2018, Vol. 48
表1(Table 1)
2. 乌得勒支大学 理学院，荷兰 得勒支 80125；
3. 麻省理工学院 理学院，美国 波士顿 02114
2. Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, PO Box 80125, Netherlands;
3. School of Science, Massachusetts, Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
Seizures, status epilepticus, and seizure-like rhythmic or periodic activity are common, pathological, and harmful states of brain electrical activity seen in the electroencephalogram (EEG) of patients during critical medical illnesses or acute brain injury[1-2]. A growing body of evidence shows that these states, when prolonged, cause neurological injury[3-4]. In this study, we aimed to develop a valid method to automatically discover a small number of homogeneous pattern clusters, to facilitate efficient interactive labelling by EEG experts.
2 MethodIn this study, we analysed continuous EEG recordings from 10 different ICU patients at MGH. The duration of each recording is at least 12 hours, with a sampling rate of 200 Hz. Digital filters were applied to remove artifacts such as powerline interference, and baseline drift. In addition, spectrograms was prepared for frequency domain feature extraction[5-6]. In total, as listed in Table 1, we extracted 576 time and frequency domain features from each EEG recording.
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Tab. 1 Temporal and spectral features extracted from EEG. |
After feature extraction, we applied principal component analysis (PCA)[11] with 90% variance retained to reduce the dimensionality for each feature array. It is followed by unsupervised clustering method K-means[12], to further split the data into 9 clusters using K-means. From each cluster we took 9 random samples plus the cluster center, rendering 900 samples in total. Three experts independently labelled all samples into one of 6 standard pattern categories (seizures, GPDs, LPDs, LRDA, GRDA, burst suppression, other).
We compared two methods for labelling clusters: (1) "Labour intensive labelling" (LIL): assign the most frequent of 30 expert provided labels; (2) "Labour efficient labelling "(LEL): assign the most frequent of the 3 expert labels for the central sample. We compared interrater agreement (IRA) indexed by Gwet′s AC1[13] among experts vs. between each expert and consensus labels using LIL vs. LEL. Finally, we used Laplacian Eigenmaps (LE)[14] to visualize the data, as shown in Figure 1.
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Fig. 1 Laplacian Eigenmaps for 2-D visualization of high-D data. |
Median [IQR] expert-expert IRA for all label pairs across subjects was 0.65 [0.58, 0.75]. IRA for individual expert labels and the final consensus label was 0.76 [0.70, 0.82] using LIL, and 0.71 [0.63, 0.78] using LEL. The boxplots are shown in Figure 2. Differences between LIL and LEL were not statistically significant (p=0.34). As illustrated in Figures 3a-f, LE visualizations of the feature space generally revealed a continuum.
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Fig. 2 Boxplots of IRA Gwet′s AC1 index for expert-expert [Ex vs Ex], expert-LIL [Ex vs LIL], and expert-LEL [Ex vs LEL]. |
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Fig. 3 LE visualizations of the feature space generally revealed a continuum of EEG patterns. |
This research suggests that large EEG datasets can be automatically clustered into a small number of patterns described by standard ICU EEG pattern labels. We demonstrated efficient cluster labelling by inspecting only the central most representative of each cluster. Furthermore, LE visualizations support the hypothesis of an interictal-ictal continuum.
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