石油地球物理勘探  2020, Vol. 55 Issue (4): 793-803  DOI: 10.13810/j.cnki.issn.1000-7210.2020.04.011
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曲英铭, 魏哲枫, 刘畅, 李振春, 徐凯, 李润泽. 面向高陡构造的黏声棱柱波逆时偏移. 石油地球物理勘探, 2020, 55(4): 793-803. DOI: 10.13810/j.cnki.issn.1000-7210.2020.04.011.
QU Yingming, WEI Zhefeng, LIU Chang, LI Zhenchun, XU Kai, LI Runze. Viscoacoustic reverse time migration of prismatic wave for steeply dipped structures. Oil Geophysical Prospecting, 2020, 55(4): 793-803. DOI: 10.13810/j.cnki.issn.1000-7210.2020.04.011.

本项研究受国家自然科学基金项目“崎岖海底界面环境的声—黏弹耦合介质成像”(41904101)、山东省自然科学基金项目“复杂海洋环境天然气水合物储层的多参数地震反演成像”(ZR2019QD004)、国家科技重大专项“海相碳酸盐岩地震勘探关键技术”(2017ZX05005-004)、中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目“面向山前带低信噪比数据的黏声最小二乘逆时偏移”(19CX2010A)、中国石化地球物理重点实验室开放基金项目“黏介质起伏地表正演模拟与反演成像方法研究”(wtyjy-wx2018-01-06)和中国石油大学(华东)人才引进费项目“黏介质起伏地表反演成像方法”(20180041)联合资助

作者简介

曲英铭  副教授, 硕士生导师, 1990年生; 2012年获中国石油大学(华东)勘查技术与工程专业工学学士学位; 2018年获中国石油大学(华东)地质资源与地质工程专业博士学位; 现在中国石油大学(华东)地球科学与技术学院主要从事地震波正演模拟与反演方法研究

曲英铭, 山东省青岛市黄岛区长江西路66号中国石油大学地球科学与技术学院, 266580。Email:qym214@126.com

文章历史

本文于2019年10月30日收到,最终修改稿于2020年4月23日收到
面向高陡构造的黏声棱柱波逆时偏移
曲英铭①②③ , 魏哲枫①②④ , 刘畅 , 李振春 , 徐凯 , 李润泽     
① 页岩油气富集机理与有效开发国家重点实验室, 北京 100083;
② 中国石化弹性波理论与探测技术重点实验室, 北京 10008;
③ 中国石油大学(华东)地球科学与技术学院, 山东青岛 266580;
④ 中国石化石油勘探开发研究院, 北京 100083;
⑤ 中国石油北京油气调控中心, 北京 100007
摘要:由于棱柱波往往包含了很多从一次波中无法获取的高陡构造信息,因此人们利用棱柱波改善高陡构造的照明和成像效果。但地下介质的黏弹性导致地震波能量衰减,引起地下反射界面的弱振幅成像和错位,严重影响棱柱波成像精度。为此,提出了一种面向高陡构造的黏声棱柱波RTM方法,推导了Q补偿的棱柱波正向延拓算子与逆时延拓的伴随算子,并沿着棱柱波的传播方向对Q衰减进行补偿。通过两个典型高陡构造模型试算证明:①黏声棱柱波RTM对高陡构造的成像精度高于黏声RTM、声波棱柱波RTM,成像结果的能量更均衡、分辨率更高,但会牺牲低角度构造的成像分辨率,因此需要联合黏声RTM和声波棱柱波RTM成像结果分析与解释地下构造;②黏声棱柱波RTM的计算时间约为黏声RTM的两倍,且因无法同时重构多个波场值,因此保存波场值需要大量的内存。
关键词黏弹性    衰减补偿    棱柱波    逆时偏移    伴随算子    高陡构造    
Viscoacoustic reverse time migration of prismatic wave for steeply dipped structures
QU Yingming①②③ , WEI Zhefeng①②④ , LIU Chang , LI Zhenchun , XU Kai , LI Runze     
① State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective Development, Beijing 100083, China;
② SINOPEC Key Laboratory of Theory and Survey Technology for Seismic Elastic Waves, Beijing 100083, China;
③ School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum(East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China;
④ SINOPEC Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Production, Beijing 100083, China;
⑤ PetroChina Beijing Oil & Gas Pipeline Control Center, Beijing 100007, China
Abstract: Prismatic waves carry more information about steeply dipped structures which primaries can not reflect. Therefore, prismatic waves are separately used in some migration methods to improve the illumination and imaging effect of steeply dipped structures. However, attenuation leads to amplitude loss and phase distortion of seismic waves, which seriously affects the accurate imaging of prismatic waves. A viscoacoustic RTM (reverse time migration) of prismatic waves is proposed for imaging steeply dipped structures. First a Q-compensated forward-propagating operator and a back-propagating adjoint operator are derived, and then Q attenuation is compensated along the propagating path of prismatic waves. Application on two typical steeply dipped structural models has proved that:①viscoacoustic RTM of prismatic wave can produce better images of steeply dipped structures with higher signal-to-noise ratio, higher resolution and more balanced amplitude than conventional viscoacoustic RTM and acoustic RTM of prismactic wave, but losses some resolution of less dipped structures, therefore underground structures should be interpreted on viscoacoustic RTM and acoustic RTM of prismatic wave; ②the time used for viscoacoustic RTM of prismatic wave is about 2 times that of viscoacoustic RTM, so the former needs a larger memory to save wavefields because it cannot reconstruct multiple wavefields at the same time.
Keywords: viscoelasticity    attenuation compensation    prismatic wave    reverse time migration (RTM)    adjoint operator    steeply dipped structure    
0 概述

高陡盐丘和高陡断层等高陡构造给高分辨率地震成像带来了巨大挑战[1]。在常规地震成像方法中,棱柱波通常被当做噪声而压制[2],实际上棱柱波往往包含了很多从一次波中无法获取的高陡构造信息。因此,棱柱波可改善高陡构造的照明和成像效果[3-7]。Broto等[8]通过有限差分正演模拟描述了棱柱波的运动学特征,并提出了识别棱柱波的准则。棱柱波包含两个反射点和三条反射路径,根据传播路径将棱柱波分为FI和IF两类(图 1)。Marmalyevskyy等[9]提出了一种克希霍夫棱柱波成像方法描述高陡的盐丘侧面。

图 1 FI(a)、IF(b)型棱柱波

逆时偏移(RTM)[10-13]是20世纪80年代提出的高品质成像工具。Li等[14]、Dai[15]推出了棱柱波RTM方法,可以对高陡的盐丘侧面成像。黄建平等[16]将Poynting成像条件和平面波解构算子引入棱柱波RTM;刘金朋等[17]分析了棱柱波RTM效果;Qu等[7]利用棱柱波波形反演提高高陡构造速度反演精度。

上述棱柱波成像方法都是基于完全弹性假设,但实际地下介质存在严重的黏弹性,会发生地震波能量衰减[18-20],导致地下反射界面的弱振幅成像和错位。这种衰减现象对棱柱波的影响更严重,因为棱柱波的传播路径更长,在棱柱波成像时如果忽略地震波衰减,则会引起更严重的幅度损失和相位失真。为了补偿介质黏弹性引起的地震波衰减,可以考虑两种主要棱柱波成像方法:①反Q滤波方法,有效且计算效率高[20-25],但对复杂地质构造的成像精度不高。②Q补偿偏移方法,又分为基于射线理论的Q偏移[26-27]、基于单程波动方程的Q偏移[28-30]、黏声RTM(Q-RTM)[31-35]和黏声最小二乘RTM(Q-LSRTM)[36-38]

文中使用RTM方法分别沿着传播路径FI、IF补偿Q衰减。为了提高高陡构造的成像精度,提出了一种面向高陡构造的黏声棱柱波RTM,并使用两个高陡模型验证所提方法的效果。

1 方法原理 1.1 黏声拟微分方程和离散形式

在黏声介质成像过程中,需要沿着波场的正、反向传播路径补偿Q衰减[33](图 2b),即

$ {(\mathit{\boldsymbol{A}}_{\rm{D}}^{ - 1}{\mathit{\boldsymbol{L}}_{{Q^ + }}})\mathit{\boldsymbol{U}}_{{Q^ + }}^{\rm{S}}(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t) = \mathit{\boldsymbol{F}}} $ (1)
$ {(\mathit{\boldsymbol{A}}_{\rm{U}}^{ - 1}{\mathit{\boldsymbol{L}}_{{Q^ + }}})\mathit{\boldsymbol{U}}_{{Q^ + }}^{\rm{R}}(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},T - t) = \mathit{\boldsymbol{d}}_{{Q^ - }}^{{\rm{obs}}}} $ (2)
图 2 声波(a)、黏声(b)RTM示意图 dobs为无衰减影响的观测数据,USUR分别为声波正向和反向传播波场,ADAU分别为下行波和上行波衰减算子,IIQ+分别为声波逆时偏移和黏声逆时偏移成像结果

式中:AD-1AU-1分别为下行波和上行波黏声补偿算子;LQ+为黏声补偿正演模拟算子;UQ+S(x, t)和UQ+R(x, t)分别为黏声补偿正向和反向传播波场,其中x为空间坐标,t为时间;F为源矩阵;T为总计算时间;dQ-obs为受衰减影响的观测数据。

将Bai等[39]提出的无记忆变量的黏声拟微分方程引入本文的黏声棱柱波RTM中

$ \left( {\frac{{{\partial ^2}}}{{\partial {t^2}}} + \frac{{\tau v}}{2}\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}\sqrt { - {\nabla ^2}} - {v^2}{\nabla ^2}} \right)p = 0 $ (3)

式中:p为压力;v为速度,即

$ v = {v_0}|\frac{\omega }{{{\omega _0}}}{|^\gamma } $ (4)

式中:ω为角频率;v0为参考速度;ω0为参考角频率,文中取ω0=10Hz;而

$ \gamma = \frac{1}{\pi }{\rm{ta}}{{\rm{n}}^{ - 1}}\left( {\frac{1}{Q}} \right) \approx \frac{1}{{\pi Q}} $ (5)

式中Q为品质因数。式(3)中

$ \tau = \frac{{{\tau _\varepsilon }}}{{{\tau _\sigma }}} - 1 $ (6)

式中τετσ分别为应变松弛时间和应力松弛时间,即

$ {{\tau _\sigma } = \frac{{\sqrt {{Q^2} + 1} - 1}}{{\omega Q}}} $ (7)
$ {{\tau _\varepsilon } = \frac{{\sqrt {{Q^2} + 1} + 1}}{{\omega Q}}} $ (8)

利用有限差分方法求解式(3),并在波数域中处理分数拉普拉斯算子项(衰减项)。采用以下时间二阶、空间2M阶有限差分格式

$ \frac{{{\partial ^2}p}}{{\partial {t^2}}}{|_{t = n\Delta t}} \approx \frac{1}{{{{(\Delta t)}^2}}}({p^{n + 1}} + {p^{n - 1}} - 2{p^n}) $ (9)
$ {\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}\sqrt { - {\nabla ^2}} p{|_{t = n\Delta t}} \approx \frac{1}{{\Delta t}}{{\rm{F}}^{ - 1}}[|k|{\rm{F}}({p^n} - {p^{n - 1}})]} $ (10)
$ {{{\left. {\frac{{{\partial ^2}p}}{{\partial {x^2}}}} \right|}_{x = i\Delta x}} \approx \frac{1}{{{{(\Delta x)}^2}}}[{c_0}{p_i} + \sum\limits_{m = 1}^M {{c_m}} ({p_{i + m}} + {p_{i - m}})]} $ (11)
$ {\left. {\frac{{{\partial ^2}p}}{{\partial {z^2}}}} \right|_{z = j\Delta z}} \approx \frac{1}{{{{(\Delta z)}^2}}}[{c_0}{p_j} + \sum\limits_{m = 1}^M {{c_m}} ({p_{j + m}} + {p_{j - m}})] $ (12)

式中:Δt为时间步长;Δx和Δz分别为水平和垂直方向的空间网格步长;p的上标和下标分别为时间和空间坐标,即ij为空间坐标计数单位,n为时间计数单位;k为波数;F和F-1分别为傅里叶正、逆变换;c0, c1, …, cM为有限差分系数。

1.2 黏声波场延拓算子

在实现衰减补偿时,只需将式(3)中衰减项的符号从正变为负即可。在衰减介质的Q补偿过程中,高频噪声随着时间呈指数增加,导致数值不稳定[19, 34, 36, 40-41]。为此,引入正则化项$ \sigma \frac{{\tau {v^2}}}{2}\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}{\nabla ^2}p $(附录A)自动压制高频噪声,设定σ=0.02,则最终的黏声正演模拟方程为

$ \left( {\frac{{{\partial ^2}}}{{\partial {t^2}}} - \frac{{\tau v}}{2}\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}\sqrt { - {\nabla ^2}} - {v^2}{\nabla ^2} + \sigma \frac{{\tau {v^2}}}{2}\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}{\nabla ^2}} \right){p^{{\rm{S + }}}} = \mathit{\boldsymbol{F}} $ (13)

式中pS+为黏声震源波场。基于伴随状态理论,由

$ \begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {\left[ {\frac{{{\partial ^2}}}{{\partial {{(T - t)}^2}}} - \frac{{\tau v}}{2}\frac{\partial }{{\partial (T - t)}}\sqrt { - {\nabla ^2}} - {v^2}{\nabla ^2} + } \right.}\\ {\left. {\sigma \frac{{\tau {v^2}}}{2}\frac{\partial }{{\partial (T - t)}}{\nabla ^2}} \right]{p^{{\rm{R + }}}} = \mathit{\boldsymbol{d}}_{{Q^ - }}^{{\rm{obs}}}} \end{array} $ (14)

计算黏声检波点波场pR+

1.3 黏声棱柱波RTM基本原理

当输入黏声数据进行棱柱波成像时,沿着3个反射路径均要进行黏声补偿(图 3)。

图 3 FI(左)、IF(右)声波RTM(a)和黏声RTM(b) Ip1Ip2分别为声波介质棱柱波FI和IF的成像结果,IQ+p1IQ+p2分别为黏声介质棱柱波FI和IF的成像结果

棱柱波FI和IF的正向延拓震源波场为

$ \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {(\mathit{\boldsymbol{A}}_{\rm{D}}^{ - 1}\mathit{\boldsymbol{L}}{{\rm{a}}_Q} + )\mathit{\boldsymbol{U}}{\rm{a}}_{{Q^ + }}^{\rm{S}} + (\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t) = \mathit{\boldsymbol{F}}}\\ {(\mathit{\boldsymbol{A}}_{\rm{U}}^{ - 1}\mathit{\boldsymbol{A}}_{\rm{D}}^{ - 1}\mathit{\boldsymbol{L}}{{\rm{b}}_{{Q^ + }}})\mathit{\boldsymbol{U}}b_{{Q^ + }}^{\rm{S}}(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t) = \mathit{\boldsymbol{F}}} \end{array}} \right. $ (15)

式中:LaQ+LbQ+分别为黏声补偿的FI和IF正演模拟算子;UaQ+S(x, t)和UbQ+S(x, t)分别为黏声补偿的FI和IF正向延拓震源波场。由

$ \begin{array}{l} \left( {\frac{{{\partial ^2}}}{{\partial {t^2}}} - \frac{{\tau v}}{2}\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}\sqrt { - {\nabla ^2}} - {v^2}{\nabla ^2} + \sigma \frac{{\tau {v^2}}}{2}\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}{\nabla ^2}} \right)\mathit{\boldsymbol{U}}{\rm{a}}_{{Q^ + }}^{\rm{S}}(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t)\\ {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} = \mathit{\boldsymbol{F}} \end{array} $ (16)

得到UaQ+S(x, t)。基于伯恩近似理论,由

$ \begin{array}{l} \left( {\frac{1}{{{v^2}}}\frac{{{\partial ^2}}}{{\partial {t^2}}} - \frac{1}{v}\frac{{\tau \sqrt { - {\nabla ^2}} }}{2}\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}} - {\nabla ^2} + \sigma \frac{{\tau {v^2}}}{2}\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}{\nabla ^2}} \right) \times \\ {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} \mathit{\boldsymbol{U}}{\rm{b}}_{{Q^ + }}^{\rm{S}}(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t) = {\mathit{\boldsymbol{I}}_0}(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}})\frac{1}{{{v^2}}}\left( {\frac{{{\partial ^2}}}{{\partial {t^2}}} - \frac{{\tau v}}{4}\sqrt { - {\nabla ^2}} \frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}} \right) \times \\ {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} \mathit{\boldsymbol{U}}{\rm{a}}_{{Q^ + }}^{\rm{S}}(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t) \end{array} $ (17)

得到UbQ+S(x, t)(附录B)。式中I0表示由黏声RTM得到的成像结果。

黏声补偿的FI和IF反向延拓检波点波场由

$ \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {(\mathit{\boldsymbol{A}}_{\rm{D}}^{ - 1}\mathit{\boldsymbol{A}}_{\rm{U}}^{ - 1}\mathit{\boldsymbol{L}}_{{Q^ + }}^T)\mathit{\boldsymbol{U}}{\rm{a}}_{{Q^ + }}^{\rm{R}}(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},T - t) = \mathit{\boldsymbol{d}}_{{Q^ - }}^{{\rm{obs}}}}\\ {(\mathit{\boldsymbol{A}}_{\rm{U}}^{ - 1}\mathit{\boldsymbol{L}}{\rm{b}}_{Q}^T + )\mathit{\boldsymbol{U}}{\rm{b}}_{{Q^ + }}^{\rm{R}} + (\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},T - t) = \mathit{\boldsymbol{d}}_{{Q^ - }}^{{\rm{obs}}}} \end{array}} \right. $ (18)

得到。式中:LaQ+TLbQ+T分别为黏声补偿的FI和IF伴随算子;UaQ+R(x, t)和UbQ+R(x, t)分别为黏声补偿的FI和IF反向延拓检波点波场。由

$ \begin{array}{l} \left[ {\frac{{{\partial ^2}}}{{\partial {{(T - t)}^2}}} - \frac{{\tau v}}{2}\frac{\partial }{{\partial (T - t)}}\sqrt { - {\nabla ^2}} - {v^2}{\nabla ^2} + } \right.\\ {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} \left. {{\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} \sigma \frac{{\tau {v^2}}}{2}\frac{\partial }{{\partial (T - t)}}{\nabla ^2}} \right]\mathit{\boldsymbol{U}}{\rm{b}}_{{Q^ + }}^{\rm{R}} + (\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t) = \delta {\mathit{\boldsymbol{d}}_{{Q^ - }}} \end{array} $ (19)

得到UbQ+R(x, t)。式中δdQ-为受衰减影响的观测数据与模拟数据之差。由

$ \begin{array}{l} \left[ {\frac{1}{{{v^2}}}\frac{{{\partial ^2}}}{{\partial {{(T - t)}^2}}} - \frac{1}{v}\frac{{\tau \sqrt { - {\nabla ^2}} }}{2}\frac{\partial }{{\partial (T - t)}} - {\nabla ^2} + } \right.\\ {\kern 1pt} \left. {{\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} \sigma \frac{{\tau {v^2}}}{2}\frac{\partial }{{\partial (T - t)}}{\nabla ^2}} \right]\mathit{\boldsymbol{U}}{\rm{a}}_{{Q^ + }}^{\rm{R}}(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t)\\ {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} = {\mathit{\boldsymbol{I}}_{{Q^ + }}}\frac{1}{{{v^2}}}\left[ {\frac{{{\partial ^2}}}{{\partial {{(T - t)}^2}}} - \frac{{\tau v}}{4}\sqrt { - {\nabla ^2}} \frac{\partial }{{\partial (T - t)}}} \right] \times \\ {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} \mathit{\boldsymbol{U}}{\rm{b}}_{{Q^ + }}^{\rm{R}}(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t) \end{array} $ (20)

得到UaQ+R(x, t)。因此黏声棱柱波RTM的成像结果为

$ \begin{array}{l} \mathit{\boldsymbol{I}}_{{Q^ + }}^{\rm{p}} = \mathop \smallint \nolimits_0^T [\mathit{\boldsymbol{U}}{\rm{a}}_{{Q^ + }}^{\rm{S}}(x,t)\mathit{\boldsymbol{U}}{\rm{a}}_{{Q^ + }}^{\rm{R}}(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t) + \\ {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} \mathit{\boldsymbol{U}}{\rm{b}}_{{Q^ + }}^{\rm{S}}(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t)\mathit{\boldsymbol{U}}{\rm{b}}_{{Q^ + }}^{\rm{R}}(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t)]{\rm{d}}t \end{array} $ (21)

需要说明的是,利用式(21)计算UbQ+R(x, t)时,无法同时重构UaQ+S(x, t)、UaQ+R(x, t)和UbQ+S(x, t),因此每间隔10ms保存一个波场。

2 模型试算 2.1 简单起伏地表凹陷模型

由笛卡尔坐标系的速度模型与Q模型(图 4)测试黏声棱柱波RTM的效果,采用贴体网格剖分(图 5)及坐标变换方法[34],得到曲线坐标系下的速度模型与Q模型(图 6)。在曲线坐标系下偏移成像可很好地校正起伏地表影响。

图 4 笛卡尔坐标系下的速度模型(a)与Q模型(b) 由上至下,3层介质的纵波速度分别为3000、4000、4500m/s,Q值分别为20、35、70模型尺寸为2.4km×2.4km,网格点数为301×301,空间网格步长为8m

图 5 贴体网格剖分(a)及其局部放大(b)

图 6 曲线坐标系下的速度模型(a)与Q模型(b) 主频为25Hz的30个雷克子波震源位于起伏地表,间隔为80m,301个检波器沿地表均匀分布,总记录时间为3.0s,采样间隔为0.6ms

由模拟炮记录(图 7)可见,衰减记录存在明显的振幅衰减和相位频散(图 7a图 7c)。由黏声RTM和黏声棱柱波RTM成像结果可见,黏声RTM对垂直反射层的成像效果不好(图 8a白色实线箭头处),黏声棱柱波RTM对水平反射层成像效果不如黏声RTM,但对垂直反射层的成像效果更好(图 8b),并出现少量高频噪声。原因为:因为利用规则化压制黏声衰减的本质是低通滤波,黏声棱柱波RTM需要对正向延拓及逆时延拓进行两次衰减补偿,相应地需要进行两次正则化处理,如果正则化滤波程度过大,则会损失较多有效能量,并遗留少量高频噪声。采用图 7a数据进行黏声RTM和黏声棱柱波RTM得到540ms的波场快照(图 9)。可见:①在曲线坐标系UaQ+S(x, t)中来自水平层的入射波、反射波(图 9a空心箭头处)能量比棱柱波(图 9a实线箭头处)强得多;在曲线坐标系UbQ+S(x, t)中棱柱波与入射波、反射波的能量更均衡(图 9c)。②在曲线坐标系UaS(x, t)、UbS(x, t)(未进行黏声补偿的波场)中入射波、反射波和棱柱波能量均较弱(图 9e图 9g)。由声波RTM(图 10a)和声波棱柱波RTM(图 10b)成像结果可见,反射层的成像振幅和分辨率远低于黏声介质RTM(图 8),声波棱柱波RTM(图 10b)更是如此。上述模型试算结果表明,黏声棱柱波RTM对高陡构造的成像效果好于黏声RTM,与声波棱柱波RTM方法相比,振幅更均衡、分辨率更高。表 1为不同方法对简单起伏地表凹陷模型的成像时间对比。由表可见,黏声棱柱波RTM及声波棱柱波RTM的成像时间是黏声RTM和声波RTM的两倍多,黏声棱柱波RTM的成像时间约为声波棱柱波RTM的3.7倍。

图 7 模拟炮记录 (a)黏弹性介质;(b)声学介质;(c)图a左半部和图b右半部拼合

图 8 黏声RTM(a)和黏声棱柱波RTM(b)成像结果

图 9 540ms的波场快照 (a)曲线坐标系UaQ+S(x, t);(b)笛卡尔坐标系UaQ+S(x, t);(c)曲线坐标系UbQ+S(x, t);(d)笛卡尔坐标系UbQ+S(x, t);(e)曲线坐标系UaS(x, t);(f)笛卡尔坐标系UaS(x, t);(g)曲线坐标系UbS(x, t);(h)笛卡尔坐标系UbS(x, t)

图 10 声波RTM(a)和声波棱柱波RTM(b)成像结果

表 1 不同方法对简单起伏地表凹陷模型的成像时间对比
2.2 高陡盐丘模型

利用高陡盐丘速度模型与Q模型(图 11)测试黏声棱柱波RTM的效果,模型具有垂直的盐丘结构,给成像带来巨大挑战。图 12为黏声介质与声波介质模拟炮记录。

图 11 高陡盐丘速度模型(a)与Q模型(b) 模型由真实模型经过平滑处理得到。模型尺寸为4.8km×3.2km,网格尺寸为601×401,网格间隔为8m。纵波震源子波为主频为30Hz的雷克子波,位于地下8m处,震源个数为60,震源间隔为80m。每一条地震记录由600个检波器接收,检波器间隔为8m。计算时长达3.0s,采样间隔为0.6ms

图 12 黏声介质(a)与声波介质(b)模拟炮记录

使用黏声介质模拟炮记录(图 12a)测试黏声棱柱波RTM的效果,得到600ms的波场快照(图 13)。可见:①在UaQ+S(x, t)(图 13a)中入射波(实线箭头处)能量明显强于棱柱波(空心箭头处),在UbQ+S(x, t)(图 13b)中棱柱波与入射波的能量更均衡;②在UaS(x, t)(图 13c)和UbS(x, t)(图 13d)中入射波、反射波和棱柱波的能量都非常弱。图 14为高陡盐丘模型黏声RTM和黏声棱柱波RTM成像结果。由图可见:黏声RTM对高陡盐丘侧面的成像效果不好(图 14a红色实线箭头处);黏声棱柱波RTM对层状沉积层成像分辨率较低,但对高陡盐丘侧面的成像效果更好(图 14b红色实线箭头处)。图 15为高陡盐丘模型声波RTM和声波棱柱波RTM成像结果。由图可见,高陡盐丘侧面和层状沉积层的成像能量和分辨率都远低于黏声RTM和黏声棱柱波RTM(图 14)。模型试算证明,黏声棱柱波RTM可对复杂高陡构造精确成像。表 2为不同方法对高陡盐丘模型的成像时间对比。由表可见,棱柱波RTM成像时间约为声波RTM的两倍。

图 13 600ms的波场快照 (a)UaQ+S(x, t);(b)UbQ+S(x, t);(c)UaS(x, t);(d)UbS(x, t)

图 14 高陡盐丘模型黏声RTM(a)和黏声棱柱波RTM(b)成像结果

图 15 高陡盐丘模型声波RTM(a)和声波棱柱波RTM(b)成像结果

表 2 不同方法对高陡盐丘模型的成像时间对比
3 结论与认识

高陡构造给地震成像带来了巨大挑战,为此,本文提出了黏声棱柱波RTM方法,推导了黏声棱柱波正向延拓算子与逆时延拓伴随算子,并沿着棱柱波的传播方向补偿Q衰减。通过两个典型高陡构造模型试算证明,黏声棱柱波RTM对高陡构造的成像精度高于黏声RTM、声波棱柱波RTM,成像结果的能量更均衡、分辨率更高。

虽然黏声棱柱波RTM可以提高高陡构造的成像精度,但会牺牲低角度构造的成像分辨率,因此,需要联合黏声RTM和声波棱柱波RTM成像结果分析与解释地下构造。另外,黏声棱柱波RTM的计算时间约为黏声RTM的两倍,且因无法同时重构多个波场值,因此保存波场值需要大量的内存。

本文使用的黏声拟微分方程具有如下优点:①方程求解较简单;②可很容易地引入正则化算子,以保证黏声补偿的稳定性。但该方程也存在明显缺点,即它是基于弱黏弹性假设条件,因此在强黏弹性介质中不再适用。通过引入正则化算子,使计算量小于传统低通滤波方法,并减少了有效能量损失,但正则化方法的本质仍然是低通滤波。与黏声RTM相比,无论波场正向延拓还是逆时延拓,黏声棱柱波RTM均进行两次波场补偿,很难同时兼顾波场能量不损失及完全压制高频噪声。可替代的解决方法是利用最小二乘反演思想,推导稳定的黏声伴随算子,以保证黏声补偿的稳定性。

尚需指出,本文提出的黏声棱柱波RTM可改善高陡构造的成像效果,但需要考虑计算量与内存成本,与黏声RTM类似,对偏移速度场和品质因子场的精度要求较高。

附录A 黏声拟微分方程规则化算子

无记忆变量的黏声拟微分方程为

$ \left( {\frac{{{\partial ^2}}}{{\partial {t^2}}} - \frac{{\tau v}}{2}\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}\sqrt { - {\nabla ^2}} - {v^2}{\nabla ^2}} \right)p = 0 $ (A-1)

式中:p为压力;v为速度;$\nabla $2为拉普拉斯算子。τ可以通过式(7)得出。首先,定义$ \varphi = v\sqrt { - {\nabla ^2}} $为空间域拟微分算子,则式(A-1)改为

$ {\left( {\frac{{{\partial ^2}}}{{\partial {t^2}}} - \frac{{\varphi \tau }}{2}\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}} + {\varphi ^2}} \right)p = 0} $ (A-2)

$ {{\varLambda _t} = {{\rm{e}}^{ - \frac{\pi }{4}t\tau }}} $ (A-3)

引入中间波场q(x, t)

$ q(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t) = {\varLambda _t}p(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t) $ (A-4)

将式(A-4)代入式(A-2),得

$ \left( {\frac{{{\partial ^2}}}{{\partial {t^2}}} - \frac{{\varphi \tau }}{2}\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}} + {\varphi ^2}} \right)\varLambda _t^{ - 1}q(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t) = 0 $ (A-5)

Λt-1q(x, t)对t的一阶偏导数为

$ \frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}[\varLambda _t^{ - 1}q(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t)] = {{\rm{e}}^{\frac{{\varphi \tau }}{4}t}}\frac{{\partial q(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t)}}{{\partial t}} + \frac{{\varphi \tau }}{4}{{\rm{e}}^{\frac{{\varphi \tau }}{4}t}}q(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t) $ (A-6)

Λt-1q(x, t)对t的二阶偏导数为

$ \begin{array}{l} \frac{{{\partial ^2}}}{{\partial {t^2}}}[\varLambda _t^{ - 1}q(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t)] = {{\rm{e}}^{\frac{{\tau \varphi }}{4}}}t\frac{{{\partial ^2}q(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t)}}{{\partial {t^2}}} + \frac{{\varphi \tau }}{4}{{\rm{e}}^{\frac{\varphi }{4}t\tau }}\frac{{\partial q(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t)}}{{\partial t}} + \\ {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} \frac{{\varphi \tau }}{4}{{\rm{e}}^{\frac{{\varphi \tau }}{4}t}}\frac{{\partial q(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t)}}{{\partial t}} + {\left( {\frac{{\varphi \tau }}{4}} \right)^2}{{\rm{e}}^{\frac{{\varphi \tau }}{4}t}}q(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t) \end{array} $ (A-7)

将式(A-6)、式(A-7)代入式(A-5),得

$ \begin{array}{l} \frac{{{\partial ^2}q(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t)}}{{\partial {t^2}}} + \frac{{\varphi \tau }}{4}\frac{{\partial q(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t)}}{{\partial t}} + \frac{{\varphi \tau }}{4}\frac{{\partial q(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t)}}{{\partial t}} + \\ {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\left( {\frac{{\varphi \tau }}{4}} \right)^2}q(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t) - \frac{{\varphi \tau }}{2}\left[ {\frac{{\partial q(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t)}}{{\partial t}} + \frac{{\varphi \tau }}{4}q(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t)} \right] + \\ {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\varphi ^2}q(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t) = 0 \end{array} $ (A-8)

化简式(A-8),得

$ \left[ {\frac{{{\partial ^2}}}{{\partial {t^2}}} + \left( {1 - \frac{{{\tau ^2}}}{{16}}} \right){\varphi ^2}} \right]q(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t) = 0 $ (A-9)

因此,可将式(A-1)改为

$ \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {\left[ {\frac{{{\partial ^2}}}{{\partial {t^2}}} + \left( {1 - \frac{{{\tau ^2}}}{{16}}} \right){\varphi ^2}} \right]q(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t) = 0}\\ {p(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t) = {{\rm{e}}^{\frac{{\varphi t\tau }}{4}}}q(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t)} \end{array}} \right. $ (A-10)

由于p(x, t)随着t呈指数增长,由此引起的高频数值噪声导致计算不稳定。为此,引入规则化项σ,并重新整理式(A-10),得

$ \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {\left[ {\frac{{{\partial ^2}}}{{\partial {t^2}}} + \left( {1 - \frac{{{\tau ^2}}}{{16}}} \right){\varphi ^2}} \right]q(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t) = 0}\\ {p(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t) = {{\rm{e}}^{\frac{{\varphi - \sigma {\varphi ^2}}}{4}t\tau }}q(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t)} \end{array}} \right. $ (A-11)

将式(A-11)的两个方程结合、化简,得

$ \left[ {\frac{{{\partial ^2}}}{{\partial {t^2}}} - \frac{{(\varphi - \sigma {\varphi ^2})\tau }}{2}\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}} + {\varphi ^2}} \right]p(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t) = 0 $ (A-12)

φ代入式(A-12),得

$ \begin{array}{l} \left( {\frac{{{\partial ^2}}}{{\partial {t^2}}} - \frac{{\tau v}}{2}\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}\sqrt { - {\nabla ^2}} - {v^2}{\nabla ^2} - \sigma \frac{{\tau {v^2}}}{2}\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}{\nabla ^2}} \right) \times \\ {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} p(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}},t) = 0 \end{array} $ (A-13)
附录B 黏声拟微分方程的伯恩正演算子

黏声正演模拟方程为

$ \begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {\left( {\frac{{{\partial ^2}}}{{\partial {t^2}}} - \frac{{\tau v}}{2}\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}\sqrt { - {\nabla ^2}} - {v^2}{\nabla ^2} + \sigma \frac{{\tau {v^2}}}{2}\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}{\nabla ^2}} \right){p^{{\rm{S + }}}}}\\ {{\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} = \mathit{\boldsymbol{F}}} \end{array} $ (B-1)

式中pS+为黏声震源波场。基于伯恩近似理论,模型参数的扰动将会引起波场的扰动,其中背景波场p0S+

$ \begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {\left( {\frac{1}{{v_0^2}}\frac{{{\partial ^2}}}{{\partial {t^2}}} - \frac{1}{{{v_0}}}\frac{{\tau \sqrt { - {\nabla ^2}} }}{2}\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}} - {\nabla ^2} + \sigma \frac{\tau }{2}\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}{\nabla ^2}} \right)p_0^{{\rm{S + }}}}\\ {{\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} = \mathit{\boldsymbol{F}}} \end{array} $ (B-2)

求得。将$ \frac{1}{{{v^2}}} $泰勒展开,得

$ \frac{1}{{{v^2}}} = \frac{1}{{v_0^2}} - \frac{{2{\rm{ \mathsf{ δ} }} v}}{{v_0^3}} + O({\rm{ \mathsf{ δ} }} v) $ (B-3)

式中Ov)为速度扰动δv的高阶项。将式(B-1)与式(B-2)相减,得

$ \begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {\left( {\frac{1}{{v_0^2}}\frac{{{\partial ^2}}}{{\partial {t^2}}} - \frac{\tau }{2}\frac{1}{{{v_0}}}\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}\sqrt { - {\nabla ^2}} - {\nabla ^2} - \sigma \frac{\tau }{2}\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}{\nabla ^2}} \right)p_s^{{\rm{S + }}}}\\ { = \frac{{2{\rm{ \mathsf{ δ} }} v}}{{{v_0}}}\left( {\frac{{{\partial ^2}}}{{\partial {t^2}}} - \frac{{\tau {v_0}}}{4}\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}\sqrt { - {\nabla ^2}} } \right){p^{{\rm{S + }}}} + O({\rm{ \mathsf{ δ} }} v)} \end{array} $ (B-4)

式中psS+为黏声扰动波场。定义反射系数

$ \mathit{\boldsymbol{I}}(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}}) = \frac{{2{\rm{ \mathsf{ δ} }} v}}{{{v_0}}} $ (B-5)

将式(B-5)代入式(B-4)并忽略高阶项,得黏声伯恩近似方程

$ \begin{array}{l} \left( {\frac{1}{{v_0^2}}\frac{{{\partial ^2}}}{{\partial {t^2}}} - \frac{\tau }{2}\frac{1}{{{v_0}}}\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}\sqrt { - {\nabla ^2}} - {\nabla ^2} - \sigma \frac{\tau }{2}\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}{\nabla ^2}} \right)p_s^{{\rm{S + }}}\\ {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} = \mathit{\boldsymbol{I}}(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}})\frac{1}{{v_0^2}}\left( {\frac{{{\partial ^2}}}{{\partial {t^2}}} - \frac{{\tau {v_0}}}{4}\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}\sqrt { - {\nabla ^2}} } \right){p^{{\rm{S + }}}} \end{array} $ (B-6)
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