吉林大学学报(医学版)  2018, Vol. 44 Issue (02): 363-367

扩展功能

文章信息

柯海劲, 陈小燕, 郭勇, 罗丽辉, 吴婕翎
KE Haijin, CHEN Xiaoyan, GUO Yong, LUO Lihui, WU Jieling
牛奶蛋白过敏婴幼儿常见过敏原sIgE阳性率分析
Analysis of positive rate of sIgE for common allergens in infants with cow'smilk protein allergy
吉林大学学报(医学版), 2018, 44(02): 363-367
Journal of Jilin University (Medicine Edition), 2018, 44(02): 363-367
10.13481/j.1671-587x.20180228

文章历史

收稿日期: 2017-10-10
牛奶蛋白过敏婴幼儿常见过敏原sIgE阳性率分析
柯海劲 , 陈小燕 , 郭勇 , 罗丽辉 , 吴婕翎     
广东省妇幼保健院儿童保健科, 广东 广州 511400
[摘要]: 目的: 探讨牛奶蛋白过敏(CMPA)和健康婴幼儿常见过敏原特异性免疫球蛋白E(sIgE)的阳性率差异,明确CMPA婴幼儿常见过敏原sIgE阳性分布特征,为CMPA患儿综合干预提供依据。方法: 选择156例CMPA(CMPA组)和318名健康婴幼儿(健康组)作为研究对象,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测2组婴幼儿血清中常见过敏原sIgE和总IgE水平,比较2组婴幼儿常见过敏原sIgE和总IgE阳性率差异。结果: CMPA组和健康组婴幼儿常见过敏原sIgE和总IgE的阳性率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);CMPA组sIgE阳性率较高的食物过敏原为牛奶(44.2%)、鸡蛋白(10.3%)和腰果(5.1%),sIgE阳性率较高的吸入性过敏原为猫毛皮屑(21.2%)、狗毛皮屑(9.6%)和户尘螨(4.5%);健康组sIgE阳性率较高的食物过敏原为牛奶(45.0%)、鸡蛋白(14.2%)和腰果(6.0%),sIgE阳性率较高的吸入性过敏原为猫毛皮屑(25.8%)、狗毛皮屑(14.5%)和真菌组合(4.5%)。不同年龄段(< 1岁与1~2岁)分组分析,CMPA组和健康组婴幼儿常见过敏原sIgE阳性率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论: CMPA和健康婴幼儿常见过敏原血清sIgE阳性率未发现明显差异,提示CMPA婴幼儿行血清sIgE检测的临床指导意义证据尚显不足。
关键词: 牛奶蛋白过敏    过敏原    特异性免疫球蛋白E    酶联免疫吸附法    婴幼儿    
Analysis of positive rate of sIgE for common allergens in infants with cow'smilk protein allergy
KE Haijin, CHEN Xiaoyan, GUO Yong, LUO Lihui, WU Jieling     
Department of Child Health, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou 511400, China
[Abstract]: Objective: To explore the differences in the positive rates of specific-IgE(sIgE) of the common allergens between the cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) and healthy infants and the distribution characteristics of positive sIgE of common allergens in the CMPA infants, and to provide basis for comprehensive intervention of the CMPA infants. Methods: A total of 156 cases of CMPA and 318 cases of healthy infants were selected as the subjects. The serum sIgE and total IgE levels of common allergens of the infants in two groups were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The differences in the positive rates of serum sIgE of common allergens and total IgE of the infants in two groups were compared. Results: There were no statistical differences in the positive rates of serum sIgE and total IgE for common allergens of the infants between CMPA group and healthy group(P>0.05).The major food allergens with high positive rates of sIgE in CMPA group were cow's milk(44.2%), egg white(10.3%) and cashew nut(5.1%), and the inhale allergens with high positive rates of sIgE were cat hair(21.2%), dog hair(9.6%) and house dust mite(4.5%).While for the healthy infants, the major food allergens with high positive rates of sIgE were cow's milk(45%), egg white (14.2%)and cashew nut(6.0%), and the inhale allergens with high positive rates of sIgE were cat hair(25.8%), dog hair(14.5%)and fungus combinations(4.5%). The analysis in different age groups (< 1 year old and 1-2 years old) showed that there were no statistical differences in the positive rates of serum sIgE and total IgE for common allergens of the infants between CMPA group and healthy group(P>0.05). Conclusion: There are no significant differences in the serum sIgE and total IgE positive rates between the CMPA and healthy infants. The detection of serum sIgE and total IgE of common allergens is of little clinical significance for the CMPA infants.
Key words: cow's milk protein allergy     allergen     sIgE     enzymelinked immunosorbent assay     infant    

牛奶蛋白过敏(cow’s milk protein allergy, CMPA)是婴幼儿期最常见的食物过敏症,发病率为2%~3%[1]。食物过敏与婴幼儿免疫系统的发育、肠道菌群和喂养方式等有关[2-3]。食物过敏的常见介导方式是免疫球蛋白E(IgE)介导、非IgE介导、混合介导和细胞介导[4]。牛奶蛋白是婴儿最常接触的食物,主要包括β乳球蛋白、γ球蛋白、乳白蛋白和酪蛋白4种主要蛋白质,其中β乳球蛋白和酪蛋白为常见的2种过敏原。当这些过敏原进入机体后,可以通过IgE介导,诱发多器官和系统的过敏现象;也可以通过非IgE介导对牛奶蛋白产生系列过敏反应[5]。CMPA患儿临床表现较为复杂,多见腹泻、呕吐等胃肠道症状,部分可能伴随皮肤出现荨麻疹、瘙痒和过敏性湿疹等,严重者出现全身症状,可直接影响婴幼儿的正常发育[6-9]。CMPA的治疗主要包括健康教育、环境控制、牛奶及其他过敏性食物回避和营养干预,为了对CMPA患儿进行综合干预,临床上常对CMPA患儿进行常见过敏原血清特异性IgE(sIgE)和总IgE水平检测,以期发现更多致敏原,进行干预指导[9-10]。近年来关于食物过敏儿童和正常儿童sIgE水平的研究越来越多,但针对CMPA婴幼儿常见过敏原sIgE分析的报道尚缺乏。本研究检测CMPA婴幼儿和健康婴幼儿常见食物过敏原和吸入性过敏原sIgE水平,比较CMPA和健康婴幼儿常见过敏原sIgE的阳性率差异,明确CMPA婴幼儿常见过敏原sIgE阳性分布特征,为CMPA患儿综合干预提供帮助。

1 资料与方法 1.1 研究对象

本研究经医院伦理委员会审核通过,并由患儿父母签字同意。CMPA组:选取2015—2017年本院儿童保健科诊断的CMPA儿童156例,其中男性76例,女性80例。入组标准:①临床高度疑诊为CMPA,即患儿存在CMPA的临床症状[11];②牛奶蛋白口服激发实验阳性;③年龄为0~24个月;④排除其他过敏性疾病。健康组:选取2015—2017年本院儿童保健科常规保健的健康儿童318名,其中男性178名,女性140名。入组标准:①临床上未诊断为任何过敏性疾病;②年龄为6~24个月;③无明显过敏性疾病家族史。排除标准:①有明显的先天畸形、器质性功能障碍或者遗传代谢疾病的儿童;②早产儿及低出生体质量儿童;③并发感染。

1.2 检测方法

利用无抗凝真空管抽取患儿静脉血3 mL,离心后取血清,进行过敏原sIgE和总IgE水平测定。采用的试剂为MEDWISS Analytic GmbH过敏原检测试剂盒,严格按照说明书采用免疫印迹法检测。具体检测指标包括总IgE、常见食物过敏原和吸入性过敏原的sIgE。10种食物过敏原包括蛋、牛奶、苋、蟹、虾、牛肉、贝、菠萝、芒果和腰果;9种吸入性过敏原包括户尘螨、屋尘、真菌组合(点青霉、分枝孢霉、烟曲霉和交连孢霉)、猫毛皮屑、狗毛皮屑、蟑螂、短豚草、桑树及树花粉组合(栎、榆、梧桐、柳和三角叶杨)。根据说明书将sIgE水平分为0~6级:正常0级,< 0.35 IU·mL-1;1级,0.35~ 0.70IU·mL-1;2级,0.7~3.5 IU·mL-1;3级,3.5~17.5 IU·mL-1;4级,17.5~50.0 IU·mL-1;5级,50.0~100.0 IU·mL-1;6级,>100.0 IU·mL-1。过敏原sIgE抗体检测中滴度≥0.35 IU·mL-1为阳性,提示对该种过敏原致敏。过敏原总IgE(tIgE)的结果为等级资料分为<100 IU·mL-1、100~200 IU·mL-1和>200 IU·mL-1。本研究将tIgE>200IU·mL-1定义为阳性,提示机体处于致敏状态。

1.3 统计学分析

采用SPSS 20.0统计软件进行统计学分析。所有资料进行正态检验,对符合正态分布的计量资料以x±s表示,非正态分布的计量资料(年龄)以中位数(四分位数间距)即M(IQR)描述。计数资料(性别、喂养史、sIgE和总IgE阳性率)用频数和百分比(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法检验。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 2组婴幼儿一般资料

2组婴幼儿月龄、性别比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),CMPA组婴幼儿母乳喂养71例,非母乳喂养85例;健康组正常婴幼儿,母乳喂养166名,非母乳喂养152名;2组间喂养史比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表 1

表 1 2组婴幼儿基本信息 Table 1 General information of infants in two groups
Group n Age
(month, IQR)
Male
(η/%)
History of breastfeeding(η/%)
Healthy control 156 9.0(6) 55.9 45.5
CMPA 318 9.5(6) 48.7 52.2
2.2 2组婴幼儿常见过敏原sIgE阳性率

CMPA组和健康组常见食物过敏原和吸入性过敏原sIgE阳性率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表 2。2组婴幼儿总IgE阳性率比较差异亦无统计学意义(P=0.257)。CMPA组sIgE阳性率较高的食物过敏原为牛奶(44.2%)、鸡蛋白(10.3%)和腰果(5.1%),sIgE阳性率较高的吸入性过敏原为猫毛皮屑(21.2%)、狗毛皮屑(9.6%)和户尘螨(4.5%);健康组sIgE阳性率较高的食物过敏原为牛奶(45.0%)、鸡蛋白(14.2%)和腰果(6.0%),sIgE阳性率较高的吸入性过敏原为猫毛皮屑(25.8%)、狗毛皮屑(14.5%)和真菌组合(4.5%)。

表 2 2组婴幼儿常见过敏原sIgE阳性人数比例 Table 2 Proportions of children with positive sIgE of common allergens in two groups
Allergen Healthy control
(n=318)
CMPA
(n=156)
χ2 P
House dust mite 9(2.8) 7 (4.5) 0.881 0.348
House dust 10(3.1) 5 (3.2) 0.000 1.000*
Mulberry 4(1.3) 1(0.6) 0.019 0.880
Cat hair 82(25.8) 33(21.2) 1.220 0.269
Dog hair 46(14.5) 15(9.6) 2.196 0.138
Cockroach 5(1.6) 3(1.9) 0.010 1.000*
Fungus combinations 11(4.5) 7(4.5) 0.303 0.582
Short ragweed 1(0.3) 1(0.6) 0.000 1.000*
Tree pollens 14(4.4) 6(3.8) 0.019 0.880
Egg white 45(14.2) 16(10.3) 1.416 0.234
Cow' milk 140(45.0) 69(44.2) 0.023 0.879
Amaranth 9(2.8) 7(4.5) 0.881 0.348
Shrimp 4(1.3) 4(2.6) 0.433 0.511
Beef 3(0.9) 2(1.3) 0.000 1.000
Shellfish 0(0.0) 1(0.2) - 0.153
Crab 7(2.2) 4(2.6) 0.000 1.000*
Mango 5(1.6) 2(1.3) 0.000 1.000*
Cashew nut 19(6.0) 8(5.1) 1.400 0.709
Pineapple 4(1.3) 0(0.0) 0.716 0.383*
tIgE 58(18.2) 35(22.4) 1.284 0.257
“-”:No data. * Correct Chi-square test; Fisher exact probabilities.
2.3 不同年龄段婴幼儿常见过敏原sIgE阳性率

将所有入组对象分为<1岁(294例)和1~2岁年龄组(180例),分别比较不同年龄段婴幼儿2组间过敏原sIgE差异。在过敏原sIgE阳性率上,除tIgE和猫毛皮屑外,各年龄段婴幼儿2组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表 3

表 3 不同年龄组婴幼儿常见过敏原sIgE阳性人数比例 Table 3 Proportions of infants with positive sIgE of common allergens in different age groups
[n(η/%)]
Allergen <1 year (n=294) 1-2 year (n=180)
Healthy control
(n=202)
CMPA
(n=92)
Healthy control
(n=116)
CMPA
(n=64)
House dust mite 4(2.0) 1(1.1) 5(4.3) 6(9.4)
House dust 1(0.5) 2(2.2) 9(7.8) 3(4.7)
Mulberry 3(1.5) 1(1.1) 1(0.9) 0(0.0)
Cat hair 50(24.8) 13(14.1)* 32(27.6) 20(31.3)
Dog hair 18(8.9) 3(3.3) 28(24.1) 12(18.8)
Cockroach 3(1.5) 2(2.2) 2(1.7) 1(1.6)
Fungus combinations 5(2.5) 3(3.3) 6(5.2) 4(6.3)
Short ragweed 1(0.5) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 1(1.6)
Tree pollens 9(4.5) 4(4.3) 5(4.3) 2(3.1)
Egg white 17(8.4) 4(4.3) 28(24.1) 12(18.8)
Cow’ milk 79(39.1) 29(31.5) 64(55.2) 40(62.5)
Amaranth 4(2.0) 1(1.1) 5(4.3) 6(9.4)
Shrimp 1(0.5) 2(2.2) 3(2.6) 2(3.1)
Beef 1(0.5) 1(1.1) 2(1.7) 1(1.6)
Shellfish 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 1(1.6)
Crab 1(0.5) 2(2.2) 6(5.2) 2(3.1)
Mango 3(1.5) 1(1.1) 2(1.7) 1(1.6)
Cashew nut 4(2.0) 3(3.3) 15(12.9) 5(7.8)
Pineapple 2(1.0) 0(0.0) 2(1.7) 0(0.0)
tIgE 57(28.4) 37(40.7)* 50(43.1) 20(31.7)
* Chi-square test,P<0.05.
3 讨论

随着食物过敏发病率的逐年升高,食物过敏已成为备受关注的公共卫生问题。CMPA为婴幼儿期最常见的食物过敏症,日益受到人们的重视。目前尚无有效的食物过敏治疗方法,唯一有效的方法是避免含有某些特定过敏原的物质[12];同时由于CMPA与其他食物过敏原和吸入性过敏原的结构同源性高,存在交叉反应,临床上往往把常见过敏原sIgE检测作为综合防治手段之一。本研究比较CMPA婴幼儿和健康婴幼儿常见食物过敏原和吸入性过敏原sIgE阳性率情况,但未在二者之间发现明显差异。本研究结果与国内外的相关研究[13-14]结果基本一致。婴幼儿期的CMPA多数由非IgE介导,这可能是牛奶蛋白sIgE阳性率在CMPA组和健康组无差异的原因[15-16]。另外婴幼儿免疫系统处于发育阶段,机体对外界的首次抗原很容易致敏而致IgE阳性率升高[17],但是很快就能适应并不引起过敏症状,这也可能是本研究并未发现在CMPA婴幼儿和正常婴幼儿牛奶蛋白sIgE阳性率差异的原因。

本研究通过对CMPA婴幼儿常见过敏原sIgE阳性分布特征分析发现:CMPA组和健康组婴幼儿常见过敏原sIgE阳性分布构成基本一致。CMPA婴幼儿中sIgE阳性率较高的过敏原为牛奶蛋白(44.2%)、猫毛皮屑(21.2%)和鸡蛋白(10.3%),健康组sIgE阳性率较高的过敏原为牛奶蛋白(45.0%)、猫毛皮屑(25.8%)和狗毛皮屑(14.5%)。这可能与婴幼儿免疫系统发育不完善、免疫细胞减少、抗体量不足有关,一般过敏原IgE的阳性率只能代表机体处于致敏状态,而不一定出现临床症状[18]。由于婴幼儿过敏原sIgE阳性率与年龄有关,本研究进一步对年龄进行分组分析,结果显示:在过敏原sIgE阳性率上,2组间在各年龄段无明显差异,但与<1岁婴幼儿组比较,1~2岁年龄组婴幼儿户尘螨、屋尘、狗猫皮屑、苋、鸡蛋白、牛奶和腰果的sIgE阳性率稍高,提示婴幼儿期免疫系统是动态变化的过程,对过敏原和过敏状态的评估不应该是由一次结果决定,需进行动态评估。随着年龄的增长,儿童体内的IgE增多,这可能也是过敏原sIgE阳性率升高的原因,对与年龄相关sIgE阳性率的动态监测十分必要[19-21]

虽然CMPA婴幼儿常出现过敏原sIgE阳性,但食物和吸入性过敏原与CMPA的关系并不确切,CMPA婴幼儿sIgE阳性率与健康婴幼儿并未发现明显差异,CMPA婴幼儿行常见过敏原血清sIgE检测的临床指导意义证据尚显不足。因此,减少或避免常见食物和吸入性过敏原是否能减轻CMPA或减少复发仍需更多的临床随访研究。

参考文献
[1] Høst A. Frequency of cow's milk allergy in childhood[J]. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 2002, 89(6 Suppl 1): 33–37.
[2] Manti S, Lougaris V, Cuppari C, et al. Breastfeeding and IL-10 levels in children affected by cow's milk protein allergy:A restrospective study[J]. Immunobiology, 2017, 222(2): 358–362. DOI:10.1016/j.imbio.2016.09.003
[3] Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Food allergy:Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment[J]. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2014, 133(2): 291–307. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.020
[4] 世界过敏组织. 《牛奶蛋白过敏诊断与相关理论的指导意见》要略[J]. 中华儿科杂志, 2012, 50(7): 510–515.
[5] Bartuzi Z, Cocco RR, Muraro A, et al. Contribution of molecular allergen analysis in diagnosis of milk allergy[J]. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep, 2017, 17(7): 46. DOI:10.1007/s11882-017-0716-z
[6] Payot F, Berthiller J, Kassai B, et al. Practical interest of both skin prick test and specific IgE in the evaluation of tolerance acquisition in IgE mediated cow's milk allergy (CMA). A clinical retrospective study in a cohort of 184 children[J]. Allergol Immunopathol(Madr), 2014, 42(5): 395–401. DOI:10.1016/j.aller.2013.03.007
[7] 黎海芪. 《牛奶蛋白过敏诊断与相关理论的指导意见》解读[J]. 中华儿科杂志, 2012, 50(7): 516–518.
[8] Mousan G, Kamat D. Cow's milk protein allergy[J]. Clin Pediatr, 2016, 55(11): 1054–1063. DOI:10.1177/0009922816664512
[9] Mazigh S, Yahiaoui S, Ben Rabeh R, et al. Diagnosis and management of cow's protein milk allergy in infant[J]. La Tunisie Med, 2015, 93(4): 205–211.
[10] Menet D, Lamireau T. A survey of milk reintroduction in children with cow milk protein allergy in pediatric departments of French hospitals[J]. Arch Pediatr(Phila), 2013, 20(11): 1206–1211. DOI:10.1016/j.arcped.2013.08.005
[11] 中华医学会儿科学分会免疫学组, 中华医学会儿科学分会儿童保健学组, 中华医学会儿科学分会消化学组, 等. 中国婴幼儿牛奶蛋白过敏诊治循证议[J]. 中华儿科杂志, 2013, 51(3): 183–186.
[12] Vandenplas Y, Steenhout P, Planoudis Y, et al. Treating cow's milk protein allergy:a double-blind randomized trial comparing two extensively hydrolysed formulas with probiotics[J]. Acta Paediatr, 2013, 102(10): 990–998. DOI:10.1111/apa.2013.102.issue-10
[13] 刘丽珍, 武庆斌. 比较牛奶激发试验与血清特异性抗体诊断婴幼儿牛奶蛋白过敏的临床研究[J]. 中国儿童保健杂志, 2017, 25(10): 1047–1050. DOI:10.11852/zgetbjzz2017-25-10-20
[14] Sicherer SH, Wood RA. Allergy testing in childhood:using allergen-specific IgE tests[J]. Pediatrics, 2012, 129(1): 2011–2382.
[15] Burge D, Drewett M, Hall N. Do infants with gastroschisis may have a high incidence of non-IgE-mediated cow's milk protein allergy?[J]. Pediatr Surg Int, 2015, 31(3): 271–276. DOI:10.1007/s00383-015-3664-5
[16] Walsh J, Meyer R, Shah N, et al. Differentiating milk allergy (IgE and non-IgE mediated) from lactose intolerance:understanding the underlying mechanisms and presentations[J]. Br J Gen Pract, 2016, 66(649): e609–e611. DOI:10.3399/bjgp16X686521
[17] Host A, Halken S. Cow's milk allergy:where have we come from and where are we going?[J]. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets, 2014, 14(1): 2–8. DOI:10.2174/1871530314666140121142900
[18] Sommanus S, Kerddonfak S, Kamchaisatian W, et al. Cow's milk protein allergy:immunological response in children with cow's milk protein tolerance[J]. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol, 2014, 32(2): 171–177.
[19] Wickman M, Lupinek C, Andersson N, et al. Detection of IgE reactivity to a handful of allergen molecules in early childhood predicts respiratory allergy in adolescence[J]. EBioMedicine, 2017, 26: 91–99. DOI:10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.11.009
[20] Huang X, Tsilochristou O, Perna S, et al. Evolution of the IgE and IgG repertoire to a comprehensive array of allergen molecules in the first decade of life[J]. Allergy, 2018, 73(2): 421–430. DOI:10.1111/all.2018.73.issue-2
[21] 王德云. 重视上呼吸道疾病的认识、诊疗和预防[J]. 解放军医学杂志, 2017, 42(10): 843–847.