴Corncob

0.58±0.02^b

0.83±0.01^a

0.54±0.01^b

0.49±0.03^b

0.59±0.03^b

0.54±0.01^b

0.000 8

秸秆上部Top of straw

1.30±0.05^ab

1.27±0.06^ab

1.35±0.06^ab

1.20±0.04^bc

1.12±0.01^c

1.37±0.03^a

0.018 2

秸秆中部Middle of straw

0.82±0.03^ab

0.78±0.04^abc

0.88±0.03^a

0.77±0.02^bc

0.69±0.04^c

0.83±0.02^ab

0.005 4

秸秆下部Bottom of straw

0.96±0.02^a

0.80±0.04^b

1.00±0.05^a

0.83±0.05^b

0.79±0.04^b

0.83±0.01^b

0.001 1

项目
Item

处理组Group

P value

100N

130N

160N

100P

乳熟后期Late milk-ripe stage

籽粒Grain

0.70±0.01

0.72±0.02

0.64±0.03

0.62±0.08

0.74±0.01

0.71±0.02

0.257 0

穗轴Corncob

0.29±0.01^c

0.38±0.01^a

0.36±0.01^ab

0.31±0.00^bc

0.41±0.02^a

0.36±0.02^ab

0.001 3

秸秆上部Top of straw

0.55±0.02^ab

0.49±0.02^b

0.49±0.01^b

0.52±0.01^b

0.60±0.04^a

0.53±0.02^b

0.008 6

秸秆中部Middle of straw

0.47±0.02

0.45±0.03

0.49±0.03

0.51±0.01

0.48±0.03

0.543 4

秸秆下部Bottom of straw

0.35±0.02^bc

0.47±0.04^a

0.44±0.04^ab

0.42±0.02^ab

0.41±0.03^abc

0.33±0.01^c

0.011 9

完熟期Full-ripe stage

籽粒Grain

0.69±0.03

0.68±0.02

0.70±0.02

0.68±0.02

0.62±0.03

0.62±0.01

0.077 3

穗轴Corncob

0.28±0.01^b

0.42±0.01^a

0.27±0.01^b

0.20±0.01^b

0.26±0.03^b

0.19±0.01^b

0.006 4

秸秆上部Top of straw

0.36±0.01^b

0.36±0.02^b

0.44±0.06^a

0.31±0.02^b

0.28±0.01^c

0.33±0.02^b

0.000 1

秸秆中部Middle of straw

0.27±0.01^b

0.26±0.02^b

0.38±0.01^a

0.24±0.01^bc

0.20±0.02^c

0.24±0.01^bc

0.000 1

秸秆下部Bottom of straw

0.23±0.01^b

0.31±0.02^a

0.21±0.05^b

0.18±0.01^b

0.20±0.01^b

0.001 1

项目
Item

时间/d Time

P value

100

氮含量N Content

100N

0.21±0.02^{b, x}

0.11±0.01^{b, y}

0.12±0.01^{b, y}

< 0.000 1

130N

0.25±0.02^{a, x}

0.15±0.01^{a, y}

0.14±0.01^{b, y}

< 0.000 1

160N

0.18±0.01^bc

0.17±0.00^a

0.16±0.01^a

0.103 2

100P

0.17±0.01^{c, x}

0.08±0.01^{c, y}

0.19±0.01^{a, x}

< 0.000 1

0.18±0.02^{c, x}

0.11±0.01^{b, y}

0.11±0.00^{b, y}

< 0.000 1

0.11±0.00^{d, x}

0.11±0.01^{b, x}

0.09±0.01^{c, y}

0.011 3

P-value

< 0.000 1

磷含量P Content

100N

0.36±0.01^{ab, x}

0.32±0.02^{ab, y}

0.27±0.01^z

0.000 7

130N

0.37±0.01^{a, x}

0.31±0.01^{ab, y}

0.26±0.01^z

< 0.000 1

160N

0.33±0.01^{bc, x}

0.27±0.01^{bc, z}

0.30±0.01^y

0.001 4

100P

0.33±0.01^bc

0.34±0.05^a

0.29±0.01

0.474 0

0.35±0.01^{abc, x}

0.19±0.01^{d, z}

0.31±0.01^y

< 0.000 1

0.36±0.01^{abc, x}

0.21±0.01^{cd, z}

0.29±0.01^y

< 0.000 1

P-value

0.018 2

< 0.000 1

0.070 5

^a-d同列数据肩标字母相异表示差异显著(P < 0.05)；^x-z同行数据肩标字母相异表示差异显著(P < 0.05)；肩标含相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)
^a-dDifferent letters in the same column means significant difference among the treatments(P < 0.05), ^x-zDifferent letters in the same row means significant difference among the treatments(P < 0.05), same letter in the same column or row means no sig-nificant difference among treatments(P>0.05)

[1]	ZHAN X M, XIAO L W. Livestockwaste 2016-international conference on recent advances in pollution control and resource recovery for the livestock sector[J]. Front Environ Sci Eng China, 2017, 11(3): 16. DOI: 10.1007/s11783-017-0958-y
[2]	中华人民共和国环境保护部, 中华人民共和国国家统计局, 中华人民共和国农业部.第一次全国污染源普查公报[R].北京:中华人民共和国环境保护部, 中华人民共和国国家统计局, 中华人民共和国农业部, 2010:10-11. Ministry of Environmental Protection, National Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture.The first national pollution census bulletin[R]. Beijing:Ministry of Environmental Protection, National Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, 2010:10-11.(in Chinese)
[3]	OUYANG W, HAO F H, WEI X F, et al. Spatial and temporal trend of Chinese manure nutrient pollution and assimilation capacity of cropland and grassland[J]. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2013, 20(7): 5036–5046. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1481-8
[4]	BURTON C H. Reconciling the new demands for food protection with environmental needs in the management of livestock wastes[J]. Bioresour Technol, 2009, 100(22): 5399–5405. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.11.018
[5]	JOHNSON S L, ADAMS R M, PERRY G M. The on-farm costs of reducing groundwater pollution[J]. Am J Agric Econom, 1991, 73(4): 1063–1073. DOI: 10.2307/1242434
[6]	POWELL J M, JACKSON-SMITH D B, SATTER L D. Phosphorus feeding and manure nutrient recycling on Wisconsin dairy farms[J]. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst, 2002, 62(3): 277–286. DOI: 10.1023/A:1021265705737
[7]	MENZI H, OENEMA O, BURTON C, et al.Impacts of intensive livestock production and manure management on the environment[M]//Steinfeld H, Mooney H A, Schneider F, et al.Livestock in A Changing Landscape.Washington: Island Press, 2010.
[8]	谢军, 赵亚南, 陈轩敬, 等. 有机肥氮替代化肥氮提高玉米产量和氮素吸收利用效率[J]. 中国农业科学, 2016, 49(20): 3934–3943. XIE J, ZHAO Y N, CHEN X J, et al. Nitrogen of organic manure replacing chemical nitrogenous fertilizer improve maize yield and nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(20): 3934–3943. DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.20.008 (in Chinese)
[9]	OENEMA O. Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture[J]. J Anim Sci, 2004, 82 E-Suppl: E196–E206.
[10]	PETERSEN S O, SOMMER S G, BÉLINE F, et al. Recycling of livestock manure in a whole-farm perspective[J]. Livest Sci, 2007, 112(3): 180–191.
[11]	张丽英. 饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M]. 3版. 北京: 中国农业大学出版社, 2007. ZHANG L Y. Feed analysis and quality test technology[M]. 3rd ed. Beijing: China Agricultural University Press, 2007. (in Chinese)
[12]	鲍士旦. 土壤农化分析[M]. 3版. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2008. BAO S D. Soil agrochemical analysis[M]. 3rd ed. Beijing: China Agricultural Publishing House, 2008. (in Chinese)
[13]	冯定远. 降低养猪生产所造成环境污染的营养措施[J]. 饲料广角, 2001(20): 1–3, 11. FENG D Y. Nutritive measure of lowering environmental pollution for swine production[J]. Feed Landscape, 2001(20): 1–3, 11. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-8358.2001.20.001 (in Chinese)
[14]	JONGBLOED A W, LENIS N P. Alteration of nutrition as a means to reduce environmental pollution by pigs[J]. Livest Prod Sci, 1992, 31(1-2): 75–94. DOI: 10.1016/0301-6226(92)90057-B
[15]	KORNEGAY E T, HARPER A F, JONES R D, et al. Environmental nutrition:nutrient management strategies to reduce nutrient excretion of swine[J]. Prof Anim Sci, 1997, 13(3): 99–111. DOI: 10.15232/S1080-7446(15)31861-1
[16]	CROMWELL G L. Biological availability of phosphorus for pigs[J]. Feedstuffs, 1980, 52(9): 38–42.
[17]	郭德杰, 吴华山, 马艳, 等. 不同猪群粪、尿产生量的监测[J]. 江苏农业学报, 2011, 27(3): 516–522. GUO D J, WU H S, MA Y, et al. Monitoring of the amount of pig manure and urine in different swineries[J]. Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2011, 27(3): 516–522. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-4440.2011.03.010 (in Chinese)
[18]	王秀斌, 裴雪霞, 夏文建, 等. 氮肥运筹对农大108产量、氮肥利用率及土壤氮素平衡的影响[J]. 玉米科学, 2011, 19(2): 114–118. WANG X B, PEI X X, XIA W J, et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application management on grain yield, fertilizer use efficiency and nitrogen balance of Nongda108[J]. Journal of Maize Sciences, 2011, 19(2): 114–118. (in Chinese)
[19]	MUNDUS S, MENEZES R S C, NEERGAARD A, et al. Maize growth and soil nitrogen availability after fertilization with cattle manure and/or gliricidia in semi- arid NE Brazil[J]. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst, 2008, 82(1): 61–73. DOI: 10.1007/s10705-008-9169-z
[20]	SOMMERFELDT T G, CHANG C, ENTZ T. Long-term annual manure applications increase soil organic matter and nitrogen, and decrease carbon to nitrogen ratio[J]. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 1988, 52(6): 1668–1672. DOI: 10.2136/sssaj1988.03615995005200060030x
[21]	李北齐, 王倡宪, 孟瑶, 等. 生物有机肥对盐碱土壤养分及玉米产量的影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 2011, 27(21): 182–186. LI B Q, WANG C X, MENG Y, et al. Effects of microbial organic fertilizer on saline-alkali soil nutrient and maize production[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2011, 27(21): 182–186. (in Chinese)
[22]	王立刚, 李维炯, 邱建军, 等. 生物有机肥对作物生长、土壤肥力及产量的效应研究[J]. 中国土壤与肥料, 2004(5): 12–16. WANG L G, LI W J, QIU J J, et al. Effect of biological organic fertilizer on crops growth, soil fertility and yield[J]. Soils and Fertilizers, 2004(5): 12–16. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-6257.2004.05.004 (in Chinese)
[23]	KRAMAREV S M, SKRIPNIK L N, KHORSEVA L Y, et al. Increasing the protein content in maize grain by optimizing the nitrogen nutrition of the plants[J]. Kukuruzai Sorgo, 2000(1): 13–16.
[24]	张翔, 朱洪勋, 孙春河, 等. 有机与无机肥料配施对玉米籽粒品质和生产力的影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 1997, 13(5): 31–33. ZHANG X, ZHU H X, SUN C H, et al. Effects of combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on grain quality and productivity of maize[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 1997, 13(5): 31–33. (in Chinese)
[25]	刘源, 崔二苹, 李中阳, 等. 再生水和养殖废水灌溉下土壤-植物系统养分和重金属迁移特征[J]. 灌溉排水学报, 2018, 37(2): 45–51. LIU Y, CUI E P, LI Z Y, et al. Differences of nutrient and heavy metals migration in soil-plant system irrigated by reclaimed water and livestock wastewater[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 2018, 37(2): 45–51. (in Chinese)
[26]	李玲玲.有机肥氮素有效性和替代化肥氮比例研究[D].北京: 中国农业科学院, 2011: 52-54. LI L L.Manure nitrogen availability and its substitution ratio for chemical fertilizer nitrogen[D]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2011: 52-54.(in Chinese) http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD-82101-1011158805.htm
[27]	慕平, 张恩和, 王汉宁, 等. 不同年限全量玉米秸秆还田对玉米生长发育及土壤理化性状的影响[J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2012, 20(3): 291–296. MU P, ZHANG E H, WANG H N, et al. Effects of continuous straw return to soil on maize growth and soil chemical and physical characteristics[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2012, 20(3): 291–296. (in Chinese)
[28]	YAN Z J, LIU P P, LI Y H, et al. Phosphorus in China's intensive vegetable production systems:overfertilization, soil enrichment, and environmental implications[J]. J Environ Qual, 2013, 42(4): 982–989.
[29]	WONG J W C, MA K K, FANG K M, et al. Utilization of a manure compost for organic farming in Hong Kong[J]. Bioresource Technol, 1999, 67(1): 43–46. DOI: 10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00066-8
[30]	刘晨峰, 吴悦颖, 张文静, 等. 中国实施种养结合减排效益研究[J]. 环境污染与防治, 2016, 38(5): 87–89, 94. LIU C F, WU Y Y, ZHANG W J, et al. The research on emission reducing benefits of combination of planting-breeding in China[J]. Environmental Pollution & Control, 2016, 38(5): 87–89, 94. (in Chinese)
[31]	杨飞, 杨世琦, 诸云强, 等. 中国近30年畜禽养殖量及其耕地氮污染负荷分析[J]. 农业工程学报, 2013, 29(5): 1–11. YANG F, YANG S Q, ZHU Y Q, et al. Analysis on livestock and poultry production and nitrogen pollution load of cultivated land during last 30 years in China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2013, 29(5): 1–11. (in Chinese)
[32]	潘瑜春, 孙超, 刘玉, 等. 基于土地消纳粪便能力的畜禽养殖承载力[J]. 农业工程学报, 2015, 31(4): 232–239. PAN Y C, SUN C, LIU Y, et al. Carrying capacity of livestock and poultry breeding based on feces disposal volume of land[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2015, 31(4): 232–239. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.04.033 (in Chinese)
[33]	武兰芳, 欧阳竹. 基于农田氮磷收支的区域养殖畜禽容量分析——以山东禹城为例[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2009, 28(11): 2277–2285. WU L F, OUYANG Z. Regional livestock density under environmental capacity based on nitrogen and phosphorus budget of farmland:a case study of Yucheng county in Shandong province[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2009, 28(11): 2277–2285. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:1672-2043.2009.11.012 (in Chinese)
[34]	杨军香, 王合亮, 焦洪超, 等. 不同种植模式下的土地适宜载畜量[J]. 中国农业科学, 2016, 49(2): 339–347. YANG J X, WANG H L, JIAO H C, et al. Stock capacity in different cropping systems[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(2): 339–347. DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.02.014 (in Chinese)


畜牧兽医学报 2020, Vol. 51 Issue (5): 1049-1059. DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2020.05.016	PDF