Introduction

Ulota Mohr (Orthotrichaceae) is a genus of mostly epiphytic mosses. The plants typically have crisped leaves, hyaline basal marginal leaf cells, and a diplolepideous peristome consisting of 16 exostome teeth and eight endostome segments. The stomata are superficial and the calyptra is hairy or naked. Ulota occurs mainly in temperate areas, with few taxa extending into the tropics or subantarctic/subarctic regions (Albertos et al., 2008; Seppelt, 1978; Vitt, 2003) .

Twenty-three species of Ulota from South America were cited by Wijk et al. (1969) . Four of them were excluded from the genus or reduced to synonyms, making the remaining number of species 19 (Crosby et al., 2000) . Subsequently, one species from Central America was transferred from Orthotrichum to Ulota (Albertos et al., 2008) and three new species were added (Garilleti et al., 2012, 2015) . After those additions the total number of Ulota species in South and Central America was 23, which is more than in Africa (5) , Asia (18) , Europe (9) , Oceania (14) or North America (9) . Most of these species occur only in southern South America.

The genus Ulota has existed for more than two centuries (Mohr, 1806) . Mohr′s separation of Ulota from Orthotrichum was not generally accepted for a long time (Hooker and Greville, 1824; Kindberg, 1897; Malta, 1933; Mitten, 1869) because the morphological differences between the two genera were not clear. With the increasing number of species under Ulota, from three at that time to almost seventy (Albertos et al., 2008; Crosby et al., 2000; Garilleti et al., 2015) today, it has been accepted by modern bryologists. The genus Ulota is gametophytically distinguished from Orthotrichum by the often crisped leaves when dry, which are usually erect in the latter. Moreover, there are several rows of hyaline cells at the leaf base in most Ulota species. Sporophytically, capsules in Ulota are always exserted ( and generally long) except U. rhytiore in Central America, and never smooth when dry and with superficial stomata. Using these characters, we can easily discriminate Ulota from Orthotrichum in most cases.

The first species of Ulota reported from South and Central America was U.magellanica (Mont.) A.Jaeger, described as Orthotrichum magellanicum by Montagne (1843) . Soon thereafter, Montagne (1845) described another species, O.germanum Mont. (≡U.germana (Mont.) Mitt.) from Chile, while Müller (1845) almost simultaneously reported a new taxon, Zygodon ventricosus (≡U.ventricosa (Müll. Hal.) Malta) . The fourth species, O.luteolum Hook.f.&Wilson, was published by Hooker (1847) from Chile. More than ten years later, when Mitten (1860, 1869) published his new species from the Southern Hemisphere, six taxa were reported from South America. During the next 30 years, another two species were described (Müller, 1885, 1897) . Ulota phyllantha was added to the South American flora by Brotherus (1925) . Malta (1927) revised the genus Ulota for South America and this is the only treatment of Ulota for this area so far. He accepted 17 names of which seven were new to science. The only taxon known from Central America, U.rhytiore, was described as O.rhytiore (Allen, 2002) and transferred to Ulota by Albertos et al. (2008) . Ulota billbuckii, U.larrainii and U.streptodon are the most recently published species from this area (Garilleti et al., 2012, 2015) . All of the above 23 alleged species are re-evaluated in the present taxonomic revision and the species number is reduced to 13. With the new addition of U.crispa, the number of species of Ulota recognized in Central and South America is 14.

Several reasons led us to undertake a revision of Ulota for South and Central America. Firstly, the southern part of South America harbors the highest species number and would thus be central to our underst and ing of the evolution of the genus. Secondly, twenty of the 23 species are regarded as endemics, which may reflect extremely narrow species concepts or simply a lack of comparative studies. Furthermore, half of the species have almost never been treated in any studies and have not been collected since their original descriptions, which may also point to ambiguities in taxon differentiation. Finally, the one revision done (Malta, 1927) is over eighty years old, and its descriptions and illustrations are incomplete.

The present study is based on herbarium specimens from B, BM, DUKE, E, H, JE, M, MICH, NY, PC and S. Seven type specimens were not available to us, either because they could not be located (i.e. U.ventricosa) , were too old to be lent (i.e. U.crispa) , have been lost in the mail (i.e. U.luteola, were under study by other bryologists (i.e. U.billbuckii and U.streptodon) , were too fragmentary for scrutiny (i.e. U.angustissima) or cannot be obtained by loan in a short time (i.e. U.larrainii) . Four species lack non-type specimens, most probably due to their rareness in the field. All specimens listed here with underline were cited by Malta (1927) .

Specimens were observed using an Olympus CX31 light microscope after soaking them with water. Only the species with sufficient material were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to observe their peristome and spore ornamentation; the protocol was given in Wang&Jia (2012a) .

Ulota D. Mohr. Ann. Bot. 2: 540. 1806.

Type: U.crispa (Hedw.) Brid., (lectotype, designated by Vitt 1970) .

≡Orthotrichum sect. Ulota (D. Mohr) Müll. Hal., Syn. Musc. Frond. 1: 711. 1849. ≡Orthotrichum subgen. Ulota (D. Mohr) Boulay, Musc. France, Mousses 342. 1884.

Weissia Ehrh. ex G. Gaertn., B. Mey.&Scherb., Oekon. Fl. Wetterau 3 (2) : 94. 1802. Illegitimate, later homonym.

Bryodixonia Sainsbury, Trans.&Proc. Roy. Soc. New Zeal and 75: 177. 1945.

Description: Plants green to dark, 0.5-3cm high, rarely up to 9.0cm, in tufts or cushions. Leaves usually crisped when dry, sometimes erect to flexuose, patent when moist, lanceolate from a broader base, acuminate. Costa single and strong, ending near the apex. Upper and middle laminal cells irregularly rounded, thick-walled, mostly with short or high papillae; basal inner cells rhomboidal to elongate-rectangular or vermiculate, smooth, thick-walled; basal margin differentiated in (1) 3-10 (x) rows hyaline cells, quadrate to rectangular, with thickened transverse walls.

Autoicous, rarely dioicous. Perichaetial leaves often slightly differentiated, rarely remarkably longer. Capsules short or long exserted, usually cylindrical, mostly 8-ribbed and constricted when dry. Stomata superficial, confined to the urn or the junction between urn and neck. Peristome often double, rarely single or none; exostome teeth 16, often united into 8 pairs, lanceolate, usually recurved when dry, papillose or striate; endostome segments 8, rarely 16 or none, filiform to lanceolate, hyaline or pale yellow, smooth outside, slightly to strongly coarse inside. Opercula with a short or long rostrum. Calyptra campanulate, hairy, seldom naked. Spores unicellular, rarely multicellular, globose, finely papillose to verrucose, 18-40μm, sometimes more than 100μm in diameter.

Discussion: All species of Ulota reported from Central and South America are included in this work and 13 of them are accepted by us, as well as one new report for this region. One difference between these Ulota species and those in other parts of the world is the smaller plant size. They are usually less than 2 cm, while outside Central and South America often reach up to 3 cm high, rarely to 9 cm, i.e. U.splendida from Papua New Guinea. Another peculiarity of Ulota in this area is the high percentage of species with stomata restricted to the urn. Six out of 14 species belong to this category, but in other continents there are only two such species, i.e. U.cochleata from Oceania and U.ecklonii from Africa.

1. Plants dioicous; many cylindrical gemmae often at the tips of leaves; capsules hardly present; only occur in coastal habitats ············10. U.phyllantha

1. Plants autoicious; never producing gemmae; capsules usually present; occur in both inl and and coastal habitats ············2

2. Peristome apparently absent; capsules emergent and fusiform ············13. U.rhytiore

2. Peristome present; capsules exserted and cylindrical ············3

3. Capsules constricted strongly near the mouth when dry, forming puckered mouth; endostome absent or rudimentary ············14. U.streptodon

3. Capsules constricted through entire length when dry, never puckered mouth; endostome always well-developed ············4

4. Endostome segments 16 ············5

4. Endostome segments 8 ············9

5. Leaves often falcate when dry; endostome segments very broad, as wide as exostome; stomata at the lower part of urn or the transition between urn and neck; spores very large, mostly >40μm, even more than 100μm ············6

5. Leaves never falcate when dry; endostome always narrower than exostome; stomata at the urn; spores mostly 20-40μm ············8

6. Spores unicellular; capsules cylindrical; vaginula hairs long ············9. U.magellanica

6. Spores multicellular; capsules short cylindrical; vaginula hairs short ············7

7. Endostome segments connnected by high basal membrane, as 1/2 high as exostome ············1. U.billbuckii

7. Endostome segments free or connected by short basal membrane, never more than 1/4 high of exostome ············5. U.larrainii

8. Stems somewhat slender; leaves flexuose, non-crisped when dry; exostome quite coarse; endostome yellowish, densely and finely papillose ············11. U.pusilla

8. Stems usually not slender; leaves flexuose to strongly crisped when dry; exostome generally coarse; endostome hyaline or pale yellow, slightly papillose ············8. U.macrodontia

9. Leaf basal margin always less than 3 rows of hyaline cells ············6. U.luteola

9. Leaf basal margin usually more than 3 rows of hyaline cells ············10

10. Leaves erect and appressed when dry, smaller, 1.0-2.4mm, with hyaline cells with thin wall ············11

10. Leaves flexuose to crisped when dry, 1.3-3.2mm, with hyaline cells with thickened transverse wall ············12

11. Stomata at the urn; calyptra naked ············7. U.macrocalycina

11. Stomata at the junction between urn and neck; calyptra densely hairy ············12. U.pycnophylla

12. Endostome filiform, slender; stomata on the urn ············3. U.fuegiana

12. Endostome linear, well-developed; stomata at the junction between urn and neck ············13

13. Plant smaller, often less than 1cm; Perichaetial leaves markedly longer; capsules often short exserted ············4. U.germana

13. Plants larger, often at least 1cm; Perichaetial leaves little differentiated; capsules long exserted ············2. U.crispa

1. Ulota billbuckii Garilleti, Mazimpaka&F. Lara, Bryologist 115: 587. 2012.

Type: CHILE. Región de Magallanes y de La Antártica Chilena. Provincia Antártica Chilena, Comuna de Cabo de Hornos. Parque Nacional Alberto de Agostini, north-central west of Isla Hoste, ca. 5 km W of the eastern tip of Isla Gordon along SW arm of Beagle Channel in unnamed sound, 55°00′22″S, 69°12′11″ W, 2m a.s.l., branches of Nothofagus antarctica, R. Garilleti s.n., 19 Jan. 2012 (holotype NY; isotype VAL) .

Description: Plants green above, brown below, less than 2cm tall. Leaves erect, sinuose at upper part and mostly falcate when dry, patent when moist, 0.8-2.1mm long, lanceolate with a broad rounded base, acuminate. Costa strong, ending just below the apex. Upper and middle laminal cells irregularly rounded, thick-walled, with low papillae; basal inner cells linear, rhomboidal, elongate rectangular with thickened wall, smooth; basal marginal cells often differentiated in 1 to 3 rows, hyaline, quadrate to rectangular, with only transversely thickened walls.

Autoicous. Perichaetial leaves slightly differentiated. Capsules long exserted, cylindrical when moist, strongly constricted when dry, with 8 furrows along the entire length; exothecial cells distinctly differentiated into eight b and s. Stomata superficial, on the lower part of urn or the transition between urn and neck. Peristome double; exostome teeth 16, united into 8 pairs, lanceolate, densely and finely papillose on the outside, striate on the inside, often recurved when dry; endostome segments 16, broad, lanceolate, as wide as exostome, basal membrane often 1/2 as high as exostome, hyaline, smooth outside, finely striate inside. Opercula with a short beak. Calyptra campanulate, with few or many hairs. Spores globose or ellipsoid, slightly papillose to almost smooth, very large, 70-123μm in diameter, multicellular.

Illustration: see Garilleti et al., 2012, peristome and spore also shown in figures of U.magellanica

Habitat and distribution: Epiphytic, reported from Chile and Argentina.

Discussion: Ulota billbuckii is a distinct species due to the large multicellular spores and the endostome with a high basal membrane (Fig. 12 t-u) . We only found three specimens of this species and their stomata location is not strictly consistent with the description of Garilleti et al. (2012) , according to which stomata are located in the upper half of capsule, mostly in the central part of urn. Based on our observations, they are present at the lower part of capsule, and even in the transition between urn and neck. We cannot make firm conclusions before seeing the type. Ulota magellanica is very similar to U.billbuckii in some characters, including the non-crisped leaves, few rows of hyaline cells at the basal leaf margin, 16 broad endostome segments and large spores. But U.magellanica is different in the completely free endostome segments, unicellular spores and stomata always at the junction between urn and neck. A detailed description and comparison was given by Garilleti et al. (2012) .

Additional specimens examined: ARGENTINA. Tierra del Fuego: Ushuaia, D.H. Norris 98079 (H3211982) . CHILE. Osorno: Refugio Marc Blancpain, C.J. Cox 595/00 (DUKE0189156) ; Tierra del Fuego: Isla Navarino, C.J. Cox 198/00 (2) (DUKE0188804) .

2. Ulota crispa (Hedw.) Brid. Muscol. Recent. Suppl. 4: 112. 1819. (Fig. 1)

Fig.1 Ulota crispa (Hedw.) Brid. A-B. Plants; C-G. Leaves; H. Basal cells; I. Top laminal cells; J. Stoma; K. Portion of peristome (with fragmentary endostome segments). (scale bar: A=2mm; B=1mm; C-G=1mm; H-J=127μm; K=203μm; A-P were drawn from W. Lechler s.n. ［H3150823］).

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≡Orthotrichum crispum Hedw., Sp. Musc. Frond.: 162. 1801. Type: "In saxis, arborum truncis per omnem Europam." (lectotype G, designated by Vitt 1970) .

Description: Plants green to dark, 1-2cm high. Leaves moderately to strongly crisped when dry, patent when moist, 1.7-3.0mm long, lanceolate from a broader base, acuminate. Costa strong, percurrent or ending near the apex. Upper and middle laminal cells irregularly rounded, thick-walled, with short papillae on both surfaces; basal inner cells rhomboidal, linear, elongate-rectangular or vermiculate, smooth, thick-walled; basal marginal cells often differentiated in 4 to 10 rows of hyaline cells, quadrate to rectangular, with thickened transverse walls.

Autoicous. Perichaetial leaves hardly differentiated. Capsules long exserted, cylindrical, constricted when dry, 8-ribbed along entire length of capsules, often constricted when empty and dry, with an indistinct neck; exothecial cells differentiated in eight b and s. Stomata superficial, at the junction of urn and neck. Peristome double; exostome teeth 16, united into 8 pairs, lanceolate, densely papillose, usually reflexed when dry; endostome segments usually 8, linear, hyaline or pale yellow, smooth outside, slightly coarse inside. Calyptra campanulate, densely hairy. Spores globose, finely papillose, 20-47μm in diameter.

Habitat and distribution:common in both temperate and boreal zones except Africa, only known from Chile in Central and South America, grows on trees.

Discussion: The known geographic distribution of Ulota crispa is increasing. The species was known only from the Northern Hemisphere until it was reported from Australia and Africa by Wang&Jia (2012b) . Here the species is newly reported from South America.

Ulota crispa has the typical morphology of the genus, including crisped leaves, markedly differentiated basal marginal leaf cells, cylindrical capsules, eight narrow-lanceolate endostome segments, stomata in the transitional zone between urn and neck, and hairy calyptra. Ulota germana and U.macrodontia are similar to U.crispa in their usually crisped leaves, but U.germana differs in the remarkably longer perichaetial leaves, and U.macrodontia has sixteen endostome segments and stomata distributed in the wall of the urn. There is no noteworthy variation of U.crispa between South America and other continents.

Additional specimens examined: CHILE. Chiloe Isl and : Aucud, Carl O. Enla. son 97 (MICH, no barcode) ; Valdivia: no detailed locality, W. Lechler s.n. (H3150823) .

3. Ulota fuegiana Mitt., J. Proc. Linn. Soc. 4: 76. 1860. (Fig. 2&3)

Fig.2 Ulota fuegiana Mitt. A. Plant; B-C. Calyptra; D. Capsule; E-I. Leaves; J-M. Perichaetial leaves; N. Top laminal cells; O. Median marginal cells; P. Basal cells; Q. Stoma; R. Portion of peristome; S. Spores. (scale bar: A=2mm; B=1.2mm; C=1.4mm; D=1.5mm; E-M=1mm & N-S=0.1mm; A-P were drawn from the isotype ［E00052653］ while Q-S from H. Roivainen s.n. ［H3150819］).

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Fig.3 SEM of Ulota fuegiana Mitt. A. capsule mouth; B. outside surface of exostome; C. inside surface of exostome and endostome; D. inside ornamentation of endostome; E. spore; F. ornamentation of spores. (material from T. Seki s.n. ［H3151107］).

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Type: CHILE. Tierra del Fuego, "Hermite isl and , Cape Horn", J.D. Hooker 141b, 1839-1843 (holotype NY; isotype BM00919961! BM000976120! E00052653-54! PC0108132!) .

Ulota carinata Mitt., J. Proc. Linn. Soc. 4: 75. 1860. syn. nov. Type: CHILE. Mr. Lobb 35 (holotype NY; isotype MICH526538! BM000825444!) . ≡Orthotrichum carinatum (Mitt.) Mitt., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 12: 190. 1869.

Ulota darwinii Mitt., J. Proc. Linn. Soc. 4: 77. 1860. Type: ARGENTINA. Terra del Fuego, C. Darwin, 1833 (holotype NY; isotype BM, PC00100148!) . Proposed by Malta (1927) as a synonym of U.fuegiana.

Ulota eremitensis Mitt., J. Proc. Linn. Soc. 4: 76. 1860, ≡Orthotrichum eremitense (Mitt.) Mitt., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 12: 189. 1869. Type: CHILE. Tierra del Fuego, "Hermite Isl and , Cape Horn", J.D. Hooker s.n. (holotype NY) . Proposed by Malta (1927) as a synonym of U.glabella.

Ulota glabella Mitt., J. Proc. Linn. Soc. 4: 76. 1860. syn. nov. Type: CHILE. Tierra del Fuego, "Hermite isl and , Cape Horn", J.D. Hooker 141a, 1839-1843 (holotype NY; isotype BM000919960! E00052655! E00052673! PC0101534! PC0108133!) .

Ulota fernandeziana Malta, Acta Horti Bot. Univ. Latv. 2: 202. f. 20. 1927. syn. nov. Type: CHILE. Juan Fern and ez: Masafuera, Cordon de Borril, an Drimys, C. et I. Skottsberg sub n.165, 1 Mar. 1917 (holotype H4334033! isotype S-B127726!) .

Ulota fuegiana var. crispata Malta, Acta Horti Bot. Univ. Latv. 2: 188. 1927. syn. nov. Type: CHILE. Valdivia, H.Hahn, 1888 (holotype H4334032!) .

Ulota hermitei Besch., Miss. Sci. Cape Horn, Bot. 5 (Bot.) : 274. 1889. Type: CHILE. Baie Orange (île Hoste) Terre de Feu, P.A. Hariot 150, 25 July 1883 (holotype PC0703858-61!) . Proposed by Malta (1927) as a synonym of U.glabella.

Ulota rufula var. patagonica Malta, Acta Horti Bot. Univ. Latv. 2: 188. 1927. syn. nov. Type: CHILE. "Río Aysen, in ramulis." P. Dusén 516, Jan. 1897 (holotype H4334002! isotype PC! no barcode) .

Description: Plants green above, gradually brown below, 0.5-2.5cm tall. Leaves often flexuose when dry, sometimes weakly to strongly crisped, patent when moist, 1.3-3.2mm long, lanceolate from a broad rounded base, long acuminate. Costa strong, ending shortly below the apex. Upper and middle laminal cells irregularly rounded, thick-walled, with 1 or 2 low papillae per cell; basal inner cells linear, elongate rectangular, vermicular, smooth, thick-walled; basal marginal cells often differentiated in 5 to 11 rows, hyaline, quadrate to rectangular, with thin walls or only transversely thickened walls.

Autoicous. Perichaetial leaves somewhat differentiated, lanceolate with shorter acumination and longer broad base. Capsules long exserted, cylindrical when moist, weakly to strongly constricted when dry, 8 furrows along the entire length; exothecial cells clearly differentiated into eight b and s. Stomata superficial, present on the urn. Peristome double; exostome teeth 16, united into 8 pairs, lanceolate, densely papillose on both surfaces, often reflexed when dry; endostome segments usually 8, filiform, slender, almost as tall as the exostome, hyaline or pale yellow, smooth on the outside, and with scattered papillae on the inside. Opercula with a short beak. Calyptra campanulate, densely hairy sometimes naked. Spores spherical, brownish, finely papillose, 23-43μm in diameter.

Habitat and distribution: Epiphytic, endemic to Chile and Argentina.

Discussion: Ulota glabella was different from other taxa in this genus in its non-crisped leaves and naked calyptra as indicated in Mitten′s (1860) protologue. But Malta (1927) emphasized its naked calyptra and serrated leaf margin in his revision. Examination of the type materials shows that the leaves of U.glabella are more or less crisped, the calyptra are naked and the leaf margin is entire. Mitten′s two characters fell within the variation of U.fuegiana, whose leaves fleuxose to crisped when dry and calyptra vary from naked to hairy. Moreover, Malta (1927) found a specimen of U.glabella with hairy calyptra (Patagonia accid., Isla Werthoff, P. Dusén s.n., 28 April 1897 in S but no barcode) . We have fortunately seen this specimen and confirmed his result. We did not find the serrated leaf margin mentioned by Malta (1927) in the type material and this so-called "serration" is probably the papilla on the surface of marginal leaf cells according to his linedrawing. There is hitherto no other authors reported serration on leaf margin in Ulota.Besides, Malta (1927) characterized the endostome in U.glabella as comprising of eight or sixteen segments, but examination of three capsules from the type material revealed endostome of only eight segments. Furthermore, Ulota glabella is also consistent with U.fuegiana in stomata position, occuring on the urn. To sum up, Ulota glabella is virtually identical with U.fuegiana in terms of leaf crisping, peristome structure, stomata position and calyptra hairiness and thus here regarded as a synonym of U.fuegiana. Notably, the type informations for U.glabella and U.fuegiana in Mitten′s protologue (1860) are the same, i.e. "Hermite Isl and , Cape Horn, Dr. J.D. Hooker". Subsequently, Malta (1927) cited the type material of U.glabella as J.D. Hooker 141a, the one of U.fuegiana as J.D. Hooker 141b. The type information of E00052673 we studied here is completely identical with Malta′s citation, as well as the isotype in PC. Consequently, this material should be isotype, not "isosyntype" as wrote on its package.

In the protologue, Mitten (1860) compared U.carinata with U.fulvella and considered them different in the crispness and size of the leaves and shape of the capsules. Malta (1927) emphasized the leaf shape, peristome structure and calyptra hairiness of U.carinata as distinguishing characters. Our examination has shown that U.carinata has somewhat crisped leaves, a broad b and of hyaline cells at leaf base, cylindrical capsules, filiform endostome segments, stomata restricted to the urn and hairy calyptra, and all these characters matched the type of U.fuegiana. Malta (1927) also stated that U.fernandeziana was similar to U.fuegiana in the leaf shape, peristome structure and resembled U.rufula (=U.germana) in capsule shape. Actually, U.germana differs from U.fuegiana by the always crisped leaves, remarkably differentiated perichaetial leaves, stomata occurring in the transitional zone between urn and neck, and linear but not slender endostome segments. Features of the type material of U.fernandeziana are generally consistent with those of U.fuegiana. Consequently, U.carinata and U.fernandeziana could not be clearly distinguished from U.fuegiana and thus they are reduced as synonyms here.

Similarly, we examined the types of U.rufula var. patagonica and U.fuegiana var. crispata and they both have crisped leaves, differentiated basal marginal leaf cells, filiform segments and stomata on the urn, thus they are actually consistent with U.fuegiana and therefore synonymized here.

Malta′s treatment (1927) for U.darwinii was self-contradictory. On the one h and , he listed U.darwinii as a synonym of U.fuegiana, on the other h and , he put it under U.fuegiana as a subspecies. Recently, we obtained and observed its isotype in PC, but the material is very scanty. Despite no sporophyte, its leaf is well consistent with U.fuegiana′s. The type materials of U.darwinii cited in Malta (1927) deposit in BM. Eight possible type specimens from BM were found in Global Plants database (http://plants.jstor.org/specimen/ny01244149?s=t) . All these types are noted as Orthotrichum luteolum, with only one simultaneously noted as U.darwinii, but their morphology is all apparently consistent with U.fuegiana. Malta (1927) with some hesitation reduced U.darwinii as a subspecies of U.fuegiana, and our result did not support this treatment either. Thus, we accepted his another suggestion (1927) , that reducing U.darwinii in the synonymy of U.fuegiana.

The main diagnostic characters of U.fuegiana are the flexuose or slightly crisped leaves, markedly differentiated basal marginal leaf cells, stomata restricted to the urn, eight slender endostome segments, and hairy calyptra. This species is very similar to U.germana and their difference has been mentioned above.

Selected additional specimens examined: ARGENTINA. Buenos Aires: Villarino, J.B. Hatcher E.99 (S, no barcode) ; Río Negro: Puerto Blest, P. Dusén 830 (S-B11829) . Tierra del Fuego: Ushuaia, J.B. Hatcher E.3. (S, no barcode) . CHILE. Aisén: Ventisquero San Rafael, T. Seki s.n. (H3151107) ; Estancia Río Circo, T. Seki 3/2-20 (H3151089) ; Chiloé: Aucud, Carl O. Enla..son 126 (MICH, no barcode) ; Magallanes: Borja Bay, Cunningham 50 (BM000852214&H4334030) ; Puerto Cutter, J.F. Engel s.n. (H3150821) ; Desolacion Isl and , P. Dusén 284 (H4334018&S, no barcode) ; Port Angosto, Cunningham 149 (H4334022) , 160 (BM000852216) ; Port Gallant, Cunningham 253 (BM000852215&H4334031) , 156 (H4334019&MICH, no barcode) , s.n. (MICH, no barcode) ; Talca: San Rafael, M. Gusinde s.n. (S-B177757&S-B177759) ; Fjardo Martinez, H. Roivainen s.n. (H3150818-19) ; Tierra del Fuego: Bahia Tekenika, C. Skottsberg 90 (S, no barcode) ; Port Barrow, C. Skotts-berg 450 (S, no barcode) ; Puerto Tempanos, C. Skottsberg 457 (BM, no barcode, PC, no barcode&S, no barcode) ; Rio Azopardo, P. Dusén 264 (H4334020&S, no barcode) ; Valparaíso: Isla Alej and ro Selkirk, C. Skottsberg M124 (2) (S-B177719) . Total number of specimens studied is 43.

4. Ulota germana (Mont.) Mitt., J. Proc. Linn. Soc. 12: 190. 1869. (Fig. 4&5)

Fig.4 Ulota germana (Mont.) Mitt. A-B. Plant; C. Capsule; D-F. Leaves; G-J. Perichaetial leaves; K. Top laminal cells; L. Median marginal cells; M. Basal laminal cells; N. Basal marginal cells; O. Stoma; P. Portion of peristome; Q. Spores. (scale bar: A-B=1.35mm; C=1mm; D-J=0.67mm&K-Q=0.07mm; A-B, K, N&O-P drawn from T. Seki 2/32-61 ［H3151091］ and the remainings from the isotype ［S-B172301］ of U.rufula).

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Fig.5 SEM of Ulota germana (Mont.) Mitt. A. outside surface of exostome; B. inside surface of exostome; C. endostome; D. spore; E. ornamentation of spores. (all material from T. Seki 2/32-61 ［H3151091］).

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≡Orthotrichum germanum Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat.; Bot., sér. 3 4: 121. 1845. Type: CHILE. "in corticibus arborum reipublicae chilensis a cl. Claude Gay. lectum" (holotype PC0100700-01! PC0108137! isotype BM000873134-35!) .

Ulota lobbiana Mitt., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 75. 1860. syn. nov. Type: CHILE. Patagonia, Mr. Lobb 35b (holotype NY; isotype BM000825445! MICH526540!) . ≡Orthotrichum lobbianum (Mitt.) Mitt., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 12: 192. 1869.

Ulota brevicollis (Mitt.) A.Jaeger, Ber. Thätigk. St. Gallischen Naturwiss. Ges. 1872-73: 164. 1874. ≡Orthotrichum brevicolle Mitt., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 12: 192. 1869. Type: CHILE. prope urbem Valdivia, Lechler 527, 1850, ex parte (holotype NY; isotype S-B172018! PC0099361!) . Proposed by Malta (1927) as a synonym of U.rufula.

Ulota chilensis (Mitt.) A.Jaeger, Ber. Thätigk. St. Gallischen Naturwiss. Ges. 1872-73: 164. 1874. ≡Orthotrichum chilense Mitt., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 12: 193. 1869. Type: CHILE. prope urbem Valdivia, W. Lechler 527, 1850 (holotype NY) . Proposed by Malta (1927) as a synonym of U.rufula.

Ulota persubulata Dusén, Rep. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, Botany 8 (3) : 122. 1903. invalid, no description. Type: ARGENTINA. Nahuelhuapi (=Nahuel Huapi National Park) in truncis arborum, P. Dusén 791, 7 July 1897 (lectotype S-B181245! designated here; isolectotype BM000879989-90! H4334001! PC! no barcode) . Proposed by Malta (1927) as a synonym of U.rufula.

Ulota rufula (Mitt.) A.Jaeger, Ber. Thätigk. St. Gallischen Naturwiss. Ges. 1872-73: 164. 1874. syn. nov. ≡Orthotrichum rufulum Mitt., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 12: 191. 1869. Type: CHILE. prope urbem Valdivia, W. Lechler 527, 1850, ex parte (holotype NY; isotype S! no barcode, PC0099347!) .

Ulota rufula var. fagicola Dusén ex Malta, Acta Horti Bot. Univ. Latv. 2: 200. 1927. syn. nov. Type: CHILE. in monte "Cordillera de la Costa" supra Angol app., in truncis arborm, P. Dusén 346a, 4 Nov. 1896 (holotype H4334023!) .

Description: Plants green above, brown to black below, 0.5-1.0cm tall. Leaves strongly crisped, sometimes flexuose when dry, erect-spreading to patent when moist, 1.4-2.6mm long, lanceolate from a broad rounded base, long acuminate. Costa strong, ending shortly below the apex. Upper and middle laminal cells irregularly rounded, thick-walled, with 1 or 2 low papillae per cell; basal inner cells linear, elongate rectangular, vermicular, with thick wall, smooth; basal marginal cells often differentiated in 4 to 14 rows, hyaline, quadrate to rectangular, with only thickened transverse walls.

Autoicous. Perichaetial leaves much longer. Capsules often short exserted, cylindrical when moist, strongly constricted when dry, 8 furrows along the entire length; exothecial cells distinctly differentiated into eight b and s. Stomata superficial, at the lower part of urn or junction between urn and neck. Peristome double; exostome teeth 16, united into 8 pairs, lanceolate, densely papillose on the outside, striate and papillose on the inside, often revolute when dry; endostome segments usually 8, linear, yellowish or hyaline, smooth on the outside, finely papillose on the inside. Opercula with a medium long beak. Calyptra campanulate, densely hairy. Spores spherical, finely papillose, 29-33μm in diameter.

Habitat and distribution: Epiphytic, reported from Chile, Argentina and New Zeal and (Sainsbury, 1945, 1955) .

Discussion: The only specimen of U.germana cited by Montagne (1845) in the protologue is a mixture with U.fuegiana. He emphasized that this species is very similar to U.crispulum Bruch (=U.crispa) . Later, Mitten (1869) described it as having crisped leaves when dry. Concerning this, we know that the material with strongly crisped leaves in the type specimens is U.germana and the other material with flexuose leaves is U.fuegiana. Mitten (1869) described Ulota germana as having eight endostome segments, while Malta (1927) found that there were 16. After examining the types, we found that U.germana has only eight endostome segments. Like U.germana, the type specimen of U.rufula is also a mixture with U.fuegiana and the isotype in S agrees with the original description while the one in PC seems to be only U.fuegiana.

Ulota persubulata is first published by Dusén (1903) without morphological description. Malta (1927) reduced it to U.germana as a synonym without any comments. After examining the original material, we found it resembles U.germana in the conspicuous hyaline cells at the marginal leaf base, long perichaetial leaves, short exserted capsules, well-developed double peristome and densely hairy calyptra. We therefore confirmed Malta′s treatment here.

Ulota germana is a very distinctive species easily recognized by the long perichaetial leaves, also mentioned by Robinson (1975) . But we cannot find it from Malta′s illustration (1927) which most likely results from the impurity of the type specimens. Based on the crisped leaves, many rows of hyaline leaf alar cells, distinctly differentiated perichaetial leaves, stomata over the urn to neck transition and eight well-developed endostome segments, Ulota lobbiana and U.rufula var. fagicola are regarded as synonyms of U.germana here. According to Malta′s protologue (1927) , especially his illustrations, Ulota germana var. breviseta is similar to U.germana in the long perichaetial leaves. But we can′t make a decision before examining its type specimen.

Ulota germana is distinguished from all congenerics by the following combination of characters: strongly crisped leaves, much longer perichaetial leaves, stomata (almost) over the urn to neck transition, eight linear endostome segments and densely hairy calyptra. Ulota germana resembles U.fuegiana in the flexuose or crisped leaves, conspicuously differentiated basal marginal leaf cells and eight endostome segments, but the latter has stomata restricted to the urn region, hardly differentiated perichaetial leaves, a longer seta and filiform, slender endostome segments. Besides that, U.germana also shares many characters with U.crispa but the latter is different in the hardly differentiated perichaetial leaves and longer seta.

Both holotypes of U.rufula var. fagicola and U.pycnophylla have identical collection information and we thus named them here as a and b, respectively.

Selected additional specimens examined: ARGENTINA. Chubut: Lago Menéndez, A. Kalela B248j (3) (H3150919) . CHILE. Aisén: Río Exploradores, T. Seki 2/32-61 (H3151091-92) ; Chiloé: Aucud, Carl O. Enla..son 126 (MICH) ; Llanquihue: Rio Puelo, B. Sparre 4318 (S-B177718) ; Talca: San Rafael, M. Gusinde s.n. (S-B177758-62) ; Valdivia: no detail locality, Hahn s.n. (S-B177720) , Hahn 41 (S-B177721) ; Valparaíso: Masafuera, C. Skottsberg M124 (1) (S-B177719) . Total number of specimens studied is 32.

5. Ulota larrainii Garilleti, Mazimpaka&F. Lara, Phytotaxa 217 (2) : 133. 2015.

Type: CHILE. Prov. Capitán Prat: Caleta Tortel, comienzo de "ruta turística", en tundras de Donatia, Astelia y Lepidothamnus fonkii, 47°47′32″ S, 73°31′48″ W, alt. ca. 90m, epífito en Nothofagus dombeyi, J. Larraín 26884A, con R. Vargas, 20 Ene［ro］ 2007 (holotype VAL-Briof; isotype CONC) .

Illustration: see Garilleti et al., 2015.

Description, habitat and distribution: see Garilleti et al., 2015.

Discussion: Ulota larrainii was published during the review period of this manuscript, we therefore have not enough time to obtain the type specimen by loan. In the description of Garilleti et al. (2015) , this species is morphologically very close to U.billbuckii and U.magellanica, especially the former. U.larrainii and U.billbuckii both have multicellular spores, short seta and short cylindrical capsules. But the basal membrane of endostome segments is short (only 1-2 cells high, never more than 1/4 high of exostome) in U.larrainii and high in U.billbuckii (often as 1/2 high as exostome) . Garilleti et al. (2015) also mentioned the difference of spore shape between the two species. According to our study, however, unicellular spores in Ulota are generally irregularly spherical, multicellular spores vary to some extent in shape, from oblate, elliptic to spherical. Actually, the spore shape is usually correlated with the freshness of material, that the spores are often irregular in shape when the material is old, on the contrary, mostly spherical when the material is fresh. Our study has shown irregular variation in this character, which consequently has no taxonomic value. Additionally, the other morphological distinctions referred by Garilleti et al. (2015) for U.larrainii and U.billbuckii are weak, for example spore size and seta length. It is notable that the description of U.larrainii in Garilleti et al. (2015) is most likely based on only the type collection. Although neither type nor non-type specimens were available for us, we still accepted it here due to the fairly detailed description and comparison in the protologue.

Additional specimens examined: None.

6. Ulota luteola (Hook. f.&Wilson) Wijk&Margad., Taxon 10: 26. 1961. (Fig. 6&7)

Fig.6 Ulota luteola (Hook. f.&Wilson) Wijk&Margad. A-B. Plant; C-E. Capsules; F-H. Leaves; I-L. Perichaetial leaves; M. Top laminal cells; N. Median marginal cells; O. Basal laminal cells; P. Basal marginal cells; Q. Stoma; R. Portion of peristome; S. Spores. (scale bar: A-E=1mm; F-H=0.48mm; I-L=0.6mm&M-S=0.08mm; A-P drawn from the isolectotype ［PC0101543］ of U.pygmaeothecia and Q-S from M.S. Pennington 349 ［S-B157955］).

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Fig.7 SEM of Ulota luteola (Hook.f.&Wilson) Wijk&Margad. A&D. outside surface of exostome; B. basal inside surface of exostome; C. spore; E. inside surface of exostome. (material: A-C from isolectotype ［PC］ of U.pygmaeothecia and D-E from P. Dusén s.n. ［H4334024］).

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≡Orthotrichum luteolum Hook. f.&Wilson, Fl. Antarctica 2: 403. 1847. Type: CHILE. Tierra del Fuego, "Hermite Isl and , Cape Horn.", J.D. Hooker s.n., 1839-1843 (holotype NY; isotype H2057001!) . ［≡Ulota fulvella Mitt., J. Proc. Linn. Soc. 4: 75. 1860. ≡Orthotrichum fulvellum (Mitt.) Mitt., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 12: 191. 1869. Illegitimate, type of earlier name included.］

Ulota immarginata Cardot, Bull. Herb. Boissier, sér. 2, 5: 1004. 1905. Type: ARGENTINA. "Terre-de-Feu: Ushuaia, ad trunc. Nothofagi antarcticae, C. Skottsberg 91, 25 Sep. 1902" (holotype PC0703850! isotype S-B158028!) . Proposed by Malta (1927) as a synonym of U.pygmaeothecia.

Ulota pygmaeothecia (Müll. Hal.) Kindb., Enum. Bryin. Exot. 79. 1888. syn. nov. ≡Orthotrichum pygmaeothecium Müll. Hal., Flora 68: 418. 1885. Type: CHILE. Fuegia, ad ramos Maytheni magellanicae montls Darwin 1882, Spegazzini (lectotype H4334012! designated here; isolectotype PC0101543!) .

Ulota savatieri Besch., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 32: LXⅡ. 1885. Type: "Patagonie occidentale, ile Wellington: Port-Eden (Dr. Savatier, 24 février 1877) " (holotype PC0108134! PC0099349-50! isotype BM000879988! NY) . Proposed by Malta (1927) as a synonym of U.fulvella.

Description: Plants dark green above, brown to black below, ca. 1cm tall. Leaves erect or flexuose, rarely crisped when dry, erect-spreading when moist, 1.2-1.9mm long, lanceolate from a broad oval, sometimes rounded base, acuminate. Costa strong, ending shortly below the apex. Upper and middle laminal cells irregularly rounded, thick-walled, with 1 or 2 low papillae per cell; basal inner cells linear, elongate rectangular, vermicular with thickened wall, smooth; basal marginal cells often differentiated in 1 to 3 rows, hyaline, quadrate to rectangular, with thin walls.

Autoicous. Perichaetial leaves not markedly differentiated. Capsules long exserted, cylindrical when moist, weakly to strongly constricted when dry, 8 furrows along the entire length; exothecial cells clearly differentiated into eight b and s. Stomata superficial, at the junction between urn and neck. Peristome double; exostome teeth 16, united into 8 pairs, lanceolate, densely papillose on the outside, striate and papillose on the inside, often revolute when dry; endostome segments 8, linear, yellowish or hyaline, smooth outside, slightly papillose on the inside. Opercula with a short beak. Calyptra campanulate, with many hairs. Spores spherical, finely papillose, 29-34μm in diameter.

Habitat and distribution: Epiphytic, reported from Chile, Argentina and New Zeal and (Sainsbury, 1945, 1955) .

Discussion: Ulota luteola and U.fulvella are homotypic and the latter is illegitimate based on Wijk et al. (1969) . Malta (1927) placed U.luteola in synonymy of U.fulvella but did not mention their homotypic relationship. Both type specimens of U.luteola in NY and H are named as U.fulvella.

The type specimen of U.luteola in H is a mixed collection with U.fuegiana. U.luteola is easily distinguished from U.fuegiana by the usually erect or flexuose leaves, weakly differentiated basal marginal leaf cells, well-developed linear endostome segments and stomata occurring at the junction between urn and neck. The protologue of U.luteola is close to U.pygmaeothecia and as the earlier published name, U.luteola has priority and is retained here. This treatment is confirmed by previous descriptions for U.fulvella; for example, Mitten, in his protologue (1860) , emphasized that the leaves in U.fulvella are not crisped when dry and Malta (1927) also stated that U.fulvella has only one, rarely two rows of hyaline cells at leaf base.

The diagnostic characters for U.luteola are flexuose leaves, a few rows of hyaline basal marginal leaf cells, stomata located at the junction between urn and neck, eight endostome segments and somewhat larger spores. It resembles U.pycnophylla, which can be separated by the usually erect leaves, more differentiated leaf basal marginal cells, narrowly lanceolate endostome segments and smaller spores. Ulota luteola is also closely related to U.crispa. Their sporophytes are quite similar, having cylindrical capsules, stomata confined to the junction between urn and neck, eight linear endostome segments, and a hairy calyptra. However, they have different gametophytes, for example U.crispa can be distinguished by the strongly crisped leaves and more than three rows of hyaline cells at basal leaf margin.

Selected additional specimens examined: ARGENTINA. Tierra del Fuego: Ushuaia, M.S. Pennington 349 (S-B157955) . CHILE. Aisén: no detail locality, P. Dusén 605 (1) (H4334011) ; Magallanes: Canal Jeronimo, Halle&Skottsberg 458 (S-B177711&H4334005) ; Port Famine, N.J. Andersson s.n. (S-B158024) ; Punta Arenas, P. Dusén s.n. (H4334024) ; Tierra del Fuego: no detail locality, T. Halle 459 (BM, no barcode, S-B158027) . Total number of specimens studied is 15.

7. Ulota macrocalycina Mitt., J. Proc. Linn. Soc. 4: 75. 1860. (Fig. 8&9)

Fig.8 Ulota macrocalycina Mitt. A. Plant; B. dry Capsule; C. moist capsule; D. Calyptra; E-K. Leaves; L-M. Perichaetial leaves; O. Top laminal cells; P. Median marginal cells; Q. Basal cells; R. Stoma; S. Portion of peristome; T. Spores. (scale bar: A=1mm; B-D=0.8mm; E-K=0.47mm; L-N=0.56mm&O-T=0.08mm; A-Q were drawn from the isotypes ［BM00087991-93］ while R-T from Townsend 97/229 ［MO5628775］).

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Fig.9 SEM of Ulota macrocalycina Mitt. A. capsule mouth; B. outside surface of exostome; C. inside surface of peristome; D. outside surface of endostome; E. spore. (material from C.J. Cox 319/00 ［DUKE0188833］).

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Type: CHILE. Straits of Magellan, on trunks of trees, Port Famine, Dr. Lyall, Sep. 1851 (holotype NY; isotype BM000879991! BM000879992! PC0099336!) . ≡Orthotrichum macrocalycinum (Mitt.) Mitt., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 12: 190. 1869.

Ulota marginata (Ångström) A.Jaeger, Ber. Thätigk. St. Gallischen Naturwiss. Ges. 1877-78: 427. 1879. ≡Orthotrichum marginatum Ångström, Öfvers. Förh. Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. 29 (4) : 4. 1872. Type: CHILE. Port Famine, J. Andressaw (holotype S-B172163!) . Proposed by Malta (1927) as a synonym of U.macrocalycina.

Ulota nothofagi Cardot, Bull.′Herb. Boissier, sér. 2, 5: 1005. 1905. Type: ARGENTINA. "Terre-de-Feu: Ushuaia, troncs de Nothofagus antartica et betuloides.", C. Skottsberg 85, 25 Sep. 1902 (lectotype PC0703855! designated here) ; C. Skottsberg 84 (paratype PC0703857! isoparatype S-B157887! H4334015!) ; C. Skottsberg 86 (paratype PC0703856!) . Proposed by Malta (1927) as a synonym of U.macrocalycina.

Description: Plants dark green above, brownish below, less than 1cm tall. Leaves erect and appressed when dry, erect-spreading to patent when moist, 1.0-2.0mm long, lanceolate from a broad oval base, acute. Costa strong, ending shortly below the apex. Upper and middle laminal cells irre-gularly rounded, thick-walled, with low papillae; basal inner cells linear, elongate rectangular, vermicular, smooth, thick-walled; basal marginal cells often differentiated in 3 to 10 rows, hyaline, quadrate to rectangular, mostly thin-walled.

Autoicous. Perichaetial leaves more or less differentiated. Capsules long exserted, cylindrical when moist, strongly constricted when dry, 8 furrows along the entire length; exothecial cells distinctly differentiated into eight b and s. Stomata superficial, occur on the urn. Peristome double; exostome teeth 16, united into 8 pairs, lanceolate, densely and finely papillose on both surfaces, often revolute when dry; endostome segments usually 8, linear, hyaline or pale yellow, smooth on the outside, slightly papillose on the inside. Opercula with a short beak. Calyptra campanulate, naked. Spores spherical, brownish, finely papillose, 20-40μm in diameter.

Habitat and distribution: Epiphytic, Chile and Argentina.

Discussion: Ulota macrocalycina is an easily identified species based on the following combination of characters: erect and appressed leaves, stomata located on the urn, often eight linear endostome segments and always naked calyptra. This species often grows with U.magellanica and resembles the latter in the non-crisped leaves and constricted capsules. However, U.magellanica has hardly differentiated basal marginal leaf cells, sixteen very wide endostome segments, stomata located at the transition between urn and neck, and sparsely hairy calyptra.

Selected additional specimens examined: ARGENTINA. Neuquén: Lago Quillén, A. Kalela B179b (H3151123) ; Parque National de Nahuel Huapi, A. Donat s.n. (S, no barcode) ; Tierra del Fuego: Canal Beagle, M. Gusinde s.n. (S-B157883&H4334027-28) ; Ushuaia, P. Dusén 366 (2) (S-B158007, S-B157962, H4334013&H4334025) . CHILE. Antártica Chilena: Isla Navarino, C.J. Cox 319/00 (DUKE188833) , C.J. Cox 198/00 (1) (DUKE0188804) ; Magellanes: Lago del Toro, R. Santesson M788 (S-B157881) ; Laguna Parrillar, J. Engel 2074 (1) (H3150927) ; Punta Arenas, A. Kalela B304d (H3151124) , P. Dusén 15b (2) (S-B158009) , 88 (S-B157882) , C.J. Cox 14/00 (1) (DUKE0021245) ; Malleco: Nahuelbuta National Park, B. Goffinet 5487a (DUKE0000829) ; Tierra del Fuego: Estancia Basmen, H. Roivainen s.n. (H3150926) ; Estancia Vicuna, H. Roivainen s.n. (H3150925) . Total number of specimens studied is 32.

8. Ulota macrodontia Dusén&Malta, Acta Horti Bot. Univ. Latv. 2: 202. 1927. (Fig. 10&11)

Fig.10 Ulota macrodontia Dixon&Malta. A. Plant; B. Calyptra; C. Operculum; D-F. Leaves; G-H. Perichaetial leaves; I. Top laminal cells; J. Median marginal cells; K. Basal cells; L. Stoma; M. Portion of peristome; N. Spores. (scale bar: A=2mm; B=2.03mm; C=0.47mm; D-F=0.89mm; G-H=1.8mm&I-N=0.12mm; all drawn from the isolectotype ［H4334009］).

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Fig.11 SEM of Ulota macrodontia Dixon&Malta. A. outside surface of exostome; B. inside surface of exostome; C. spore; D. ornamentation of spores; E. surface of leaf cells. (material from isolectotype ［H4334009］).

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Type: CHILE. Río Aysén, in ramulis, Dusén 434, 14 Jan. 1897 (lectotype S-B157813! designated here; isolectotype H4334009!) ; Dusén 516, 4 Feb. 1897 (paratype S-B181248!) ; Dusén s.n., 1897 (paratype S-B157812!) .

Description: Plants green above, gradually brownish below, 0.5-1.0cm tall. Leaves strongly crisped, sometimes flexuose when dry, patent to wide-spreading when moist, 1.2-3.0mm long, lanceolate from a broader rounded base, acuminate. Costa strong, ending just below the apex. Upper and middle laminal cells irregularly rounded, thick-walled, with ca. 2 low papillae per cell; basal inner cells linear, elongate rectangular, vermicular, smooth, thick-walled; basal marginal cells often differentiated in 4 to 9 rows, hyaline, quadrate to rectangular, with only thickened transverse walls.

Autoicous. Perichaetial leaves somewhat differentiated. Capsules long exserted, cylindrical when moist, weakly constricted when dry, 8 furrows along the entire length; exothecial cells distinctly differentiated into eight b and s. Stomata superficial, on the urn. Peristome double; exostome teeth 16, united into 8 pairs, lanceolate, densely and finely papillose on the outside, striate and papillose on the inside, often revolute when dry; endostome segments 16, narrow lanceolate, almost as tall as exostome, hyaline or pale yellow, smooth on the outside, slightly papillose on the inside. Opercula with a short beak. Calyptra campanulate, densely hairy. Spores sph-erical, brownish, finely papillose, 30-43μm in diameter.

Habitat and distribution: Epiphytic, endemic to Chile.

Discussion: Ulota macrodontia has been infrequently reported since its original description. Malta (1927) in his protologue recognized this species as crisped leaves, many rows of hyaline cells at basal leaf margin, longer perichaetial leaves, eight endostome segments and densely hairy calyptra. Three specimens were cited by him (Malta, 1927) , including Dusén s.n. (in B herbarium) , Dusén 434 (S) , Dusén 516 (herbarium unknown) . We found four specimens referred to these three Dusén′s collections but no one from B in which it may be destroyed during the war. Among the four specimens, three of them are from S, including B157812, B157813 and B181248, one from H, i.e. H4334009. Now we found three problems about these syntypes: 1. Type collection information is not strictly identical with Malta′s citation. For example, the collection date of H4334009 is Jan. 11, different from Malta′s citation of Jan. 14. Also, only the collection year "1897" was present in S-B157812, but Malta (1927) clearly indicated it as "Jan. 11, 1897". The collection information of S-B157813 and S-B181248 is well consistent with the protologue. 2. Type materials are mixture of three species. Two of them belong to Ulota, one belongs to Orthotrichum. 3. Morphological characters in Malta′s illustration are based on different species. As mentioned above, there are two Ulota species mixed together in the type materials and both are very similar with Malta′s protologue (1927) , except segment number of endostome, that one has eight segments, the other has 16 segments, and the former matches well with Malta′s description (1927) . But at the same time, we found a well-kept picture of U.macrodontia in the package of H4334009 and the capsules and peristome in this picture are completely identical with those of Malta′s drawings in the protologue. And there was also a densely hairy calyptra in the herbarium picture but absent in Malta′s original publishment. He indicated that all the characters in herbarium picture are based on the collection of Dusén 434, namely S-B157813 and H4334009. There are two Ulota species mixed together in these two types, one possesses long cylindrical capsules and densely hairy calyptra, but 16 endostome segments; another has cylindrical capsules, but eight endostome segments and calyptra hairiness unknown. Confused illustration raise doubt more or less upon the accuracy of Malta′s description. According to our observation, the material in the type with eight endostome segments has much longer perichaetial leaves and stomata confined to the transition zone between urn and neck, and thus it should be U.germana; while another material with 16 endostome segments bears hardly differentiated perichaetial leaves and stomata restricted to the urn, is different from any other species in Ulota. Considering this, we therefore defined the latter as U.macrodontia.

The most prominent characters of U.macrodontia are the crisped leaves and 16 endostome segments. It is closely related to U.crispa in the crisped leaves, remarkably differentiated basal leaf margin and double peristomes. However, U.crispa is different in the stomata confined to the transitional zone between urn and neck, and usually eight endostome segments.

Additional specimens examined: None.

9. Ulota magellanica (Mont.) A.Jaeger, Ber. Thätigk. St. Gallischen Naturwiss. Ges. 1872-73: 164. 1874. (Fig. 12&13)

Fig.12 A-S. Ulota magellanica (Mont.) A. Jaeger. T-U. U.billbuckii Garilleti, Mazimpaka&F. Lara. A. Plant; B-C. Capsules; D. Calyptra; E-J. Leaves; K-L. Perichaetial leaves; M. Top laminal cells; N. Median marginal cells; O. Basal marginal cells; P. Basal laminal cells; Q. Stoma; R&T. Portion of peristome; S. Unicellular spores; U. multicellular spore. (scale bar: A=1mm; B-D=0.47mm; E-J=0.3mm; K-L=0.37mm&M-U=0.05mm; A-P&S drawn from the lectotype ［PC0094404］, R from A. Kalela B296a ［H3150817］, Q from B.Goffinet 5648 ［DUKE0000830］ and T-U from C.J. Cox 595/00 ［DUKE0189156］).

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Fig.13 SEM. A-E. Ulota magellanica (Mont.) A. Jaeger. F-H. Ulota billbuckii Garilleti, Mazimpaka&F. Lara. A, E&H. inside surface of peristome. B. spore; C. ornamentation of spores; D&F. outside surface of exostome; G. capsule mouth. (material: A-C from lectotype ［PC0094404］, D-E from N.J. Andersson s.n. ［S-B157957］ and F-H from D.H. Norris 98079 ［H3211982］).

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≡Orthotrichum magellanicum Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2, 19: 242. 1843. Type: CHILE. Magellan, Port Famine, M. Jaequinot (lectotype PC0094404! designated here) . Ulota hamata Dusén, Rep. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, Botany 8 (3) : 82. 1903. Type: CHILE. "Patagonia australis in truncis arborum", J.B. Hatcher 67, 1897 (holotype S-B157810! isotype PC! no barcode; NY) . Proposed by Wijk et al (1969) as a synonym of U.magellanica.

Description: Plants green above, brown to black below, less than 1cm tall. Leaves erect, sinuose at upper part and mostly falcate when dry, patent when moist, 0.8-2.3mm long, lanceolate with a broad rounded base, acuminate. Costa strong, ending just below the apex. Upper and middle laminal cells irregularly rounded, thick-walled, with low papillae; basal inner cells linear, rhomboidal, elongate rectangular with thickened wall, smooth; basal marginal cells often differentiated in 1 to 3, rarely 5 rows, hyaline, quadrate to rectangular, with thin or only transversely thickened walls.

Autoicous. Perichaetial leaves not markedly differentiated. Capsules long exserted, cylindrical when moist, strongly constricted when dry, with 8 furrows along the entire length; exothecial cells distinctly differentiated into eight b and s. Stomata superficial, at the junction between urn and neck. Peristome double; exostome teeth 16, united into 8 pairs, lanceolate, densely and finely papillose on the outside, striate and papillose on the inside, often revolute when dry; endostome segments 16, broad, lanceolate, as wide as exostome, hyaline, smooth outside, finely striate and papillose inside. Opercula with a short beak. Calyptra campanulate, with few hairs. Spores irregularly spherical, finely papillose, very large, 40-103μm in diameter, unicellular.

Habitat and distribution: Epiphytic, reported from Chile and Argentina.

Discussion: Ulota magellanica has been a quite remarkable species until two new species described recently (Garilleti et al., 2012, 2015) , i.e. U.billbuckii and U.larrainii. They are closely related to U.magellanica in morphology, including non-crisped leaves, scarcely differentiated basal marginal leaf cells, 16 broad endostome segments and rather large spores. According to their protologues, U.magellanica is different from U.billbuckii by the low basal membrane (only 1-2 cell high and sometimes completely absent) and unicellular spores, from U.larrainii by the long vaginula hairs, cylindrical capsules and unicellular spores. We have not seen the type specimens of U.billbuckii and U.larrainii, and only three non-type collections of U.billbuckii were examined, and thus comments here are mostly based on the descriptions of Garilleti et al. (2012, 2015) .

Selected additional specimens examined: ARGENTINA. Tierra del Fuego: Ushuaia, P. Dusén 366 (1) (S-B158007, S-B 158011, S-B157962& H4334025) , C. Skottsberg 88 (S-B157960&PC, no barcode) , 89 (S-B157958-59&PC, no barcode) . CHILE. Aisén: Estancia Río Romero, T. Seki 4/14-28 (H3151090) ; Antártica Chilena: Isla Navarino, C.J. Cox 351a/00 (DUKE0188834) ; Magallanes: Laguna Parrillar, J. Engel 2074 (2) (H3150927) ; Otway Water, C. Skottsberg 454 (S-B157879) ; Punta Arenas, P. Dusén 15 (1) (S-B158009&H4334016) , A. Kalela B287c (H3150816) ; Port Famine, N.J. Andersson s.n. (S-B157957) ; Tierra del Fuego: Almirantazgo, T. Halle&C. Skottsberg 460 b (S-B158026) . Total number of specimens studied is 47.

10. Ulota phyllantha Brid. Muscol. Recent. Suppl. 4: 113. 1819. (Fig. 14)

Fig.14 Ulota phyllantha Brid. A. Plant. B-C. Leaves with gemmae. D-G. Gemmae. H-L. Leaves. M. Top laminal cells. N. Median marginal cells. O. Basal laminal cells. (scale bar: A=1mm; B-C=759μm; D-G=73μm; H-I=526μm; M=111μm; N-O=55μm; A-C drawn from H. Roivainen s.n. ［H3150917］, D-O from H. Roivainen 1908 ［MICH, no barcode］).

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Type: DENMARK. "E Danice maritimus. Ludwigius. 1811" (holotype B31024101!) .

Description: Plants green above, gradually brown below, 1.0-2.0cm tall. Leaves strongly crisped when dry, patent to spreading when moist, 2.8-4.7mm long, lanceolate to obvate lanceolate, long acuminate. Costa strong, ending just below the apex, sometimes shortly excurrent with many gemmae on it. Upper and middle laminal cells irregularly rounded, thick-walled, with 1 or 3 low papillae per cell; basal inner cells linear, elongate rectangular, vermicular, smooth, thick-walled; basal marginal cells not differentiated. Gemmae cylindrical or club-shaped, usually abundant on the leaf apex. No sporophyte seen.

Habitat and distribution: Epiphytic, known from Chile and Argentina.

Discussion: Ulota phyllantha is the most widespread species within Ulota, and also one of the most easily diagnosable taxa in the genus. It is dioicous, produces abundant gemmae at the tip of the leaves, which are strongly crisped, and the basal marginal leaf cells are hardly differentiated. Unlike other Ulota spp., U.phyllantha rarely produces capsules and is exclusively restricted to coastal habitats. Most recently, this species was erected as a new genus (Plasek et al., 2015) , i.e. Plenogemma Plasek, Sawicki&Ochyra, but we considered that this still needs more strong molecular evidences and thus view this taxon as a member of Ulota here.

Additional specimens examined: ARGENTINA. Tierra del Fuego: Cabo san Pablo, H. Roivainen s.n. (H3150969) ; Estancia Moat, D.H. Norris 97062 (H3212002) ; Bahia Lapataia, H. Roivainen s.n. (H3150971-72) , H. Roivainen 1908 (MICH, no barcode) . CHILE. Antártica Chilena: Wollaston Isl and s, B. Allen 26689 (MO5648821) , B. Allen 26713 (MO5648820) ; Tierra del Fuego: Fjardo Martinez, H. Roivainen s.n. (H3150970) .

11. Ulota pusilla Malta, Acta Horti Bot. Univ. Latv. 2: 193. 1927. (Fig. 15&16)

Fig.15 Ulota pusilla Malta. A. Plant; B-C. Capsules; D. Calyptra; E-H. Leaves; I-L. Perichaetial leaves; M. Top laminal cells; N. Median marginal cells; O. Basal laminal cells; P. Basal marginal cells; Q. Stoma; R&S. Portion of peristome; T. Spores. (scale bar: A-C=1mm; D=0.91mm; E-H=0.45mm; I-L=0.55mm&M-T=0.07mm; A&R drawn from B. Ruthsatz s.n. ［H3150924］, Q&S-T from B. Ruthsatz s.n. ［H3150923］ and the remainings from the holotype ［H4334003］).

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Fig.16 SEM of Ulota pusilla Malta. A&D. outside surface of exostome; B&C. inside surface of peristome; E. spore. (all material from B. Ruthsatz s.n. ［H3150923］ except A, which from the holotype ［H4334003］).

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Type: CHILE. Tierra del Fuego, Almirantazgo, Halle&Skottsberg 460, 1908 (holotype H4334003! isotype PC0099346!) .

Ulota lativentrosa Müll. Hal. ex Malta, Acta Horti Bot. Univ. Latv. 2: 194. 1927. syn. nov. Type: CHILE. Valdivia, Anden von Villarica, D.Neger, 1897 (holotype B absent; isotype M0155421!) .

Description: Plants green above, gradually brownish below, less than 1cm tall. Stems somewhat slender. Leaves erect or flexuose when dry, erect-spreading to patent when moist, 1.3-2.1mm long, lanceolate with a broader rounded base, acuminate. Costa strong, ending just below the apex. Upper and middle laminal cells irregularly rounded, thick-walled, with 1 or 2 low papillae per cell; basal inner cells linear, elongate rectangular with thickened wall, smooth; basal marginal cells differentiated in 6 to 9 rows, hyaline, quadrate to rectangular, with thin or only transversely thickened walls.

Autoicous. Perichaetial leaves not markedly differentiated. Capsules long exserted, cylindrical when moist, weakly constricted when dry, 8 furrows along the entire length; exothecial cells clearly differentiated into eight b and s. Stomata superficial, on the urn. Peristome double; exostome teeth 16, united into 8 pairs, lanceolate, densely and strongly papillose on the outside, striate on the inside, often revolute when dry; endostome segments 16, as tall as the teeth, sometimes alternatively 8 long 8 short and the short ones occasionally fugacious, lanceolate to linear, yellowish, smooth outside, densely and finely papillose on the inside. Opercula with a medium long beak. Calyptra campanulate, with few or many hairs. Spores spherical, finely papillose, 25-43μm in diameter.

Habitat and distribution: Epiphytic, known from Chile and Argentina.

Discussion: Malta stated in his protologue (1927) that U.lativentrosa resembled U.pusilla in the basal leaf margin, papillae on leaf cells, capsule neck and peristome, but differed in the cylindrical capsule and much smaller spores. We failed to find any obvious difference in the capsule shape and spore size between these two species after examining their type materials and thus reduced U.lativentrosa to a synonym. The main diagnostic characters of U.pusilla are non-crisped leaves, distinctly differentiated basal marginal leaf cells, stomata located over the urn and 16 endostome segments with strongly papillose. Ulota pusilla is very similar to U.macrodontia, but the latter has crisped leaves and much weaker peristome ornamentation.

Malta (1927) mentioned a non-type specimen of U.magellanica (Halle&Skottsberg 460, S-B158026) whose collection information is the same as the type of U.pusilla. We cited them respectively as a and b at this work.

Additional specimens examined: ARGENTINA. Chubut: Lago Menéndez, A. Kalela B248j (1) (H3150919) . CHILE. Cautín: Volcán Villarrica, B. Ruthsatz s.n. (H3150923-24) ; Tierra del Fuego: Canal Whiteside, R. Santesson M519 (2) (S-B158025) ; Almirantazgo, T. Halle&C. Skottsberg (S-B158029) .

12. Ulota pycnophylla Dusén ex Malta, Acta Horti Bot. Univ. Latv. 2: 183. f. 6. 1927. (Fig. 17)

Fig.17 Ulota pycnophylla Dusén ex Malta. A. Plant; B-C. Capsules; D. Calyptra; E-I. Leaves; J-L. Perichaetial leaves; M. Top laminal cells; N. Median marginal cells; O. Basal laminal cells; P. Basal marginal cells; Q. Stoma; R. Portion of peristome; S. Spores. (scale bar: A=2mm; B-C=1mm; D=2.3mm; E-I=0.4mm; J-L=0.74mm&N-S=0.1mm; all drawn from the holotype ［S-B88537］ of U.aurantiaca except peristome which is from the holotype of U.pycnophylla ［S-B115596］).

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Type: CHILE. Cordillera de la Costa, Angol, an Stäm-men, elev. 700m, P. Dusén 346b, 4 Nov. 1896 (holotype S-B115596!) .

Ulota aurantiaca Dusén ex Malta, Acta Horti Bot. Univ. Latv. 2: 184. f. 7. 1927. syn. nov. Type: CHILE. Patagonia, P. Dusén 15a, 21 Nov. 1895 (holotype S-B88537!) .

Description: Plants green above, brownish below, less than 1cm tall. Leaves erect or slightly flexuose, appressed or slightly open when dry, erect-spreading when moist, 1.0-2.4mm long, lanceolate from a broad oval base, acute. Costa strong, ending just below the apex. Upper and middle laminal cells irregularly rounded, thick-walled, almost smooth or with short papillae; basal inner cells linear, elongate rectangular, smooth, thick-walled; basal marginal cells differentiated in 5 to 10 rows, hyaline, quadrate to rectangular, with thin, sometimes slightly thickened walls.

Autoicous. Perichaetial leaves somewhat differentiated. Capsules long exserted, cylindrical when moist, moderately to strongly constricted when dry, 8 furrows along the entire length; exothecial cells clearly differentiated into eight b and s. Stomata superficial, at the junction between neck and urn. Peristome double; exostome teeth 16, united into 8 pairs, lanceolate, densely papillose on the outer surface, which fuse into papillose ridges differently orientated on the inner surface, usually revolute when dry; endostome segments usually 8, narrow lanceolate, hyaline or pale yellow, smooth outside, slightly coarse inside. Opercula with a short beak. Calyptra campanulate, densely hairy. Spores spherical, brownish, finely papillose, 18-30μm in diameter.

Habitat and distribution: Only known from Chile where it grows on trees.

Discussion: Ulota pycnophylla has been rarely mentioned in previous studies. The dissection of an operculate capsule from the type of U.pycnophylla revealed that the endostome is composed of eight segments, but Malta′s (1927) found some specimens had more segments. In the protologue, Malta (1927) stated that he did not find calyptra in the type of U.aurantiaca. Nevertheless, we saw one in the type, and it is campanulate and hairy. Ulota aurantiaca is similar to U.pycnophylla in leaf shape, stomata position, peristome structure and calyptra hairiness, and they are therefore considered conspecific.

Ulota pycnophylla resembles U.macrocalycina by its leaves, which are small, erect when dry, have an oval base and many rows of hyaline cells with thin walls. However, the latter is distinguished by the stomata that are formed above the neck in the region of the urn, the exostome teeth not fusing into papillose ridges on the inner surface, and the naked calyptra.

There is a non-type specimen (P. Dusén 15, S-B158009) cited by Malta (1927) in U.macrocalycina. Its collection information is the same as the holotype of U.aurantiaca and thus we also named them a and b, respectively.

Additional specimens examined: None.

13. Ulota rhytiore (B.H. Allen) F. Lara, Garilleti, Albertos&Mazimpaka, Bryologist 111: 323. 2008.

≡Orthotrichum rhytiore B.H. Allen, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 90: 639. f. 261. 2002. Type: EL SALVADOR. Chalatenango, Mun. Ignacio, Cantón Río Chiquito, Cerro Pital, finca de los Sres. Portillo, cima de Cerro Pital, elev. 2, 730m, 14°23′ N, 89°08′ W, exposed mountain top, disturbed low mossy forest, Sipman 37626A, 21 Nov. 1993 (holotype NY00799474!) .

Description: Plants green above, brown to black below, ca. 1.6cm tall. Leaves flexuose, spiral, rarely crisped when dry, patent to spreading when moist, 4.5-5.4mm long, lanceolate with a broad rounded base, acuminate. Costa strong, ending just below the apex. Upper and middle laminal cells irregularly rounded, thick-walled, with low papillae; basal inner cells linear, elongate rectangular with thickened wall, smooth; basal marginal cells often differentiated in 1 to 8 rows, hyaline, quadrate to rectangular, with transversely thickened walls.

Autoicous. Perichaetial leaves slightly differentiated. Cap-sules emergent, fusiform, 8 furrows only near the mouth, strongly constricted when dry. Stomata superficial, at the urn. Peristome apparently absent. Opercula with a long beak. Calyptra campanulate, with many hairs. Spores unknown.

Illustration: see Albertos et al., 2008.

Habitat and distribution: Habitat unknown, only reported from El Salvador.

Discussion: Ulota rhytiore is the only species in Central American within Ulota so far and all the available studies are based on the type material, which was scanty when we obtained it. In this case, we did not dissect any capsule from the holotype, and the sporophyte is described based on our observation under stereomicroscope and a previous study (Albertos et al., 2008) . It is a very distinct species with apparently no peristome, strongly flexuose leaves, fusiform capsules and stomata present only on the urn. The Chinese species, U.gymnostoma (Guo et al., 2004) , is very similar to U.rhytiore in capsule shape, lack of peristome and calyptra hairiness, but differs in the strongly crisped leaves, those being flexuose or spirally twisted in U.rhytiore. Additionally, Ulota gymnostoma has short exserted capsules and stomata located at the transition between urn and neck, whereas U.rhytiore has emergent capsules and stomata distributed over the urn.

Additional specimens examined: None.

14. Ulota streptodon Garilleti, Mazimpaka&F. Lara, Bryologist 115: 594. 2012.

Type: CHILE. Región de Magallanes Y de La Antártica Chilena. Provincia Antártica Chilena. Comuna de Cabo de Hornos. Parque Nacional Alberto de Agostini, south-central coast of Isla Gordon, Caleta Caracoles, NW of Estero Fouqué along SW arm of Beagle Channel, 55°01′57″ S, 69°36′41″ W, 5 m a.s.l., patches of tundra and disperse small areas of shrubby Nothofagus betuloides, horizontal branches of Nothofagus betuloides close to the shoreline, R. Garilleti s.n., 20 Jan. 2012 (holotype NY; isotype VAL)

Description: Plants green above, brownish below, ca. 0.5cm tall. Leaves strongly flexuose when dry, lanceolate from a broad oval base, acuminate. Costa strong, ending just below the apex. Upper and middle laminal cells irregularly rounded, thick-walled, with short papillae; basal inner cells linear, elongate rectangular, smooth, thick-walled; basal marginal cells differentiated only one row, hyaline, quadrate to rectangular, with thin or slightly thickened walls.

Autoicous. Perichaetial leaves somewhat differentiated. Capsules short to long exserted, cylindrical when moist, moderately constricted when dry, somewhat puckered at mouth, 8 furrows along the entire length; exothecial cells clearly differentiated into eight b and s. Stomata superficial, on the urn. Peristome double; exostome teeth 16, united into 8 pairs, lanceolate, densely and finely papillose, usually recurved when dry; endostome not seen. Opercula not seen. Calyptra campanulate, densely hairy. Spores not seen.

Illustration: see Garilleti et al., 2012.

Habitat and distribution: endemic to Chile, grow on trees (Garilleti et al., 2012) .

Discussion: Ulota streptodon is one of three species (including U.billbuckii and U.larrainii) with multicellular spores in South America. Besides that, it also can be distinguished by the erect leaves, only 1-2 rows of hyaline basal marginal leaf cells, puckered capsule mouth and rudimentary or sometimes absent endostome segments. Ulota streptodon resembles U.billbuckii and U.larrainii in the non-crisped leaves and the giant multiceuular spores, however, the latter two species have well-developed endostome segments and capsules without a puckered mouth. We have seen only one collection referred to U.streptodon during this work and a more complete description and detailed discussion were provided by Garilleti et al. (2012) .

Additional specimens examined: CHILE. Ranco: Cordillera Pelada, G. Hollermagor s.n. (S, no barcode) .

1. Ulota angustissima Müll. Hal., Hedwigia 36: 104. 1897.

Type: CHILE. Valdivia, Dr. H.Hahn, 1888 (holotype G; isotype S-B88536! NY)

Ulota angustissima has been ignored by bryologists for a long time. Müller (1897) in the protologue stated that the spirally twisted leaves distinguish it from all other species in Ulota and this character made us think of the suggestions of Brotherus (1925) and Malta (1927) that this taxon probably belongs to Macromitrium. The type specimen from S is very poor, consisting only of several stems and a fragmentary capsule. We could only observe that the species has flexuose to moderately crisped, lanceolate leaves with a rounded base, 4-5 rows of hyaline cells at the basal leaf margin with only thickened transverse walls, and stomata located at the middle of capsule. The type specimens in NY and G are not available for us, but we obtained their photos from the website of Global Plants. The morphology of these three types is generally consistent. The material from NY is also fragmentary according to the photos but that in G is much better, especially we can see the "spirally twisted leaves" and a complete long-exserted capsule in the latter. Therefore, considering all hitherto known characters, including flexuose to crisped leaves, several rows of hyaline cells at leaf base, long seta, stomata confined to the urn, U.angustissima has much in common with U.fuegiana. Although these features mostly also occur in U.macrocalycina, U.macrodontia and U.pusilla, but the leaves are erect and appressed in U.macrocalycina, strongly crisped in U. macrodontia and erect to fleuxose in U.pusilla. We have not observed the peristome of U.angustissima and thus cannot reduce it as a synonym of U.fuegiana at present work, but we can be sure that this species definitely belongs to Ulota, rather than Macromitrium as suggested by Brotherus (1925) and Malta (1927) .

Moreover, we found two specimens (H4334010&S-B177720) which have the same collection information with the type of U.angustissima, but there were written as "Ulota rufula" on their packages, not U.angustissima, and thus they should not be type specimens. Our observation confirmed the previous determination of these two specimens, but some U.fuegiana were mixed in H4334010.

2. Ulota ventricosa (Müll. Hal.) Malta, Acta Horti Bot. Univ. Latv. 2: 180. 1927.

≡Zygodon ventricosus Müll. Hal., Linnaea 18: 668. 1845. Type: "in agro Chilensi, ubi legit Philippi".

Ulota ventricosa has rarely, if ever, been mentioned in the literature. Malta (1927) cited only two specimens of U.ventricosa in his protologue (Philippi s. n.&P. Dusén s. n.) and both deposited in B herbarium. But we have not obtained any information about them by requesting loan or searching in the herbarium database, neither in any other herbaria consulted. Only a non-type specimen as U.ventricosa (Fuegia, Beagle Canal, leg. M. Guosinde 357, Mar. 1922) was found in S (no barcode) so far, but the material is little, consisting of three incomplete branches, and its morphology agrees well with Orthotrichum bicolor Thér., rather than Ulota species. But this is not type and thus cannot be used to define U.ventricosa. In fact, Ulota ventricosa, in Malta′s protologue (1927) , has undifferentiated basal leaf margin, eight pairs of exostome teeth and sixteen endostome segments. It was considered by Malta (1927) to be related to U.magellanica, but U.ventricosa differs in the wide-spreading leaves and naked calyptra. These distinctions, however, are obviously weak and thus it is most likely to be a synonym of U.magellanica. Although Malta (1927) gave detailed description and illustration of U.ventricosa, considering it has not been reported for a quite long time, it is not possible for us to settle the taxonomic position of this taxon only from the protologue.

This work is supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 31400188) . Some important work in this paper was carried out while the first author was a visiting researcher at Botanical Museum (H) , Finnish Museum of Natural History in 2014. She is most grateful to the directors, Marko Hyvärinen, and the Senior Curator of Bryophytes, Sinikka Piippo, for giving her this opportunity. Xiaolan He and Yu Sun are gratefully acknowledged for their help in solving many problems in her life and work during this year. All staff members at the Botanical Museum are thanked for their help and friendliness during her stay. Special thanks to Timo Koponen for the scholarship from Finnish Bryological Society, and Teuvo Ahti for translating the h and written collection information on historical specimens. The first author also thanks the Curator of Bryophytes in BM (Len Ellis) , the director (Arne Anderberg) of Botany and Collections Manager (Jens Klackenberg) in S, and the Curator (Catherine Rausch) of Bryology and Lionel Kervran in PC for their support and cooperation during her short work at these three herbaria. We thank the curators at B, BM, DUKE, E, H, JE, M, MICH, NY, PC and S for the loans of specimens that made this work possible. Also we are very grateful to Bernard Goffinet and Johannes Enroth for helpful comments and careful English correction on the manuscript. We thank Mei-Zhi Wang and Ning-Ning Yu for SEM technical assistance. The stipend to live abroad was supplied by the China Scholarship Council.