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  实用休克杂志  2020, Vol. 4Issue (1): 36-40  

引用本文 [复制中英文]

丁宁, 周阳, 杨贵芳, 柴湘平. 急性胰腺炎的严重程度及预后评估的研究进展[J]. 实用休克杂志, 2020, 4(1): 36-40.
Ding Ning, Zhou Yang, Yang Guifang, Chai Xiangping. Assessment on the severity and prognosis of acute pancreatitis[J]. Journal of Practical Shock, 2020, 4(1): 36-40.

基金项目

湖南省卫生健康委一般项目(项目编号:20200075)

通信作者

柴湘平, E-mail:chaixiangping@csu.edu.cn

文章历史

收稿日期:2020-01-10
急性胰腺炎的严重程度及预后评估的研究进展
丁宁1 , 周阳2 , 杨贵芳2 , 柴湘平2     
1. 长沙市中心医院急诊医学科;
2. 中南大学 湘雅二医院急诊医学科
摘要:急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)是一种常见的消化道疾病,部分可发展成重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP),其预后较差。因此早期对AP的严重程度进行评估,调整治疗方案并进行干预,有利于改善AP的预后。目前,对于AP的评估方法包括评分系统,实验室检查,影像学检查,分子标记物以及有关机器学习的模型预测。每一种评估方法均有一定的局限性,如何利用现有的临床资料,尽早并全面地进行AP的严重程度和预后的评估,值得进一步探索。
关键词急性胰腺炎    评估    评分系统    实验室检查    影像学检查    分子标记物    机器学习    
Assessment on the severity and prognosis of acute pancreatitis
Ding Ning1 , Zhou Yang2 , Yang Guifang2 , Chai Xiangping2     
1. Emergency Department of Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, China;
2. Emergency Department of The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
Abstract: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common gastrointestinal disease, some of which can develop into severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) with poor prognosis. Therefore, early assessment of the severity of AP and adjustment of medical treatment and intervention are conducive to im prove the prognosis of AP. At present, the assessment methods of AP include scoring system, laboratory examination, imaging examination, molecular markers and model prediction of machine learning. Each method has certain limitations. How to utilize the clinical data to evaluate the severity and prognosis of AP as early as possible and comprehensively is worthy of further exploration.
Key words: Acute pancreatitis    Assessment    Scoring system    Laboratory examination    Imaging examination    Biomarker    Machine learning    

急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)是一种常见的消化道疾病,世界范围内的发病率约4.9~73.4/10万[1]。随着病程的发展,其严重程度及预后均不相同。在我国,约20%~30%的AP可发展成重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP),其预后较差。因此早期对AP的严重程度进行评估,调整治疗方案并进行干预,有利于改善AP的预后[2]。目前,对于AP的评估方法包括评分系统,实验室检查,影像学分子标记物以及有关机器学习的模型预测。

一、评分系统

应用于AP的评分系统有很多,主要包括Ranson评分,胰腺炎床旁严重指数(beside index for severity in AP, BISAP),无害性胰腺炎评分(harmless AP score, HAPS),胰腺炎活动性评分(pancreatitis activity scoring system, PASS),急性生理和慢性健康评分(acute physiological and chronic health evaluationⅡ, APACHE Ⅱ),改良Marshal评分(Modified marshal score, MMS),序贯器官衰竭评分(sequential organ failure assessment, SOFA),PANC-3评分等等。不同的评分系统包含的指标各有差异,其对于AP严重程度及预后评估的准确性也不尽相同。

1.Ranson评分  其为AP最早的专科评分,包含11项指标,应用广泛[3]。Franciso等研究发现,Ranson评分≥4时,其预测SAP发生率及AP死亡率的灵敏度均在90%以上但因Ranson评分需要在48h才能完成,并不能很早期就准确的评估疾病的严重程度,有相对滞后性[4]

2.BISAP评分  该评分相对简单,仅有5个子项目,包含尿素氮、年龄、意识状态、胸腔积液以及全身炎症反应(systemic inflammation response syndrome,SIRS),容易获取评分。当评分≥2时,预测SAP,胰腺的坏死以及患者的预后均有很高的灵敏度及特异度;当评分≥3时,其预测SAP的曲线下面积(area under the curve, AUC)可达0.9,并优于Ranson评分[5]。在一项回顾性研究分析中,比较四种评分系统(APACHEⅡ、SOFA、SAP和BISAP)预测SAP,BISAP表现突出[6]

3.APACHEⅡ评分  目前广泛用于各种急危重症患者的评估,其评分由急性生理指数,年龄和慢性健康指数三部分构成。研究表明,在包括胆源性,脂源性及酒精性等不同病因导致的AP人群中,当APACHE Ⅱ评分≥8时,均提示SAP合并持续性器官功能障碍,且是感染性胰腺坏死(infectious pancreatic necrosis, IPN)的独立预测指标[7, 8]。但APACHE Ⅱ评分项目达15项,主要关注患者的全身状况,不是AP的专科评分,其特异度较Ranson及BISAP低。

4.MMS和SOFA评分  这两项评分是关于器官功能障碍的评分,两者评分项目都包括氧合指数、肾功能及血压,其中SOFA评分更全面,包括凝血系统,中枢神经系统及肝脏。在AP的研究中,SOFA在入院时及48h内的预测SAP劣于APACHEⅡ,但动态评估发现,患者入院一周左右时,SOFA预测全因死亡率及ICU内死亡率的AUC分别达0.858和0.944,优于APACHEⅡ,提示动态进行SOFA评分可提高预测的准确性[9]

5.HAPS和PANC-3  这两项评分属于AP的专科评分,最高分均为3分,两者评分项目均包含红细胞压积(hematocrit, HCT)。研究表明,入院时HCT>0.44,是AP患者出现器官功能障碍及IPN的独立危险因素[10]。HAPS由HCT,血肌酐,腹部症状组成,而PANC-3由HCT,体重指数及胸膜渗出组成。HAPS不同于其他评分,主要用于快速识别轻症AP患者。Sayrac等提出,HAPS=0分的AP患者可予以更积极的早期肠内营养,且无需立即行CT影像学评估,也同时为患者节约了部分医疗费用[11]。PANC-3在SAP预测的相关研究中提示,其准确度与APACHEⅡ相当[12]。HAPS和PANC-3因评分简单,容易获取,可对AP进行快速便捷的评估。

6.PASS评分  2017年,由Bechien U. Wu通过对美国五大医学中心3123名AP患者的临床研究的基础上提出[13]。评分包括器官功能、SIRS、腹痛、镇痛药物(吗啡等)的剂量及耐受肠内营养的程度5部分,每部分的分值权重均不相同。评分中包含镇痛药物的使用及患者胃肠功能的实时评估,因此动态PASS评分有助于评估目前治疗的效果,并能及时指导下一步治疗。一项回顾性研究提示,入院时PASS>140与AP的严重程度,住院时间,SIRS及胃肠功能障碍相关,而出院时PASS>60与AP的复发及再入院率相关[14]。Lu等研究发现,PASS评分大于267时,其预测IPN的AUC为0.813,高于APCAHE Ⅱ的0.791[15]。目前对于PASS与SAP的相关阈值尚不明确,仍需要进一步探索。

每个评分系统侧重的方面均不尽相同,目前尚无单一的评分系统能够全面的评估AP。研究表明,联合两种或数种评分系统可以更好地对AP进行评估[16]

二、实验室检查

在很多回顾性和前瞻性的临床研究中,目前常用的实验室检查指标包括血常规中的白细胞和血小板;肾功能的肌酐和尿素氮;电解质中的钙、钠及钾;肝功能的胆红素和转氨酶;炎症相关指标C反应蛋白(C-response protein,CRP)和降钙素原等,均与AP的严重程度和预后有相关性[17, 18]。而有关AP的不同评分系统的中均包含一项或数项常用的实验室检查。近年来,越来越多的AP临床研究关注于既往被相对忽视的一些实验室指标与AP的相关性。

1.Seung等研究发现,中性淋巴比(neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, NLR)和血小板淋巴比(platelet to lymphocyte,PLR)值和AP的评分正相关,在AP中的预测价值远高于CRP[19]。但是在酒精性AP患者中,PLR与预后无相关,可能是因为酒精性AP常合并慢性的肝病,导致肝脏生成血小板功能下降所致。

2.红细胞分布宽度(red cell distribution width,RDW)和血小板分布宽度(platelet distribution width,PDW)可作为SAP合并胰腺坏死和器官功能障碍的独立预测指标,可能与AP的炎症及氧化应激抑制了红细胞(red blood cell,RBC)的成熟,导致体积较大的未成熟RBC释放入血液,RDW显著升高[20]。同时,在炎性因子的作用下,血小板的形态也出现异常的改变,PDW在SAP患者中也升高明显[21]

3.D-二聚体(D-dimer)作为纤溶蛋白的降解产物,在评估AP的严重程度及预后中有临床应用价值。一项有关于3451名AP患者的研究中发现,D-dimer>2.5mg/L提示SAP和预后不佳,考虑与AP的胰腺血管内皮细胞损伤,微循环障碍及微血栓形成有关[22]

4.血甘油三酯水平与AP的严重程度是正相关的。而Chen等研究发现,而载脂蛋白和高密度脂蛋白(high density lipoprotein,HDL)与AP的预后呈负相关。其可能的机制是,载脂蛋白和HDL均有抗炎和抗氧化的作用。而SAP患者体内过量的炎性因子可以抑制肝脏产生载脂蛋白和HDL[23]

5.氯离子是电解质检查中容易被忽略的一项。入院时,AP合并高氯血症的患者,以及在入院后48h内血氯上升≥5mmol/L与急性肾功能损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)有密切的关系。血氯的升高可以使肾脏的入球小动脉在一定程度上的收缩,从而使肾脏的血流灌注下降,AKI的发生机率升高[34]

6.近年来,有研究提示,强离子间隙(strong ion gap,SIG)可作为AP的预后的独立预测指标,其预测SAP的AUC为0.91,灵敏度和特异度分别达84.4%和82%[25]。SIG不同于阴离子间隙(anion gap,AG),它是通过多种离子的数值(钠、钾、钙、镁、氯),血尿素氮,血清白蛋白,乳酸,血气PH值等运用特殊的方程式计算得出,其结果比AG更稳定,更能反映体内内环境的状态。

临床的实验室检查指标是相对容易获取的,如何更好地应用这些检查指标为AP患者进行全面评估,值得进一步研究。

三、影像学检查

AP的影像学检查主要包括腹部超声、CT及核磁共振(Magnetic resonance image, MRI)。CT是诊断和评估AP的最常用的影像学检查,以CT评估为基础产生了数种影像学评分,主要包括CT严重指数(computed tomography severity index,CTSI)评分、修正CT严重指数(modified computed tomography severity index,MCTSI)评分和胰腺外炎症CT评分(extra-pancreatic inflammation on CT,EPIC)[26]。不同于CTSI和MCTSI关注于胰腺本身的影像学改变,EPIC评分关注在胰腺外的炎性渗出,包括胸腔,腹腔,肠系膜和腹膜后。在全腹部平扫和增强CT评估AP的研究中,比较CTSI,MCTSI和EPIC评分与坏死性胰腺炎的相关性,未发现三种评分的显著差异性[27]

目前, 有部分关于AP的临床影像学研究,关注点从胰腺转向腹部其他脏器。在肝脏CT灌注成像的研究中发现,SAP患者肝动脉的血流增加明显,而门静脉的血供是显著降低的,其失衡比例与AP的严重程度相关,考虑可能由炎症反应所致[28]。在SAP患者中,脾脏的CT值明显低于健康人群和轻症AP患者,可能与脾脏的血流灌注下降有关[29]

MRI因其相对耗时且价高,在诊断和评估AP中并不常用,但在某些特殊人群需要行MRI检查,包括孕妇,造影剂过敏等人群。研究表明,MRI弥散张量成像(Diffusion tensor image, DTI)能很好地评估AP的严重程度[30]。临床工作中对于不同的AP患者,影像学检查的选择亦需要因人而异。

四、分子标记物

近年来,AP临床研究发现了一些具有潜在临床应用价值的分子标记物。

1.与外周血细胞相关  SAP患者外周血淋巴细胞分类中,CD3-CD (16+56)+细胞比值下降,与AP的严重程度呈负相关[31]。CD3-CD (16+56)+细胞证实为自然杀伤细胞(natural killer cell,NKC),与免疫调节有关,而SAP患者的免疫调节是降低的。脂源性AP患者外周血单核细胞分类中发现,M1型细胞比例与AP患者的Ranson评分,甘油三酯呈正相关[32]。M1型单核细胞参与促炎反应,促进白介素-6,肿瘤坏死因子-α等炎性因子释放。随着AP的病情进展,其比例也显著增加。血小板生成素(Thrombopoietin,TPO)可以激活血小板,促进白细胞趋化。TPO水平高的AP患者,其器官功能障碍的发生率显著升高,预后差[33]

2.与微循环相关  AP的微循环障碍的发生过程中,血管内皮损伤是重要的原因之一。三种内皮因子标记物,包括血管性血友病因子(von Willebrand factor,vWF),E-选择素(E-selectin)和内皮蛋白C受体(endothelial protein C receptor, EPCR)的升高与坏死性AP有密切的关系,这与血管内皮通透性增加,微血栓形成有关[34]。目前与AP相关的分子标记物还有很多,还可以进一步的研究。

五、机器学习的模型预测

机器学习通过对大数据的分析,构建不同疾病的临床预测模型,有助于评估患者的严重程度和预后。除了常用的Logistic回归分析(logistic regression analysis,LRA),计算机Matlab语言的支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)和人工神经网络(artificial neural networks,ANN),以及R语言的诺模图(nomogram)均属于机器学习。目前SVM, ANN及诺模图在AP的临床分析中均有应用[35]

Qiu等运用LRA,SVM及ANN对AP的器官功能障碍进行预测,其AUC曲线分别为0.832、0.84、0.834,无显著统计学差异,但是ANN仅需四项参数指标,包括肌酐,白介素-6,HCT和血栓弹力图的K时间[36]。Jiang等通过对AP患者入院时实验室检查指标和随访信息,仅用包含年龄,谷丙转氨酶,尿素氮及RDW四项指标,构建了SAP预后的诺模图,为临床评估AP的严重程度提供参考[37]。随着计算机的发展,机器学习在临床医学的数据分析领域也发挥越来越重要的作用。

综上所述,AP的评估有多种方法,每一种方法都存在一定的局限性。比如,评分系统的不全面,实验室检查指标的单一性,影像学对设备精确度的依赖,分子标记物的非特异性以及不同样本资料对于机器学习模型预测的偏差。如何利用现有的临床资料,尽早并全面地进行AP的严重程度和预后的评估,亟待进一步的探索研究。

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