吉林大学学报(医学版)  2018, Vol. 44 Issue (02): 398-400

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李思莹, 谢敏, 洪晓玲, 王海啸, 张松灵
LI Siying, XIE Min, HONG Xiaoling, WANG Haixiao, ZHANG Songling
卵巢囊性成熟性畸胎瘤并发类癌3例报告及文献复习
Mature cystic teratoma complicated with primary ovarian carcinoid: A report of 3 cases and literature review
吉林大学学报(医学版), 2018, 44(02): 398-400
Journal of Jilin University (Medicine Edition), 2018, 44(02): 398-400
10.13481/j.1671-587x.20180235

文章历史

收稿日期: 2017-11-13
卵巢囊性成熟性畸胎瘤并发类癌3例报告及文献复习
李思莹 , 谢敏 , 洪晓玲 , 王海啸 , 张松灵     
吉林大学第一医院肿瘤妇科, 吉林 长春 130021
[摘要]: 目的: 探讨卵巢囊性成熟性畸胎瘤并发类癌的临床特点、诊断思路、治疗方法及预后,总结该类疾病的基本特征,提高临床医生对该病的认识。方法: 患者因体检发现一侧卵巢肿物入院,行相关肿瘤标记物检查均未见异常,术前诊断为卵巢瘤,2例患者行患侧附件切除术,1例行患侧肿瘤剥除术。结果: 3例患者手术顺利,术后病理诊断均为卵巢成熟性囊性畸胎瘤并发类癌,术后恢复良好,随访15个月未见复发及转移。结论: 卵巢囊性成熟性畸胎瘤并发类癌术前极易误诊。患侧附件切除术是治疗该种疾病较为常见的手术方式,预后较好。
关键词: 卵巢囊性成熟性畸胎瘤    原发卵巢类癌    类癌综合征    甲状腺肿型    
Mature cystic teratoma complicated with primary ovarian carcinoid: A report of 3 cases and literature review
LI Siying, XIE Min, HONG Xiaoling, WANG Haixiao, ZHANG Songling     
Department of Tumor Gynecology, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
[Abstract]: Objective: To discuss the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment experience and prognosis of mature cystic teratoma complicated with primary ovarian carcinoid, and to summarize its general charateriseics and to enhance the knowledge of clinician. Methods: Three female patients presented unilateral ovarian tumor in physical examination and were admitted to hospital.The tumor markers of three patients were normal. The preoperative diagnosis was ovarian tumor.Unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was conducted in two patients.The resection of ovarian tumor was conducted in one patient. Results: The three patients underwent operation successfully.The postoperative pathological diagnosis was mature cystic teratoma complicated with primary ovarian carcinoid.The patients recovered well, who accepted 15-month follow-up with normal life and stable condition, and had no recurrence and metastasis. Conclusion: Mature cystic teratoma complicated with primary ovarian carcinoid is easy to be misdiagnosed before operation.Salpingo-oophorectomy is commonly used as the treatment method of mature cystic teratoma complicated with primary ovarian carcinoid and it can result in good effectiveness and better prognosis.
Key words: mature cystic teratoma     primary ovarian carcinoid     carcinoid syndrome     strumal variant    

原发性卵巢类癌属于单胚胎畸胎瘤,占所有类癌的比率不足1%,占所有卵巢肿瘤的比率不足0.1%[1]。85%的类癌可并发卵巢成熟性畸胎瘤或卵巢甲状腺肿等[2-3]。成熟性囊性畸胎瘤并发类癌极为罕见,且术前易误诊为畸胎瘤,多需术后病理明确诊断。2000年Soga等[4]首次在全球内统计分析了卵巢成熟性囊性畸胎瘤并发类癌的病例。目前该病的临床报道较少,对其诊断、治疗及预后认识尚不足。本文作者报道了2011年—2017年11月吉林大学第一医院收治的3例成熟性囊性畸胎瘤并发卵巢类癌患者的临床资料,并对相关文献进行分析,以期提高临床医生对该病诊断、治疗及预后的认识。

1 临床资料

病例1:患者,36岁,孕2产1,因“体检发现左卵巢肿物4个月”于2016年6月入院,该患者平素月经规律,4个月前体检发现左卵巢肿物,病程中无腹痛、腹泻或便秘等类癌综合征表现。妇科查体:左侧附件区触及一大小为6cm×5cm的囊肿,表面光滑,轻压痛,活动可。于本院妇科超声检查显示:左卵巢内见5.9cm×4.9cm囊性光团回声,内液欠清,内见3.1cm×1.1cm强回声,形态不规则,未见血流。肿瘤标记物检查:神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE):20.98μg·L-1,糖类抗原125(CA125)、糖类抗原199(CA199)、甲胎蛋白(AFP)、癌胚抗原(CEA)和人附睾蛋白(HE4)均正常。术前诊断:左侧卵巢瘤。行左侧卵巢瘤剥除术。术后病理结果回报:左侧卵巢成熟性囊性畸胎瘤,并发低级别神经内分泌瘤/类癌(最大径为0.6 cm),局限于畸胎瘤囊壁内;免疫组织化学:CD56(+), Ki-67(+1%),CK-pan(+),CgA(部分+),Syn(+)。随访15个月,未见异常。

病例2:患者,28岁,因“体检发现盆腔肿物1.5个月”于2014年3月入院。该患者平素月经规律。与1.5个月前于常规体检发现右卵巢肿物,病程中无腹痛、腹泻或便秘等类癌综合征表现。妇科检查:右侧附件区可触及直径约7cm肿物,边界清楚,活动性好,略有压痛。于本院行妇科超声提示:右侧卵巢内见7.5cm×4.6cm囊性光团回声,一房内液清,一房内见短线样及团块状强回声。肿瘤标记物:CA125、CA199、CEA和AFP均正常。术前诊断:右侧卵巢瘤。行右附件切除术。术后病理回报:右侧附件卵巢成熟性囊性畸胎瘤,局部伴类癌(最大径约为0.5cm),类癌呈混合型,岛状+梁状,畸胎瘤内可见部分成熟的脑神经胶质,输卵管未见明显病变。随访44个月,未见异常。

病例3:患者,38岁,因“体检发现左侧卵巢肿物4个月”于2013年5月入院,该患者平素月经规律。4个月前因体检发现左侧卵巢肿物,病程中无腹痛、腹泻或便秘等类癌综合征表现。妇科查体:左侧附件区可触及一直径约为6cm的囊性肿物,表面光滑,活动度良好,无压痛。于本院妇科行超声显示:左卵巢内见5.1cm×2.7cm囊性光团回声,内见短线样及团块状回声。肿瘤标记物:CA125、CA199、AFP、CEA、HE4和NSE均正常。术前诊断:左侧卵巢瘤。行左侧卵巢瘤剥除术。术后病理回报:左卵巢囊肿成熟性囊性畸胎瘤,并发类癌(最大直径约为0.8mm);免疫组织化学:CK(+), Ki-67(NS), 对照CgA(-), Syn(+)。因类癌组织较小,免疫组织化学切片内见少许肿瘤细胞,结合形态及免疫标记,符合类癌。随访54个月,未见异常。

2 讨论

卵巢囊性成熟性畸胎瘤并发类癌常被误诊为畸胎瘤,需术后病理明确诊断。卵巢囊性成熟性畸胎瘤是最常见的卵巢良性肿瘤,发病年龄为20~30岁,平均肿瘤大小为6.5cm。而原发性卵巢类癌可发生于任何年龄,发病年龄为28~83岁(平均发病年龄为52岁),平均肿瘤大小约为11cm。在Soga等[4]收集分析的329例原发性卵巢类癌病例中,单纯的卵巢原发类癌与并发畸胎瘤比较肿瘤直径更大(单纯的卵巢原发类癌平均直径约为8.9 cm), 发生转移的概率更大(22%),并且更易并发类癌综合征(22.9%)。

原发性卵巢类癌多无自觉症状,常以盆腔肿物求治,本组中3例病例均于常规体检中发现。少数原发性卵巢类癌可并发类癌综合征,多数为岛型,梁索型卵巢类癌则少见类癌综合征[5-6]。Islam等[7]回顾性分析显示:164例以岛型为优势的卵巢原发性类癌中约有14%并发类癌综合征,包括皮肤潮红、腹泻、支气管痉挛、外周血管功能症候群和心脏损害症候群等,这与类癌产生某些类分泌物质有关,如5-羟色胺、组胺、多巴胺、激肽、前列腺素e物质和生长抑素等,其中5-羟色胺占主导地位。少数患者以顽固性便秘为主诉,主要是由于肿瘤细胞产生的YY肽抑制肠运动性[8-9]。本文作者探讨的3例患者均无类癌综合征的表现。

原发性卵巢类癌常局限于一侧卵巢,可发生在成熟性囊性畸胎瘤的顶部或其他分化正常的卵巢组织上。原发性卵巢类癌因组织形态不同可分为:岛型、梁索型、甲状腺肿型和黏液型[9]。同一肿瘤可见几种类型混合存在,其中以岛型和甲状腺肿型多见,卵巢黏液型类癌少见[10]。在卵巢岛状类癌中,瘤细胞排列成圆形、卵圆形或角型的岛,外周细胞排列成栅栏状。有时可见小腺泡,典型的位于岛屿边缘但有时弥漫,瘤细胞明显一致,胞浆丰富,核分裂少见。免疫组织化学对突触素、嗜铬素A、NSE、血清素及各种神经元性肽(包括降钙素和前列腺酸性磷酸酶)呈阳性反应[11-12]。大多数卵巢类癌与畸胎瘤有关,认为可能来自成熟性畸胎瘤的内胚层成分中可产生神经激素的多肽的亲银细胞,一些类癌与黏液性囊腺瘤密切相关,提示类癌可能起源于黏液性囊腺瘤的亲银和噬银细胞。原发类癌并发畸胎瘤组织中大多数为器官样结构并呈轻至中度异型性,无明显有丝分裂活动,约有10%高度多形核细胞,并可见坏死及少量有丝分裂。其中成熟性囊性畸胎瘤十分局限。免疫组织化学显示CD56和突触素为弥漫性强阳性,嗜铬粒蛋白为阴性,并且缺乏核β-连环蛋白的积聚;Ki-67指数为10%~12%[13]。本例患者最终组织学确诊是依靠免疫组织化学染色阳性的NSE、CgA和Syn,这表明肿瘤是神经内分泌分化的。银染色也同时显示为神经内分泌颗粒。

原发性卵巢类癌Ⅰ期患者单纯手术切除患侧附件即可达到根治目的,术后复发罕见。早期患者10年生存率为100%,15年生存率为80%。早期原发类癌的患者不提倡行卵巢癌全面的分期手术,对绝经期妇女可行全子宫及双附件切除术,要求保留卵巢功能的年轻患者可行患侧附件切除术。Kopf等[11]报道1例79岁的晚期卵巢类癌,成功地实施双附件切除术,术后未给予任何辅助补充治疗,现已生存10年。近期有学者[14-15]认为:原发卵巢类癌为低度恶性肿瘤,对放、化疗均不敏感,因此患者不能从辅助化疗中受益,故一些晚期患者术后不必予以化疗,以密切随诊为宜。原发卵巢类癌并发有畸胎瘤成分不会影响预后,而并发有类癌心脏病可能导致预后恶化。

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