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薛林贵, 马萍, 尚海, 何小燕, 陈熙明, 刘光绣, 陈拓, 张威
鱼类及两栖动物抗菌肽的研究进展
生物技术通报, 2017, 33(12): 61-66

XUE Lin-gui, MA Ping, SHANG Hai, HE Xiao-yan, CHEN Xi-ming, LIU Guang-xiu, CHEN Tuo, ZHANG Wei
Research Advances on Antimicrobial Peptides of Fish and Amphibians
Biotechnology Bulletin, 2017, 33(12): 61-66

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收稿日期:2017-07-19

鱼类及两栖动物抗菌肽的研究进展
薛林贵1,2, 马萍1,2, 尚海1,2, 何小燕1,2, 陈熙明2, 刘光绣2, 陈拓2, 张威2     
1. 兰州交通大学化学与生物工程学院,兰州 730070;
2. 中国科学院西北生态环境研究院沙漠与沙漠化重点实验室,兰州 730070
摘要:目前,生物界成功分离750种抗菌肽,其中具有抗肿瘤活性的约占13.1%,源于两栖动物和鱼类分别约占13.3%和9.3%。鱼类和两栖动物抗菌肽均属最原始脊椎动物,后天免疫系统极为脆弱,大部分依靠鳃、皮肤和肠道呼吸,主要依靠强大的先天固有免疫系统来避免病原菌侵染,因此分布在不同部位的抗菌肽便成了这类低等生物形成广谱防御第一道防线的重要组成成分。综述了具有广谱抗菌活性和免疫调节能力的moronecidin、epinecidin-1、paradaxin、misgurin这几种分布在杂交条纹鲈鱼、条带石斑鱼、豹鳎鱼和泥鳅的抗菌肽及臭蛙抗菌肽抗菌谱,如moronecidin可杀死所有的革兰氏阳性菌和部分革兰氏阴性菌;epinecidin-1可有效预防石斑鱼感染嗜盐弧菌(Vibrio vulnificus)并杀死神经坏死病毒;paradaxin具有抗肿瘤活性;misgurin杀菌能力极强,臭蛙抗菌肽能杀死白色念珠菌,总结了在毕赤酵母中成功表达的抗菌肽和源于鱼类和两栖动物中具有抗病毒和抗肿瘤活性的抗菌肽,探讨了这几种抗菌肽应用时存在的问题及解决方案,旨在为绿色、有效的抗菌肽药物在各个领域发挥巨大潜力提供理论依据。
关键词抗菌肽    抗菌谱    毕赤酵母    
Research Advances on Antimicrobial Peptides of Fish and Amphibians
XUE Lin-gui1,2, MA Ping1,2, SHANG Hai1,2, HE Xiao-yan1,2, CHEN Xi-ming2, LIU Guang-xiu2, CHEN Tuo2, ZHANG Wei2     
1. School of Chemical and Biology Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070;
2. Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730070
Abstract: At present, 750 antimicrobial peptides have been successfully isolated from the biological community, of which with antitumor activity account for about 13.1%. The antibacterial peptides derived from amphibians and fish are about 13.3% and 9.3%, respectively. Fish and amphibians are the most primitive vertebrate, and most of them rely on the gills, skin and intestinal breathing. Due to their extremely fragile acquired immune system, they have a powerful innate immune system to avoid the infection of the pathogen, thus the antimicrobial peptides distributed in different parts have become the important component of first defense line of broad-spectrum in these lower organisms. This paper reviewed the broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and immune regulation ability of antibacterial peptides such as moronecidin, epinecidin-1, paradaxin, and misgurin distributed in hybrid striped bass, Epinephelus coioides, Pardachirus marmoratus, and Misgurnus anguillicaudatusis, as well as antibacterial spectrum of smelly frog antimicrobial peptide. For instance, the moronecidin can kill all gram positive bacteria and some gram negative bacteria. Epinecidin-1 can effectively prevent the infection of vulnificus(Vibrio vulnificus)in grouper and kill the nervous necrosis virus. Paradaxin reveals the antitumor activities. Misgurin has strong bactericidal ability. Antibacterial peptides from the smelly frog can kill Candida albicans. Then, the paper summarized the antibacterial peptides successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris and those derived from fish and amphibian of having antiviral and antitumor activities. Finally, the paper discussed the problems and solutions in the application of these antibacterial peptides, providing a theoretical basis for green and effective antibacterial peptide drugs in various fields to play a great role.
Key words: antimicrobial peptides     antimicrobial spectrum     Pichia pastoris    

抗菌肽(Antimicrobial peptides,AMPs)是在外界条件刺激下,动物免疫防御系统产生的一类对外源病原体的致病作用具有免疫活性的多肽物质,是动物非特异性免疫防御的重要组成部分[1]。它是广泛分布于细菌、植物、软体动物、两栖动物、鱼类、鸟类和哺乳动物体内的小分子多肽,由20-60个氨基酸残基组成[2]。自然抗菌肽不仅抗菌,而且还有细胞凋亡、伤口愈合和免疫调节的功能[3]。多黏菌素和短杆菌素是第一个用于临床上黏膜感染的阳离子抗菌多肽,具有治疗炎症性皮肤疾病及改善伤口感染愈合的功能。近年来,国内外对抗菌肽的研究有了重大突破。例如,从吴郭鱼(Oreochromis mossambicus)获得的抗菌肽tilapia hepcidin 1-5和循环虾抗内毒素因子(Cyclic shrimp anti-lipopolysaccharide factor,CSALF)能有效杀死石斑鱼神经坏死病毒(GNNV)[4-5];从日本鲎血细胞中提取到的抗菌肽Tachyplesin 1可有效抗贝类病原菌[6];与现有已确定抗菌肽无结构同源性的水母抗菌肽对革兰氏阴性菌和革兰氏阳性菌的抑制作用[7]。抗菌肽的杀菌机制为:带正电的抗菌肽通过作用于细菌质膜磷脂分子上的负电荷,使膜发生去极化或形成“孔洞”,进入到细胞内作用于DNA或RNA,直接杀死细菌,从而产生抗菌活性[8]。有研究表明,影响抗菌肽的最关键因素是疏水性和两亲性,而肽链长度、电荷数并不起决定性作用[9]。抗菌肽的这种特殊抑菌机制很难使致病菌产生抗性和交叉抗性。

鱼类的鳃、皮肤和胃肠道是病原微生物侵入的主要途径,它能够有效抵制感染的原因在于这些部位含有的丰富抗菌肽。例如,从泥鳅中分离到的misgurin,从冬季比目鱼中分离到的pleurocidin和hepcidin,从豹鳎鱼中分离到的paradaxins,从石斑鱼中分离到的epinecidin,从杂交条纹鲈鱼中分离到的moronecidin和piscidin 4,从八目鳗鱼中分离到的hagfish intestinal antimicrobial peptides,从黑鲈鱼中分离到的dicentracin,从鲶鱼中分离到的parasin和从大西洋八目鳗鱼中分离到的hfiap-1等[10-13]。两栖动物长期暴露的皮肤也含多种抗菌活性物质,如从蛙类皮肤腺体上提取到的受交感神经控制的多种药理活性抗菌肽:使血管舒张增加通透性的速激肽(tachykinins)、具有心脏保护作用的缓激肽(bradykinins)、促甲状腺激素释放激素(thyrotropinreleasing hormone、bombesin-like)和作为免疫系统中重要的调节因子阿片样肽(opioid peptides)[14-17]等。雨蛙(Hylachinensis)产生的雨蛙肽caeruleins,形成两亲性螺旋结构,是一种常见的功能和组成上类似于胆囊收缩素(Cholecystokinin,CCK)的宿主防御肽,能够刺激胃、胆管和胰腺分泌,降低高血压和缓解肾绞痛、胆囊痛等[18]。这两类动物体内或体表存在的抗菌肽迅速在先天固有免疫领域成为最新最热门的研究。本文重点阐述鱼类中的鲈鱼、石斑鱼、豹鳎鱼、泥鳅抗菌肽及两栖动物中的臭蛙抗菌肽的抗菌谱,提出这几类抗菌肽能在毕赤酵母中成功异源表达的可能性,探讨这几类抗菌肽的应用前景。通过归纳总结这5类抗菌肽的相关基础理论可以为后续该类研究应用提供参考依据。

1 鲈鱼、石斑鱼、豹鳎鱼、泥鳅和臭蛙抗菌肽的抗菌谱 1.1 鲈鱼抗菌肽的抗菌谱

Moronecidin是从杂交条纹鲈鱼(Hybrid striped bass)鳃和皮肤中分离得到的含23个氨基酸残基,经圆二色谱分析结构呈α-螺旋结构的抗菌肽[19]。预测信号肽(79个氨基酸)包括3个结构域:1个信号肽(22个氨基酸),1个C末端prodomain区域(35个氨基酸)和成熟肽(22个氨基酸),该基因有3个内含子和4个外显子[20]。Moronecidin抗革兰氏阴性菌、革兰氏阳性菌、丝状真菌(Filamentous fungi)和酵母,包括耐抗生素细菌,如铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(Methicillin-resistant S.aureus)和耐万古霉素粪肠球菌(Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis)。Moronecidin对单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌(Listeria monocytogenes)、表皮葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus epidermidis)、大肠杆菌(E. coli)、阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae)、肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)、卡他莫拉菌(Moraxella catarrhalis)、猪霍乱沙门菌(Salmonella choleraesuis)、小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌(Yersinia enterocolitica)、白色念珠菌(Candida albicans)、热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)均具有较强抗菌活性。

1.2 石斑鱼抗菌肽的抗菌谱

Epinecidin-1是从条带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)的鳃和肠道中分离到,含21个氨基酸残基保护鱼类免受病原菌感染的一种抗菌肽。完整的epinecidin-1 cDNA 518 bp,预测含67个氨基酸的信号肽,包括3个领域:22个氨基酸的信号肽,25个氨基酸的成熟肽,和20个氨基酸的羧基末端pro区域,epinecidin-1基因含有3个内含子和4个外显子[21]。一种酰胺化的成熟肽epinecidin-1具有很强的抗菌活性,对大多数水产病原菌如副溶血性弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)、溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus),创伤弧菌(Vibrio vulnificus),多杀巴斯德氏菌(Pasturella multocida),温和气单胞菌(Aeromonas sobrio),摩氏摩根氏菌(Morganella morganii)、嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)、脑膜脓毒性黄杆菌(Flavobacterium meningosepticum)和大肠杆菌DH5α均有很强的杀菌能力,最低杀菌浓度小于5 μmol。Pan等[22]发现,石斑鱼抗菌肽在已注射嗜盐弧菌(Vibrio vulnificus)的石斑鱼和罗非鱼(Tilapia)中存活率显著增高。

1.3 豹鳎鱼抗菌肽的抗菌谱

Paradaxin是最早从豹鳎鱼(Pardachirus marmoratus)体内分离得到的两亲性阳离子a-螺旋结构并具有穿膜作用的抗菌肽,含33个氨基酸残基,具有抗肿瘤活性,该抗菌肽为离子型神经毒素[23-24]。Paradaxin分为ParadaxinI、ParadaxinⅡ两种,是通过离子交换层析、反相高压液相色谱法获得的两种抗菌肽。ParadaxinI和ParadaxinⅡ分别占豹鳎鱼腺体分泌蛋白的10%和8%,ParadaxinI的细胞毒性是ParadaxinⅡ的5-10倍。Paradaxin对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均有抗菌活性,对绵羊红细胞有溶血活性。

1.4 泥鳅抗菌肽的抗菌谱

Misgurin是由泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)产生的强碱性抗菌肽,含21个氨基酸残基,其中含极性带正电荷的4个赖氨酸和5个精氨酸残基。泥鳅抗菌肽含有1个亲水性甘氨酸对革兰阴性菌的杀菌能力非常有效。此类抗菌肽由于不含半胱氨酸可折叠成疏水或双亲性α-螺旋结构。泥鳅抗菌肽的等电点为11.84,当pH < pI时该蛋白质带正电荷,正电荷的引入使抗菌肽的活性增强,而负电荷的引入可以使抗菌肽的活性减弱,适当的加酸可使抗菌肽的活性增强[25]。泥鳅抗菌肽浓度在10 μg/mL以下的时候对绵羊红细胞没有溶血活性。泥鳅抗菌肽能够杀死大部分革兰阳性菌,部分革兰阴性菌及真菌,这种广谱抗菌的特性是传统抗生素无法比拟的。据Park[26]研究表明,misgurin及合成型misgurin的最低抑菌剂浓度相同,当泥鳅抗菌肽浓度为4 μg/mL时可抑制真菌酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae);当泥鳅抗菌肽浓度为8 μg/mL时可抑制革兰氏阳性菌如枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae)、恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida),同时可以抑制革兰氏阴性菌如大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium),还可抑制真菌如新型隐球菌(Cryptococcus neoformans);当泥鳅抗菌肽浓度为16 μg/mL时可抑制变形链球菌(Streptococcus mutans)、沙雷氏菌(Serratia sp.)、白色念珠菌(Candida albicans)。

1.5 臭蛙抗菌肽的抗菌谱

臭蛙抗菌肽是从臭蛙皮肤上产生的含26个氨基酸残基的生物活性肽,含带负电荷的1个天冬氨酸和1个谷氨酸,含带正电荷的3个赖氨酸和3个精氨酸。Conlon[27]认为蛙的皮肤表面分布大概250多种颗粒腺体,大部分集中在背部区域,合成和分泌多种抗菌活性的多肽,并认为这些多肽是多种基因复制的结果,形成两性α-螺旋结构。蛙类抗菌肽家族十分庞大,包括brevinin-1、brevinin-2、esculentin-1、esculentin-2、ranalexin、ranatuerin-1、ranatuerin-2和temporin peptides等。

五种抗菌肽的抗菌谱及性质,如表 1表 2所示。源于鱼类和两栖动物具有抗肿瘤和抗病毒活性的抗菌肽见表 3

表 1 杂交条纹鲈鱼、石斑鱼、豹鳎鱼、泥鳅和臭蛙抗菌肽的抗菌活性
表 2 杂交条纹鲈鱼、石斑鱼、豹鳎鱼、泥鳅和臭蛙抗菌肽的性质
表 3 源于鱼类和两栖动物不同抗菌肽的功能比较
2 抗菌肽在毕赤酵母中的表达

毕赤酵母是一种以甲醇为唯一碳源和能源的酵母,含有甲醇代谢所必须的酶,如醇氧化酶(Alcohol oxidase,AOX)、二羟丙酮合成酶和过氧化氢酶[28],利用毕赤酵母表达时使用最多的是pPIC9K载体,含强有力的启动子AOXI,能快速筛选高拷贝整合转化株,属于表达外源蛋白最高的载体系列[29]。抗菌肽基因编码根据毕赤酵母偏爱密码子设计并用化学方法合成,基因克隆到表达载体再通过电击法转入到毕赤酵母,诱导并已成功表达的有:从冬季比目鱼(Winter flounder)分离到的抗菌肽Pleurocidin[30],从墨西哥鳄梨果实中分离抗菌肽PaDef[31],从鸡中分离到的Fowlicidin-2[32],从巨大天蚕中分离到的Cecropin B[33],合成天蚕素杂合肽Cecropin A(1-8)-Melittin(1-18)[34-35],杂合抗菌肽CA和CB[9]等。鲈鱼、石斑鱼、豹鳎鱼、泥鳅和臭蛙抗菌肽已在本实验室用毕赤酵母成功表达。毕赤酵母表达抗菌肽,筛选表达量高的菌株,通过BMMY培养基加甲醇诱导获得。通过对抗菌肽的研究,将有利于开发抗菌肽类药物,缓解水产养殖遇到的急慢性疾病,避免抗生素带来的直接或间接耐药性。

3 结语

泥鳅、鲈鱼和石斑鱼均属于经济鱼类,集约化水产养殖造成的高密度生物量降低了它们抵抗疾病的能力进而引起巨额损失。虽然目前有几种不同的疫苗已被开发,包括肌肉或腹腔注射重组蛋白、合成肽、灭活病毒、DNA疫苗、病毒样颗粒来控制病情。但是,在大多数情况下,鱼类感染病毒通常发生在早期阶段(幼虫和幼鱼时),注射疫苗非常困难。因此,开发新的药物来预防或治疗病毒感染迫在眉睫。抗菌肽作为预防病原菌侵染的重要措施,不同的物种分泌的AMPS抗菌谱有所差异,可用于寻找新的治疗耐病原体的药物[43]。Li等[44]认为部分海洋无脊椎动物抗菌肽为多肽,通过研究删除类似物的效果,发现许多有抗菌潜力抗菌肽局限于较小天然肽区。鱼类和两栖类抗菌肽大部分属于小分子天然肽,因此活性相对较高并具有广谱的抗菌活性,开发利用更具有实际价值。从鱼源中分离的抗氧化剂和抗菌肽可作为食品配方中的功能成分,以促进消费者的健康和提高食品的保质期[45]。通过对抗菌肽的研究,未来将会减少渔业抗生素滥用、鱼肉质量低、渔业养殖病害等问题。抗菌肽作为新型的免疫活性物质应用于环境、食品、医药及水产养殖方面有巨大的潜力,有助于改善当前药物的耐药性、抗生素滥用、环境污染和食品污染等问题。

目前研究抗菌肽有待解决的问题:探索抗菌肽基因表达是否受病原体信号的调节,这种调节机制与皮肤上潜在的有益微生物竞争或抑制病原体的生长之间的微妙平衡是如何完成的;对于酵母重组表达的抗菌肽而言,pH、盐浓度、温度、消化酶是如何影响抗菌肽活性的;如何采用针对性的方法规模化生产和纯化抗菌肽,提高抗菌肽在体内的稳定性并应用于食品配料、医药和水产养殖方面。充分解决上述问题才能更好地应用市场发挥作用。

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