畜牧兽医学报  2019, Vol. 50 Issue (2): 446-453. DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2019.02.024    PDF    
小鼠卵巢组织定量PCR分析中内参基因的筛选
杨显英1,2, 熊显荣1,2, 韩杰1,2, 黄向月1,2, 王艳1,2, 阿果约达1,2, 李键1,2     
1. 西南民族大学生命科学与技术学院, 成都 610041;
2. 青藏高原动物遗传资源保护与利用教育部重点实验室, 成都 610041
摘要:旨在选择小鼠卵巢组织中合适的内参基因,为研究卵巢发育过程中基因表达提供可靠数据。以不同年龄(0日龄、3周龄、5周龄、8周龄)小鼠卵巢组织为试验材料,Trizol法提取样本总RNA,并合成cDNA,根据已报道的小鼠(Mus musculus)各组织中相对稳定表达的8个常见内参基因(Gapdhβ-actinβ-tubulin、18S rRNA、16S rRNAH2afzUbcRpl13a)的GenBank登录序列设计引物,采用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)方法构建卵巢cDNA等梯度(1:10)稀释后的标准曲线;利用geNorm分析候选内参基因的表达稳定性(M);NormFinder筛选表达最稳定的内参基因;BestKeeper计算qRT-PCR结果的标准差(SD)和变异系数(CV),从而预测候选内参基因的稳定性。结果表明,8个内参基因的引物特异性较强,具有良好的线性关系;候选内参基因的表达稳定度排序:Gapdh=β-actin > 18S rRNA > Ubc > 16S rRNA > H2afz > Rpl13a > β-tubulin;其中Gapdh表达稳定性最好,且标准差及方差系数最小(SD:0.32,CV:1.95),H2afz标准差及方差系数最大(SD>1.0,CV:5.76)。综上表明,本研究成功获得出生后小鼠卵巢发育过程中稳定表达的内参基因(Gapdhβ-actin),可作为其基因表达研究中的最佳候选内参。
关键词小鼠    卵巢    qRT-PCR    内参基因    表达稳定性    
Identification of Suitable Reference Gene for Quantitative RT-PCR Analysis in Mouse Ovaries
YANG Xianying1,2, XIONG Xianrong1,2, HAN Jie1,2, HUANG Xiangyue1,2, WANG Yan1,2, A GUO Yueda1,2, LI Jian1,2     
1. College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China;
2. Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Exploitation, Chengdu 610041, China
Abstract: The aim of this study was to screen the suitable reference gene in mouse ovaries, which provided important foundation for mRNA expression analysis during ovary development. Mouse ovaries tissues at 4 different development stages (0 day, 3 weeks, 5 weeks, 8 weeks old) were selected as experimental materials. The Trizol method was used to extract the total RNA and synthesize cDNA. The primers of 8 commonly used internal reference genes (Gapdh, β-actin, β-tubulin, 18S rRNA, 16S rRNA, H2afz, Ubc, Rpl13a) were designed based on the sequence of Mus musculus. Ovaries cDNA were diluted gradiently (1:10) to construct standard curves by qRT-PCR. GeNorm was used to calculate gene expression stability measure (M) of the 8 candidated reference genes. NormFinder analysis was performed to compare the stability between selected reference genes, and BestKeeper ranked the standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variance (CV) of candidate gene expression to determine the optimal reference gene. The result indicated that the primers of 8 internal reference genes were highly specific and had good linear relationship. According to the results of geNorm, the stabilities of selected reference genes were Gapdh=β-actin > 18S rRNA > Ubc > 16S rRNA > H2afz > Rpl13a > β-tubulin. Based on the results of NormFinder, Gapdh had the best stability in the ovaries of mouse as the standard deviation and coefficient of variation were the smallest (SD:0.32, CV:1.95), while H2afz was considered as unstable with SD>1.0, CV=5.76. In conclusion, we have successfully identified Gapdh, β-actin as the most suitable reference genes during ovary development after birth, which could be used as reference genes for normalizing genes analysis.
Key words: mouse     ovary     qRT-PCR     reference gene     expression stability    

实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)作为分子生物学研究基因表达的常用定量方法,其特点是灵敏度高、特异性强、结果可靠[1]。然而RNA的质量、逆转录效率以及试验过程中加入cDNA浓度等会影响qRT-PCR结果的可靠性[2]。为了得到可靠的qRT-PCR结果,通常引入多个表达较为稳定的内参基因进行数据的标准化和校正[3]。管家基因(housekeeping genes)常被选作内参基因,它们通常稳定表达以维持基本功能,包括Gapdhβ-actin、18S rRNA、泛素等。研究表明,Gapdh不适合作为家兔组织及人有核血细胞基因表达研究的内参基因[4-5]。越来越多的证据表明, 常用的内参基因在不同细胞类型或不同试验条件下的表达模式有差异[6]

目前关于内参基因的研究报道较多,例如,β-actin在体内及体外培养的山羊腔前卵泡中表达呈高稳定性[7]。在测定哮喘患者支气管肺泡细胞和支气管活检组织中Gapdhβ-actin mRNA含量的研究中,发现β-actin的表达量存在显著差异。而在大鼠的肺组织研究中,β-actin是最佳内参基因[8-9]。Nakao等[10]在小鼠新陈代谢相关组织中构建13个候选基因的表达谱,发现18S rRNA是唯一稳定表达的内参基因。核糖体蛋白13A (Rpl13a)和泛素C(Ubc)已被证明是在各种人细胞和组织中稳定表达[11-12]Rpl13aUbc分别是小鼠心机梗塞模型及淋巴结中稳定表达的内参基因[13-14]。Mamo等[15]以家兔不同时期卵母细胞和胚胎为研究对象,发现H2afz基因在整个发育阶段和胚胎中表达最稳定。综上表明,在不同组织中内参基因表达差异显著。因此,针对具体研究对象进行内参基因的验证是必需的。

卵巢是调控卵母细胞成熟的重要场所,出生时的小鼠卵巢主要由卵母细胞和基质细胞构成,从出生至5周龄,卵巢发生持续生长、分化过程,性成熟后卵巢发生周期性的排卵。不同组织在生长发育阶段,内参基因表达并不恒定[16]。而在目的基因的表达分析中,稳定表达的内参基因对结果的真实性显得尤为关键。目前,关于内参基因的筛选主要集中在小鼠心、肝,山羊不同组织及肌内前体脂肪细胞等组织[13, 17-19]。在不同时期小鼠卵巢组织上尚未见报道。为进一步探索卵巢组织中稳定表达的内参基因,本研究以小鼠卵巢组织为试验材料,采用qRT-PCR技术、geNorm[11]、NormFinder[20]和BestKeeper[21]程序对Gapdhβ-actinβ-tubulin、18S rRNA、16S rRNAH2afzUbcRpl13a 8个候选基因在不同年龄小鼠卵巢中表达稳定性进行分析,旨在获得小鼠卵巢组织中的最佳内参基因及为后期相关研究中内参基因的选择提供依据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验动物

本试验所需昆明白鼠(n=12)购于成都达硕实验动物有限公司,雄性小鼠单笼饲养,雌性小鼠集中饲养,自由采食,10 h黑暗,14 h光照。6~8周龄雌鼠与雄鼠按1: 1同笼,第2天早上7:00检查阴道栓,受孕雌鼠单独饲养,待孕鼠分娩后,断颈法处死新生鼠,在解剖显微镜下分离0日龄雌鼠卵巢组织。3周龄、5周龄、8周龄雌鼠颈椎脱臼法处死,75%酒精消毒后打开腹腔,分离卵巢组织,置于RNA-free的EP管中,-80 ℃保存备用。

1.2 RNA提取和cDNA合成

试验样本小鼠卵巢组织按照Trizol法提取其RNA,利用紫外分光光度计检测RNA纯度及浓度,按照TaKaRa反转录试剂盒说明书合成cDNA的第一条链,-20 ℃保存备用。

1.3 引物设计及标准曲线构建

本试验选取Gapdhβ-actinβ-tubulin、18S rRNA、16S rRNAH2afzUbcRpl13a 8个蛋白编码基因,根据GenBank登录序列,利用Primer Premier5.0软件设计引物(表 1),引物由金斯瑞生物科技有限公司合成。将1.2中小鼠卵巢cDNA按1: 10稀释6个梯度后进行qRT-PCR,构建标准曲线。

表 1 候选基因的引物序列 Table 1 Sequences of primers of selected reference genes
1.4 实时荧光定量PCR

以不同年龄小鼠卵巢组织cDNA为模板,qRT-PCR反应体系:5.5 μLddH2O,7.5 μL SYBR® Premix Ex TaqTM Ⅱ,上、下游引物各0.5 μL,模板cDNA 1 μL。反应程序:95 ℃ 4 min;40个循环(95 ℃ 10 s,59 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 45 s);72 ℃延伸5 min。每个检测样本设3个重复。

1.5 数据分析

将所有候选基因qRT-PCR的循环阈值(Ct)减去最低Ct值,得到ΔCt,并转换为相对表达量2-ΔCt,geNorm根据2-ΔCt计算候选内参基因平均表达稳定度(M),M值越小,基因表达越稳定,当M>1.5时,该基因不适合作为内参。NormFinder与geNorm计算原理相似,根据所有候选基因稳定值的大小筛选出稳定性最好的的内参基因。BestKeeper则根据Ct值的几何平均数计算出标准偏差(standard deviation,SD)和变异系数(coefficient of variation,CV),其中变异系数CV为标准偏差与均值的比率。当SD、CV越小,内参基因稳定性越好,而当SD>1时,基因表达不稳定。

2 结果 2.1 内参基因引物的特异性

通过qRT-PCR对Gapdhβ-actinβ-tubulin、18S rRNA、16S rRNAH2afzUbcRpl13a 8个候选基因进行熔解曲线分析,如图 1所示,所有熔解曲线均是单峰,表明其均无引物二聚体和非特异性扩增,各内参基因引物特异性较强,结果可靠性高。

A.Gapdh;B. β-actin;C. β-tubulin;D.18S rRNA;E.16S rRNA;F.H2afz;G.Ubc;H.Rpl13α 图 1 小鼠卵巢组织中8个候选内参基因的Real-time PCR熔解曲线 Figure 1 Real-time PCR melting curves of 8 candidate reference genes of mouse ovaries tissues
2.2 标准曲线的构建

以Ct值为纵坐标,相对拷贝数的对数为横坐标构建Gapdhβ-actinβ-tubulin、18S rRNA、16S rRNAH2afzUbcRpl13a 8个候选基因的标准曲线,结果表明(表 2),各内参基因的扩增效率在90.0%~103.9%,各候选内参基因的标准曲线决定系数(R2)均>0.98,具有良好的线性关系,满足qRT-PCR条件。

表 2 小鼠卵巢8个候选内参基因的qRT-PCR标准曲线参数 Table 2 Parameters of qRT-PCR standard curves of 8 candidate reference genes of mouse ovary tissues
2.3 不同年龄卵巢中内参基因表达的稳定度

通过分析不同时期卵巢中候选内参基因的表达变化,结果表明,18S rRNA在小鼠卵巢中表达量最高,Gapdh等7个候选内参基因的表达量相当,其中Rpl13a基因表达差异最大(图 2)。通过geNorm分析8个候选内参基因表达的稳定性,结果表明,Gapdhβ-actinβ-tubulin、18S rRNA、16S rRNAH2afzUbcRpl13a的平均表达稳定度(M)值均低于1.5,所选内参基因稳定性依次是Gapdh=β-actin>18S rRNAUbc>16S rRNAH2afzRpl13aβ-tubulin(图 3);NormFinder和BestKeeper分析显示,在出生后卵巢发育过程中,Gapdh的标准差及变异系数最小(SD:0.32,CV:1.95),H2afz标准差及变异系数最大(SD>1,CV:5.76),不适合作为卵巢基因表达研究中的最佳内参基因(表 3)。

图 2 小鼠卵巢组织中8个候选内参基因的循环阈值 Figure 2 Cycle threshold of 8 candidate reference genes of mouse ovaries tissues
图 3 小鼠卵巢组织内参数基因的平均表达稳定度 Figure 3 The average expression stability values of reference genes in mouse ovaries tissues
表 3 NormFinder和Bestkeeper程序分析候选参考基因表达稳定性、标准差(SD)和变异系数(CV) Table 3 The gene expression stability calculated by NormFinder software and standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variance (CV) determined by BestKeeper software
3 讨论

管家基因编码的蛋白质是维持细胞活力必需的,在大多数细胞中保持稳定且高水平表达,在基因表达研究中常作为内参基因[22]。真核生物中常用的内参基因包括Gapdhβ-actin、18S rRNA以及编码组蛋白及核糖体蛋白等。Dang等[23]研究表明,管家基因的表达可能存在很大差异,在不同组织和试验条件下,最佳的内参基因可能在同一物种中有所不同。因此,筛选稳定表达的内参基因对特定组织基因表达研究至关重要。

Gapdhβ-actin是两个最广泛使用的管家基因,已被证明是人前列腺癌中最佳的内参基因[24]。本研究结果表明,在小鼠卵巢组织发育过程的8个候选基因中表达最稳定两个基因分别是Gapdhβ-actin。Kang等[25]分析了6个内参基因在小鼠大脑中动脉闭塞模型(MCAO)及小鼠神经母细胞瘤细胞系(N2a)病理模型中的表达稳定性,结果发现,Gapdhβ-actin表达最稳定。这与本研究的结果一致。本研究结果显示,在卵巢发育过程中Gapdhβ-actin的表达差异小,为最佳内参基因。玻璃化冷冻后的4周龄小鼠卵巢中β-actinGapdh表达稳定[26]。这可能由于本研究对象是不同年龄阶段的卵巢组织,导致试验结果有所差异。在不同品种小鼠肌肉及小肠组织中,Gapdhβ-actin、18S rRNA中的表达并不稳定,不能作为最佳的内参基因[27-28]。此外,在小鼠早期胚胎、妊娠期胎盘组织中最佳的内参基因是Ubc,而Gapdhβ-actin的表达量降低,稳定性较差[19]。在小鼠胰腺组织表达最稳定的内参基因分别是Rpl13aUbc[29]。本研究结果表明,在小鼠卵巢组织中Ubc稳定性仅次于Gapdhβ-actin和18S rRNA,其表达稳定性和扩增效率均高于Rpl13a

本研究结果显示,在不同年龄卵巢组织中β-tubulin表达稳定度最大(M:1.455),18S rRNA的表达差异最大,H2afz标准差及变异系数高。β-tubulin在金纹细娥3个不同生长发育阶段(1~5龄、蛹、成虫)表达最稳定[30]。在创伤损伤后脊髓组织的蛋白印迹分析中β-tubulin表达较β-actin稳定[31]。在鹿茸干细胞中β-tubulin表达稳定性最高[32]。而在牛早期胚胎中β-tubulin表达下调,发育到囊胚期后其表达量显著上调[33]。此外β-tubulin在山羊腔前卵泡中表达最不稳定[7]。对小鼠肺发育过程中的基因表达分析发现,18S rRNA表达不稳定[34]。其次,在小鼠胚胎干细胞分化过程中,H2afz的转录明显下调[35]。这与本研究结果一致。由此可见,内参基因在不同物种及不同组织中的表达稳定度并不完全一致。而小鼠作为模式动物,引入2个及以上的内参基因可一定程度提高小鼠卵巢组织中低水平表达基因定量的准确性。

4 结论

本研究通过qRT-PCR分析不同年龄小鼠卵巢组织中的8个常见内参基因的表达稳定性,分析显示, Gapdhβ-actin表达最稳定,β-tubulin、18S rRNAH2afz最不稳定。Gapdhβ-actin可作为出生后小鼠卵巢发育过程中基因表达分析的理想内参基因,为进一步研究卵巢发育过程中相关基因的功能提供基础数据。

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