畜牧兽医学报  2020, Vol. 51 Issue (3): 644-648. DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2020.03.025    PDF    
2例犬肝胆管细胞癌的病理学诊断
罗传真, 陈梦月, 娄江城, 赵红利, 周熠, 郭盼盼, 胡薛英     
华中农业大学动物医学院, 武汉 430070
摘要:肝胆管细胞癌是来源于肝胆管上皮细胞的恶性肿瘤,在多物种中都有发生。笔者运用组织病理学和免疫组织化学的方法,对2例犬肝肿瘤进行了诊断。结果显示:肝肿瘤眼观均为圆球形白色肿块,组织病理学检查肿瘤组织由呈腺管状排列的瘤细胞构成,有的腺管中央有坏死脱落的细胞,有的有黏液样物质,腺管间以薄的纤维结缔组织分隔,瘤组织有大片的坏死。瘤细胞多呈卵圆形,细胞核大、卵圆形,核分裂象多见,瘤细胞的CK19阳性表达,而CK18和AFP呈阴性表达。根据组织病理学和免疫组织化学检查结果判断,2例犬肝肿瘤为肝胆管细胞癌,本研究为犬肝肿瘤诊断积累了病理学资料。
关键词    肝胆管细胞癌    CK19    CK18    AFP    
Pathological Diagnosis of Two Cases of Canine Cholangiocellular Carcinoma
LUO Chuanzhen, CHEN Mengyue, LOU Jiangcheng, ZHAO Hongli, ZHOU Yi, GUO Panpan, HU Xueying*     
College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
Abstract: Cholangiocellular carcinoma is a malignant tumor derived from hepatic bile duct epithelial cells, which occurs in many species. In this study, two cases of canine liver tumors were diagnosed by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Macroscopic of liver tumor is a spherical white mass, histopathological examination the tumor tissue consists of tumor cells arranged in a glandular tube, in the center of the gland have some necrotic and exfoliated cells, and some have mucus-like substances, the ducts are separated by thin fibrous connective tissue, and the tumor tissue has large area necrosis. The tumor cells are mostly oval, the nucleus is large, oval, and mitotic image is more common, CK19 was positively expressed in tumor cells, while CK18 and AFP were negatively expressed. According to the results of histopathology and immunohistochemistry, 2 cases of canine liver tumors were Cholangiocellular carcinoma, this study accumulated pathological data for the diagnosis of canine liver tumors.
Key words: canine    cholangiocellular carcinoma    CK19    CK18    AFP    

肝胆管细胞癌是来源于肝胆管上皮细胞的恶性肿瘤,可见于人、犬、猫、牛、羊和马等多物种[1]。华南农业大学(华南农学院)从1974—1985年间对广东和广西壮族自治区的畜禽、野生动物和鱼类的肿瘤调查,结果显示肿瘤在各种动物中的分布相当广泛,广州市人的原发性肝癌的发生率占所有恶性肿瘤的首位,而该地区的猪、鸭、鸡和狗也均有原发性肝癌发生,且发病率较高[2-4]。鉴于动物肿瘤与相同的人类肿瘤,有着相似的地理分布现象,因此本试验对肿瘤的研究具有重要意义。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验材料

本试验中病例样品均来自于华中农业大学兽医院。一例是于2017年3月28日就诊的11岁雌性金毛犬,另一例是于2017年6月3日就诊的6岁雌性可卡犬。

1.2 试验方法

将病例样品置于10%的福尔马林溶液中固定,常规石蜡包埋,连续切片,切片厚度4 μm。一部分进行HE染色,观察组织病理变化;另一部分进行免疫组织化学染色,染色步骤参照基因科技有限公司的GTVisionTM+抗鼠/兔通用型免疫组化试剂盒内说明书。染色指标包括CK19、AFP和CK18。免疫组织化学染色所用抗体、工作浓度及修复方法见表 1

表 1 免疫组织化学染色的第一抗体工作浓度及修复方法 Table 1 Immunohistochemical staining of the first antibody working concentration and repair method

运用Nikon80i生物光学显微镜及NIS-Elements高清晰度彩色图文分析系统进行结果观察与记录。

2 结果 2.1 11岁雌性金毛犬的病理学检查

本病例为11岁雌性金毛犬,肝肿块与肝叶紧密相连,表面呈黄色的圆形肿块,直径约14 cm,切面为白色,中央为豆渣样(图 1A)。病理组织学检查显示肿瘤组织与肝组织的分界较清楚,对周围肝细胞产生挤压,瘤组织中央呈凝固性坏死(图 1B);瘤细胞呈圆形,细胞核大,淡染,细胞质略嗜碱性,核分裂象多见(图 1C)。免疫组织化学染色显示,CK19在瘤细胞细胞质阳性表达,而在肝细胞细胞质中呈阴性(图 1D);AFP、CK18在瘤细胞细胞质中阴性表达,在肝细胞细胞质中阳性表达(图 1EF)。

A.肝组织中直径约14 cm的黄白色圆形肿块;B.肿瘤组织挤压周围肝细胞,中央坏死;C.瘤细胞呈圆形,核分裂象多见;D.瘤细胞CK19表达阳性,肝细胞表达阴性;E.瘤细胞AFP表达阴性,肝细胞表达阳性;F.瘤细胞CK18表达阴性,肝细胞表达阳性。C图中“黑三角”为核分裂象;D、E、F图中“红箭头”为阴性表达,“黑箭头”为阳性表达 A. A yellowish-white round mass with a diameter of about 14 cm in liver tissue; B. The tumor tissue squeezes around liver cells and central necrosis occurs; C. The tumor cells were round and mitotic figures were common; D. The expression of cytoplasm CK19 in tumor cells was positive and in hepatocytes was negative; E. The AFP expression of tumor cells was negative and in hepatocytes was positive; F. The expression of CK18 in tumor cells was negative and in hepatocytes was positive. In figure C, the "black triangle" is the mitotic image. In figure D, E and F, the "red arrow" is a negative expression, and the "black arrow" is a positive expression 图 1 11岁金毛犬肝胆管细胞癌的病理变化 Fig. 1 Pathological changes of hepatobiliary duct cell carcinoma in 11 years old golden retriever
2.2 6岁雌性可卡犬的病理学检查

本病例为6岁雌性可卡犬,肝上有一个黄白色、直径8 cm的圆球形肿块,切开内部中央为白色干酪样物(图 2A)。病理组织学检查显示肿瘤组织由呈腺管状排列的瘤细胞构成,有的腺管中央有坏死脱落的细胞,有的有黏液样物质,腺管间以薄的纤维结缔组织分隔,瘤组织有大片的坏死(图 2B)。瘤细胞多呈卵圆形,大小较均一,细胞质嗜酸性或透明,细胞核大,卵圆形,核分裂象多见(图 2C)。免疫组织化学染色显示,CK19在瘤细胞细胞质阳性表达而在肝细胞质中呈阴性(图 2D),AFP、CK18瘤细胞中阴性表达,在肝细胞中阳性表达(图 2EF)。

A.肝组织中直径约8 cm的黄白色圆形肿块;B.肿瘤组织挤压周围肝细胞,瘤细胞排列成腺管状,中央坏死;C.瘤细胞呈圆形,核分裂象多见;D.瘤细胞CK19表达阳性,肝细胞表达阴性;E.瘤细胞AFP表达阴性,肝细胞表达阳性;F.瘤细胞CK18表达阴性,肝细胞表达阳性。C图中“黑三角”为核分裂象;D、E、F图中“红箭头”为阴性表达,“黑箭头”为阳性表达 A. A yellowish-white round mass with a diameter of about 8 cm in liver tissue; B. The tumor tissue squeezes around liver cells and central necrosis occurs; C. The tumor cells were round and mitotic figures were common; D. The expression of cytoplasm CK19 in tumor cells was positive and in hepatocytes was negative; E. The AFP expression of tumor cells was negative and in hepatocytes was positive; F. The expression of CK18 in tumor cells was negative and in hepatocytes was positive. In figure C, the "black triangle" is the mitotic image. In figure D, E and F, the "red arrow" is a negative expression, and the "black arrow" is a positive expression 图 2 6岁可卡犬肝胆管细胞癌的病理变化 Fig. 2 Pathological changes of hepatobiliary duct cell carcinoma in 6 years old cocker spaniel
3 讨论

文献报道肝胆管细胞癌在肝内胆道系统内发生的频率远高于肝外胆管或胆囊,且在雌犬发病率更高[1],本研究2例肝胆管细胞癌均发生于肝内,都为雌性动物。据报道,患胆管细胞癌犬的平均年龄为11.4岁,65%患有胆管细胞癌犬的年龄大于10岁,本研究中一例大于10岁[5]。肝胆管细胞癌的临床体征并不具有特异性,与患肝细胞癌相似,常表现为嗜睡、厌食、呕吐、体重减轻和呼吸困难等。生化检查时,在大多数胆管细胞癌犬中,碱性磷酸酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶和丙氨酸转氨酶等均呈上升趋势[6-7]。这些变化虽能指示肝损伤,但也不具有特异性,不仅不能区分原发性肝恶性肿瘤,还难以区分原发性肝癌和转移性肿瘤,甚至对于疾病是否为肿瘤性质都不能确定。

尽管临床上CT等影像学检查是肝胆管细胞癌早期诊断的主要方法[1, 8-9],但是犬肝恶性肿瘤有肝细胞癌、肝胆管细胞癌和混合癌,在临床诊断上不易区别。病理学诊断对于确定肿瘤的良恶性、组织类型、分化程度及扩散和转移起着决定性作用[10]。因此,合理运用病理学诊断方法尤其是免疫组织化学技术的应用,对于精确诊断肝胆管细胞癌及临床上指导疾病后期治疗具有积极意义。

胆管细胞癌是起源于肝内胆管上皮的肝原发性恶性肿瘤,其主要呈肿块型浸润生长[1, 8-9, 11]。外观可为肿块或结节状,切面从白色到灰白色到黄褐色不等,肿瘤组织由呈腺管状排列的瘤细胞构成,有的腺管中央有坏死脱落的细胞,有的有黏液样物质,腺管间以薄的纤维结缔组织分隔,瘤组织有大片的坏死。瘤细胞多呈卵圆形,大小较均一,细胞质嗜酸性或透明,细胞核大,卵圆形,核分裂象多见[12]。据文献报道免疫组织化学染色,胆管上皮细胞与成熟的肝细胞的CK18、CK19、AFP指标有明显的区别。CK18是成熟肝细胞的标志,属于肝细胞型细胞角质素。AFP由肝及卵黄囊合成的胚胎性血清蛋白,在成年期,主要来源于内胚层恶性肿瘤,其表达水平与肝细胞癌的发生发展有着紧密的联系。故在肝细胞癌中,CK18和AFP呈阳性表达;CK19属于胆管上皮细胞型细胞角质素,一般认为在肝细胞不表达,在肝胆管细胞癌中阳性表达[13-14]

本研究运用组织病理学方法对2例发生在犬肝的肿瘤进行了病理学诊断,HE染色可见其组织学特征为瘤细胞排列成腺管状,与文献报道一致[1, 8-9, 12, 14];免疫组织化学结果显示,瘤细胞的CK18和AFP都呈阴性表达,而CK19阳性表达。综上,本研究2例肝肿瘤可准确诊断为肝胆管细胞癌。

4 结论

结合组织病理学检查结果与免疫组织化学染色后CK18、AFP、CK19指标的阳性分布,2例肿瘤确诊为肝胆管细胞癌。

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