畜牧兽医学报  2019, Vol. 50 Issue (9): 1951-1954. DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2019.09.026    PDF    
白蚁肠道纤维素降解菌的分离和鉴定
马玉俊1, 张凯1, 王磊1, 张康1, 张宏2, 王学智1, 李杰1, 梁子敬1, 张景艳1, 李建喜1     
1. 中国农业科学院兰州畜牧与兽药研究所, 中兽医研究实验室, 兰州 730050;
2. 甘肃省动物卫生监督所, 兰州 730000
摘要:研究白蚁肠道产纤维素酶菌株,寻找新的高产纤维素酶菌株。采用培养基分离方法,纯化白蚁肠道产纤维素酶菌株,比较菌株3种纤维素酶活性,并进行16S rDNA及生化鉴定。筛选出10株产纤维素酶菌株(CX1~10),其中CX10菌株水解圈直径比值最大为2.78。测得48 h内CX10菌株滤纸酶(FPA)活力最高,为49.5 IU·mL-1。CX9的纤维素外切酶(CX)活力最高,为25.9 U·mL-1。CX8、CX9和CX10的纤维素内切酶(CMCase)活力分别为67.8、70.4和95.0 IU·mL-1。经鉴定白蚁肠道产纤维素酶菌株为芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)、枸橼酸杆菌属(Citrobacter)及沙雷菌属(Serratia)。本研究从低等白蚁肠道成功分离出10株菌,其中CX10纤维素综合酶活力最高,为坚强芽胞杆菌(Bacillus firms)。
关键词白蚁    纤维素降解菌    分离    鉴定    
Isolation and Identification of Cellulose-degrading Bacteria in Termite Gut
MA Yujun1, ZHANG Kai1, WANG Lei1, ZHANG Kang1, ZHANG Hong2, WANG Xuezhi1, LI Jie1, LIANG Zijing1, ZHANG Jingyan1, LI Jianxi1     
1. Chinese Veterinary Research Laboratory, Lanzhou Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China;
2. Gansu Animal Health Inspection Institute, Lanzhou 730000, China
Abstract: In order to seek high cellulase-producing strains, the termites intestinal flora was studied. The bacteria in intestinal tract were isolated by the method of medium separation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Three cellulase activities in the screened strains were analyzed at 48 h, and the strains were identified by gene sequencing and biochemical analysis. Ten cellulase-producing bacteria strains were screened (CX1-10), and the ratio of the diameter of hydrolysis zone was the largest (2.78) in CX10. Filter Paper Enzyme (FPA) in CX10 had the highest activity, reaching 49.5 IU·mL-1. Cellulose Endonuclease in CX9 had the highest activity, reaching 25.9 IU·mL-1. Cellulose endoglucanases in CX8, CX9 and CX10 were 67.8, 70.4 and 95.0 IU·mL-1, respectively. All of the screened strains were identified as Bacillus, Citrobacter and Serratia. In this study, 10 bacteria were successfully isolated from the intestines of lower termites, among which the CX10 synthesize cellulase activity was the highest, which was identified as Bacillus firms.
Key words: termite     cellulose-degrading bacteria     isolation     identification    

在我国农业生产中,各种富含木质纤维素的植物废弃物数量巨大。然而长期以来,受生活方式、加工技术及其本身饲用性差等因素影响,这类废弃物没有得到合理利用。白蚁肠道是一个重要的生态系统,寄生着多种微生物,包括细菌、原生生物、真菌和古生菌[1],其肠道内微生物的相互作用是木质纤维素有效降解的重要原因[2-3]。Zhou等[4]从白蚁肠道分离出4株可降解纤维素、半纤维素的菌株,证明白蚁肠道的确存在可降解纤维素的细菌。因此,本试验旨在从低等白蚁肠道中筛选出纤维素降解能力高、易于培养、繁殖的菌株,以期为植物废弃物的生物降解技术提供优势菌株。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验材料

白蚁购自安徽滁州,均为低等木食黄胸散白蚁。细菌基因组DNA试剂盒、细菌PCR试剂盒、革兰染色液、荚膜染色液、芽胞染色液均购于北京索莱宝科技有限公司;羧甲基纤维素钠培养基(CMC-Na)、羧甲基纤维素钠刚果红培养基(CMC-Na刚果红培养基)、刚果红购于山东拓扑生物工程有限公司。

1.2 白蚁的处理

取白蚁20只,75%酒精消毒5 min。无菌操作台下取出肠道组织,匀浆混匀后取菌液梯度稀释液100 μL涂布于CMC-Na,LB琼脂和血平板,有氧/厌氧,37 ℃倒置培养24 h/72 h,刚果红染色后测量透明水解圈直径(D)和菌落直径(d), 计算D/d比值。每个稀释梯度做3个平行试验。

1.3 纯化

挑取单个菌落,点种于初筛选的培养基上,37 ℃划线培养3次,挑取生长良好的单个菌落纯化,经刚果红染色后,对有透明圈的菌株进行革兰染色与镜检,并进行编号。

1.4 纤维素酶的活力测定

按8%的接菌量分别取培养菌种,接种于装有100 mL CMC-Na、滤纸及脱脂棉球培养基,37 ℃,120 r·min-1培养48 h。取发酵液2 mL,5 000 r·min-1离心5 min,取上清液(粗酶液)。采用DNS法分别检测纤维素内切葡聚糖酶(CMCase)、滤纸酶(FPA)、纤维素外切葡聚糖酶(CX)活力[5]

酶活力计算公式:酶活力(IU)=(还原糖的量×稀释倍数×1 000)÷(180×0.5×反应时间)。

1.5 产纤维素酶菌株的种类鉴定

采用革兰染色、荚膜染色、芽胞染色法,观察菌株的显微染色形态。采用肠杆菌科生化鉴定管对CX2~5菌株进行鉴定;采用VITEK2微生物生化自动鉴定仪对CX8、CX9、CX10进行鉴定。提取细菌基因,采用通用16S rDNA引物27F(5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-TACGGTTACCTTG-TTACGACTT-3′),扩增16S rDNA全序列基因,送上海生工进行测序分析。

2 结果 2.1 产纤维素酶菌株的筛选

37 ℃有氧/厌氧条件下,分别在3种培养基上对白蚁肠道菌进行菌株初筛,选择生长状态良好的10株细菌,依次命名为CX1~CX10,菌株透明水解圈与菌落直径的比值(D/d)为1.50~2.78,其中CX10的D/d值最大。

2.2 酶活力的测定

图 1所示,在10株菌中CMCase酶活较高的为CX8、CX9和CX10,活力分别为67.8、70.4和95.0 IU·mL-1;FPA酶活最高的为CX10号菌株,活力为49.51 IU·mL-1;CX酶活较高的为CX8、CX9和CX10,活力分别为20.96、25.23和23.26 IU·mL-1。综合3种纤维素酶活力的叠加结果,CX10、CX8、CX9高于其他菌株。

图 1 不同菌株液体发酵试验 Fig. 1 Experimental of liquid fermentation of different strains
2.3 产纤维素酶菌株的鉴定 2.3.1 形态学特征

CX10革兰染色为阳性杆菌,采用荚膜染色和芽胞染色的方法,对CX10进一步观察,结果如图 2所示,CX10无荚膜,可见内生芽胞。

图 2 白蚁肠道细菌CX10菌株的显微形态(100×) Fig. 2 The morphology of bacteria isolated from the gut of termite(100×)
2.3.2 生化试验鉴定

参考《常见细菌系统手册》、《伯杰氏系统细菌学手册》,初步判断CX2、CX4为肠杆菌科沙雷菌属(Serratia),CX3、CX5为肠杆菌科枸橼酸杆菌属(Citrobacter);初步判断CX8、CX9、CX10为芽胞杆菌科芽胞杆菌属(Bacillic),其中3株细菌在苦杏仁苷(AMY)、D-山梨醇(dSOR)、β-D-葡萄糖醛酸酶(BGUR)、D-甘露醇(dMAN)项有差异。

2.3.3 16S rDNA的PCR扩增及系统发育树的构建

将克隆得到的菌株经16S rDNA基因扩增产物进行测序,在NCBI数据库中进行BLAST比对。可知CX2和CX4均来源于沙雷菌属(Serratia)的基因序列,一致性大于95%。CX3和CX5均来源于枸橼酸杆菌(Citrobacter)的基因序列,一致性大于95%。CX8、CX9和CX10菌株均来源于芽胞杆菌(Bacillus)的基因序列(一致性高于95%),其中CX10菌株与坚强芽胞杆菌(Bacillus firms)一致性高达97%,CX9菌株与Bacillus sp.171544一致性高达96%。

3 讨论

木食黄胸散白蚁,属于低等白蚁,其肠道内细菌种类十分丰富,但大多数为不可培养的微生物[6]。本研究以羧甲基纤维素为基质, 建立富集培养基并通过刚果红染色、细菌透明水解圈D/d比值测定等手段,从低等白蚁肠道中共分离纯化出10株菌,主要为芽胞杆菌、枸橼酸杆菌、沙雷菌,其中CX10经16S rRNA基因鉴定为坚强芽胞杆菌,在已有文献中未见报道。本研究中没有分离到嗜纤维杆菌、肠球菌、厌氧中温梭菌等在白蚁肠道中出现的菌属[7-8],这可能与在白蚁肠道中兼性微生物是清除氧气和创造厌氧条件有关[9],也可能与试验选择的培养基,培养条件有关。除此之外,白蚁的种类也可能是一个重要因素[10-11]。研究表明,纤维素降解能力最强的菌株大多与芽胞杆菌有关[12-13],本研究通过测定菌株中CMCase、FPA、CX三种酶系的酶活,筛选出的CX8、CX9、CX10,均为芽胞杆菌,较之其他菌株,在产纤维素酶及酶活性方面都有很大优势,而分离的肠杆菌CX2~5产酶量较少。

4 结论

从低等木食黄胸散白蚁肠道筛选出10株产纤维素酶菌株,主要为芽胞杆菌、枸橼酸杆菌、沙雷菌,其中芽胞杆菌为主要产酶菌株。产纤维素酶最高的坚强芽胞杆菌CX10具有进一步深入研究的价值。

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