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崔红晶, 周涛, 邱堃佩, 宋浩昌, 刘新光
酿酒酵母PMT1PMT3双基因缺失对细胞寿命的影响
生物技术通报, 2018, 34(4): 139-143

CUI Hong-jing, ZHOU Tao, QIU Kun-pei, SONG Hao-chang, LIU Xin-guang
Effects of PMT1 and PMT3 Double-gene Deficiency on the Lifespan of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Biotechnology Bulletin, 2018, 34(4): 139-143

文章历史

收稿日期:2017-10-13

酿酒酵母PMT1PMT3双基因缺失对细胞寿命的影响
崔红晶, 周涛, 邱堃佩, 宋浩昌, 刘新光     
广东医科大学衰老研究所 广东省医学分子诊断重点实验室 东莞市衰老与抗衰老重点实验室,东莞 523808
摘要:研究蛋白质O-甘露糖转移酶(Protein O-mannosyltransferase,PMT)家族中PMT3基因缺失,以及PMT1PMT3双基因缺失对酵母细胞复制性寿命的影响。采用一步基因置换法构建PMT3基因缺失酵母菌株(pmt3Δ),基于基因同源重组的原理,构建PMT1PMT3双基因缺失酵母菌株(pmt1Δpmt3Δ);显微镜下分离和计数酵母子细胞的数目,统计酵母细胞复制性寿命。与野生型酵母细胞的平均复制性寿命(26代)比较,pmt3Δ菌株(24代,P > 0.05)和pmt1Δpmt3Δ菌株(25代,P > 0.05)的平均寿命均无明显变化,差异无统计学意义。酵母PMT3单基因缺失,以及PMT1PMT3双基因缺失均不影响细胞的复制性寿命。
关键词酿酒酵母    细胞寿命    出芽    糖基化    
Effects of PMT1 and PMT3 Double-gene Deficiency on the Lifespan of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
CUI Hong-jing, ZHOU Tao, QIU Kun-pei, SONG Hao-chang, LIU Xin-guang     
Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University; Aging and Anti-aging Key Laboratory of Dongguan, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808
Abstract: We herein aimed to explore the effects of the PMT3 of protein O-mannosyltransferase (PMT) single-gene deficiency, and PMT1 and PMT3 double-gene deficiency on the replicative lifespan of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PMT3 deficiency strain (pmt3Δ) was constructed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-mediated one-step gene disruption, and PMT1 and PMT3 double-gene deficiency strain (pmt1Δpmt3Δ) was prepared based on homologous recombination. The replicative lifespan of yeast cells were counted by separating daughter cells from mother cells using a manual micromanipulator equipped with a fiber-optic needle under the microscope. The replicative lifespan of the pmt3Δ yeast strain (24 generations) and pmt1Δpmt3Δ strain (25 generations, P > 0.05) exhibited no significant difference, compared with that of wild-type yeast strain (26 generations) (P > 0.05), i.e., there was no statistical significance among the differences. Conclusively, PMT3 single-gene deficiency and PMT1 and PMT3 double-gene deficiency exert no evident effects on the lifespan of yeast cells.
Key words: Saccharomyces cerevisiae     cell lifespan     budding     glycosylation    

酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)作为研究衰老机制的经典模式生物,既具有原核生物生长快、基因操作简单的特点,又具有真核生物翻译后加工修饰的功能特点[1]。研究酵母发现其具有多条比较保守的参与寿命调控的通路(如Sch9p、Tor1p和Ras/PKA),且这些通路与哺乳动物的信号通路都很相似。因此,通过研究酵母中人类的同源基因,可以获得功能未知人类新基因的相关信息,为进一步研究高等生物细胞寿命的具体机制提供理论依据。

酿酒酵母蛋白质O-甘露糖转移酶(Protein O-mannosyltransferase,PMT)家族是一类进化上保守的酶类,共有7个成员(Pmt1-7p),分为PMT1、PMT2和PMT4三个亚家族,具有50%-80%同源性,彼此之间有信息互补的特点。酵母PMT家族甘露糖基化修饰未折叠或错误折叠蛋白质,参与调控内质网蛋白质翻译后的加工成熟,进而影响细胞内蛋白质的动态平衡[2-4]。本课题组前期实验结果提示酵母PMT家族中PMT1基因缺失延长细胞的复制性寿命,且与内质网应激反应通路的活性密切相关[5]。本文主要研究PMT3单基因缺失,以及PMT1PMT3双基因缺失对酵母细胞寿命的影响,旨为进一步探讨PMT家族其它成员在酵母寿命调节机制中的作用,以及为甘露糖基化修饰反应与人类相关疾病的研究提供借鉴。

1 材料与方法 1.1 材料 1.1.1 试剂

Easy Taq DNA聚合酶(货号:AP111)、HiFi DNA聚合酶(货号:AP131)和DNA分子量标准购自北京全式金生物技术有限公司;实验所用的限制性内切酶MluⅠ购自TaKaRa公司;酵母提取物(货号:LP0021)和胰蛋白胨(货号:LP0042)购自生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;SD培养基(货号:630411和630412)和限制性氨基酸(货号:630414)购自Clontech公司。

1.1.2 材料

酿酒酵母BY4742(MATα his3Δ1 leu2Δ0 lys2Δ0 ura3Δ0)、PMT1基因缺失菌株(pmt1Δ)、感受态大肠杆菌(DH5α)、载体pRS306和重组载体pRS305-pmt3-ko为实验室保存。载体为低拷贝穿梭载体,在大肠杆菌中具有氨苄青霉素抗性,分别带有Ura和Leu营养筛选标签。引物由上海英骏生物技术有限公司合成,如表 1

表 1 本实验所用引物序列
1.2 方法 1.2.1 PMT3基因缺失菌株的构建与验证

构建方法参照文献进行[6-7]。以载体pRS306为模板,PMT3-F和PMT3-R为引物,PCR扩增PMT3基因破坏元件。采用醋酸锂方法将破坏元件转化进野生型酵母细胞(BY4742),经Ura营养型缺陷培养基筛选。PCR鉴定阳性克隆基因组DNA,鉴定引物分别为PMT3基因开放阅读框外侧引物(V-Pmt3-F/V-Pmt3-R),营养筛选标签URA3基因内部引物和PMT3基因开放阅读框外侧引物(URA-int-F/V-Pmt3-R),采用Easy Taq DNA聚合酶,反应体系和反应条件参照说明书进行。

1.2.2 PMT1PMT3双基因缺失菌株的构建和验证

构建方法参照文献进行[5, 8-9]。限制性内切酶MluⅠ酶切重组载体pRS305-pmt3-ko,采用醋酸锂方法将线性化重组载体转化pmt1Δ酵母细胞。经过Leu和Ura营养缺陷型培养基筛选,PCR鉴定阳性克隆基因组DNA,鉴定引物分别为营养筛选标签LEU2基因内部引物(Leu-int-F/Leu-int-R),PMT3基因开放阅读框外侧引物(Pmt3-N-F/Pmt3-C-R),PMT3基因开放阅读框外侧引物与营养筛选标签LEU2基因内部引物(V-Pmt3-F/Leu-int-R),PMT3基因开放阅读框内部引物(Pmt3-int-F/Pmt3-int-R),及鉴定pmt1Δ菌株所需的引物(V-Pmt1-F/V-Pmt1-R;URA-int-F/ V-Pmt1-R)。采用TransTaq HiFi DNA聚合酶,反应体系和反应条件参照说明书进行。

1.2.3 复制性寿命检测

酿酒酵母复制性寿命的检测方法参照文献进行[10-11]。在光学显微镜下利用纤维操作系统分离、统计酵母母细胞产生子细胞的数目。采用SPSS 19.0统计软件。寿命两组间的分析采用Wilcoxon秩和检验,复制性寿命用平均数表示。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 PMT3基因破坏元件扩增结果

PMT3基因破坏元件(含URA3基因编码序列)全长1 232 bp,PCR扩增产物经过1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳确认正确(图 1)。

图 1 PMT3基因破坏元件扩增结果 1:PMT3基因破坏元件;M:DNA marker
2.2 PMT3基因缺失菌株的鉴定

破坏元件转化野生型酵母细胞(BY4742),PCR验证阳性克隆和野生型酵母细胞基因组DNA,结果(图 2)显示,引物V-Pmt3-F和V-Pmt3-R所扩增片段大小分别为1 619 bp和2 734 bp;引物URA-int-F和V-Pmt3-R所扩增片段分别为710 bp和0 bp,结果与预期大小一致。实验结果表明,PMT3基因缺失菌株(pmt3Δ)构建成功。

图 2 PMT3基因缺失酵母菌株的验证图 1-2:以阳性克隆基因组DNA为模板的PCR产物片段,3-4:以野生型酵母细胞基因组DNA为模板的PCR产物片段;M:DNA marker
2.3 PMT1PMT3双基因缺失菌株的鉴定

基于基因同源重组的原理,构建PMT1PMT3双基因缺失菌株。PCR方法验证阳性克隆和野生型酵母细胞基因组DNA,结果(图 3)显示,引物Leu-int-F和Leu-int-R所扩增片段大小分别为1 097 bp和0 bp;引物Pmt3-N -F和Pmt3-C-R所扩增片段大小分别为6 502 bp和3 262 bp;引物V-Pmt3-F和Leu-int-R所扩增片段大小分别为3 740 bp和0 bp;引物Pmt3-int-F和Pmt3-int-R所扩增片段大小分别为0 bp和358 bp;引物V-Pmt1-F和V-Pmt1-R所扩增片段大小分别为1 710 bp和2 932 bp;引物URA-int-F和V-Pmt1-R所扩增片段大小分别为771 bp和0 bp,结果与预期大小一致。实验结果表明,PMT1PMT3双基因缺失菌株(pmt1Δpmt3Δ)构建成功。

图 3 PMT1PMT3双基因缺失酵母菌株的验证图 1-6:以阳性克隆基因组DNA为模板的PCR产物片段;7-12:以野生型酵母细胞基因组DNA为模板的PCR产物片段;M:DNA marker
2.4 酵母菌株的复制性寿命

选取BY4742、PMT3基因缺失菌株(pmt3Δ)和双基因缺失菌株(pmt1Δpmt3Δ),检测酵母细胞的复制性寿命。结果(图 4)显示,与BY4742酵母细胞的寿命(平均26代)比较,pmt3Δ菌株的寿命无明显变化,平均寿命为24代(P > 0.05),pmt1Δpmt3Δ菌株的寿命也无明显变化,平均寿命为25代(P > 0.05)。实验结果表明,PMT3基因缺失不影响酵母细胞的复制性寿命,PMT1PMT3双基因缺失也不影响酵母细胞的复制性寿命。

图 4 BY4742、pmt3Δ菌株和pmt1Δpmt3Δ菌株复制性寿命曲线图 BY4742:野生型酵母菌株,圆括号内数字代表实验细胞数量和平均复制性寿命
3 讨论

酿酒酵母PMT家族参与调控蛋白质翻译后的糖基化修饰反应,这一糖基化修饰反应在多种细胞生物学功能中起着非常重要作用[12-15]。酵母PMT家族成员之间易形成聚合体,且主要以Pmt1p-Pmt2p、Pmt3p-Pmt5p和Pmt4p-Pmt4p几种聚合体形式存在,并最大发挥其生物学功能。在敲除一个基因的前提下,Pmt1p-Pmt3p或Pmt2p-Pmt5p也可形成聚合体,这种协同补偿作用能维持酵母细胞内甘露糖转移酶的活性,进而调控细胞的生长与增殖[16]

酿酒酵母是以非对称性分裂的方式出芽,每次都能分裂出一个比自己小的子细胞,通过研究酵母母细胞产生子细胞的数量,反应酵母细胞的分裂增殖能力[17]。本课题组前期研究结果提示PMT家族中PMT1基因缺失延长酵母细胞的复制性寿命,PMT2基因缺失对酵母细胞的寿命无明显影响[5, 18]。为探讨PMT家族其它成员基因缺失与细胞分裂增殖之间的关系,本文研究PMT3基因缺失对酵母细胞复制性寿命的影响,基于基因同源重组的原理[5, 9],构建了PMT3单基因缺失酵母菌株,重组发生在染色体水平上,表型稳定遗传。结果发现,缺失PMT3基因没有影响酵母细胞的复制性寿命,提示酵母PMT家族单基因对细胞的正常分裂增殖来说是非必需的。

研究已报道PMT家族中双基因缺失的酵母细胞表现为甘露糖转移酶活性降低,细胞形态变化,生长缺陷等特征。三基因缺失的酵母细胞仅在渗透压稳定环境中存活[19]。如PMT1PMT2双基因缺失的酵母细胞甘露糖转移酶活性约为野生型酵母细胞的20%,双基因或三基因缺失的酵母细胞内可见多个核仁,细胞生长较慢等表型特征,推测这可能与细胞内甘露糖转移酶活性过低相关[20]。为进一步探讨双基因缺失对酵母细胞分裂增殖的影响,本文研究PMT1PMT3双基因缺失菌株的复制性寿命,结果发现,PMT1PMT3双基因缺失对酵母细胞的寿命无明显影响。推测此双基因缺失影响了Pmt1p-Pmt3p聚合体的形成,但并不影响Pmt2p-Pmt5p等其它聚合体的生物学功能,提示PMT家族其它成员可能补偿了双基因缺失在细胞内的生理功能,但具体的机制还不清楚,有待进一步研究。

4 结论

基于基因同源重组的原理,本文成功构建酿酒酵母PMT3单基因缺失菌株和PMT1PMT3双基因缺失菌株。通过酵母光学显微镜检测野生型酵母菌株和基因缺失酵母菌株的复制性寿命,结果显示缺失PMT3基因不影响酵母细胞的复制性寿命,且PMT1PMT3双基因缺失菌株的寿命亦无明显变化。

致谢 感谢美国华盛顿大学Matt Keaberlein教授和美国BUCK衰老研究所Brian K Kennedy博士赠送的BY4742菌株和质粒,以及在酵母实验技术方面给予的精心指导。
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