吉林大学学报(医学版)  2018, Vol. 44 Issue (01): 166-169

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李小霞, 孙艳, 曲荣锋, 任立参, 李亚荣
LI Xiaoxia, SUN Yan, QU Rongfeng, REN Lishen, LI Yarong
原发性乳腺弥漫大B细胞性淋巴瘤3例报告及文献复习
Primary breast diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: A report of 3 cases and literature review
吉林大学学报(医学版), 2018, 44(01): 166-169
Journal of Jilin University (Medicine Edition), 2018, 44(01): 166-169
10.13481/j.1671-587x.20180132

文章历史

收稿日期: 2017-06-09
原发性乳腺弥漫大B细胞性淋巴瘤3例报告及文献复习
李小霞 , 孙艳 , 曲荣锋 , 任立参 , 李亚荣     
吉林大学第二医院肿瘤血液科, 吉林 长春 130021
[摘要]: 目的: 探讨原发性乳腺弥漫大B细胞性淋巴瘤(PB-DLBCL)的临床特点、诊断和治疗方案,为其临床治疗提供依据。方法: 对3例诊断为PB-DLBCL患者行影像学、病理和骨髓细胞学检查,追踪观察治疗效果,并复习相关文献。结果: 3例PB-DLBCL患者均为女性,且具有与乳腺癌相似的临床表现(无痛性乳腺肿块)及影像学表现,1例患者行乳腺肿块切除明确诊断,后给予R-CHOP×4+CHOP×4周期+1次预防性鞘内注射治疗,现治疗结束1年余,随访无复发。另2例近期收治,通过空心针穿刺活检确诊,经CHOP×2周期、CHOP×1周期方案化疗,分别获得非常好的部分缓解(VGPR)和完全缓解(CR),此2例仍在化疗中,过程顺利。结论: 对于以无痛性乳腺肿块为首发症状的患者,应结合其临床资料,若高度怀疑为原发性乳腺淋巴瘤(PBL),可以行空心针穿刺活检及免疫组织化学进行确诊。R-CHOP/CHOP方案化疗可取得较好的疗效,在早期治疗中行中枢神经系统(CNS)预防可能会改善预后。
关键词: 弥漫大B细胞性淋巴瘤    乳腺肿瘤    化疗方案    骨髓细胞学    
Primary breast diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: A report of 3 cases and literature review
LI Xiaoxia, SUN Yan, QU Rongfeng, REN Lishen, LI Yarong     
Deparment of Hematology and Oncology, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
[Abstract]: Objective: To investigate the clinical features, diagnosis and treatments of primary breast diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(PB-DLBCL), and to provide the basis for its clinical treatmemt. Methods: Three patients with PB-DLBCL were examined by imaging, pathology and bone marrow cytology. The curative effect was observed, while the related literatures were also reviewed. Results: Three patients with PB-DLBCL were female and had the clinical manifestations (painless breast mass) and their imaging findings were similar to breast cancer. the 3 patients, one patient underwent excisional biopsy in the assessment of breast nodules, followed by chemotherapy with 4 cycles of R-CHOP +4 cycles of CHOP+ 1 prophylactic intrathecal injection treatment, no recurrence was found in 1 year's follow-up; the other 2 patients were diagnosed by core needle biopsy, receiving 2 cycles of CHOP and 1 cycle of CHOP, respectively, getting very good partial remission (VGPR) and complete remission (CR); they still received chemotherapy, and the process was smooth. Conclusion: Core needle biospy along with immunohistochemical method combined with clinical data is an effective technique for the diagnosis in the patients with when unilateral painless mass as the first symptom and highly suspected as PBL.The elementary role of chemotherapy of R-CHOP/CHOP is preferred for the patients.Central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis may improve the prognosis in the early treatment.
Key words: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma     breastneoplasms     chemotherapy program     myelocytology    

原发性乳腺淋巴瘤(primary breast lymphoma, PBL)是一种罕见的疾病,约占结外淋巴瘤的3%,占乳腺恶性肿瘤的0.5%,5年总生存期(OS)报告为50%~70%, 5%~16%的患者出现中枢神经系统(CNS)复发,危及患者生命[1-2]。原发性乳腺弥漫大B细胞性淋巴瘤(primary breast diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, PB-DLBCL)是最常见的组织学亚型。由于该病与乳腺癌有相似的临床表现及影像学表现,极易被误诊为乳腺癌。目前国内外对于该病均为小样本回顾性研究,对于其诊断和治疗的最佳方式尚未形成共识。目前临床上对于PB-DLBCL的治疗不推荐手术,常以单独或组合使用放疗和化疗。Thomas等[3]研究发现:PB-DLBCL的患者中,青年女性的人数有增加趋势。本文作者就本科近2年收治的3例PB-DLBCL患者的临床资料进行分析,并结合文献复习,以期提高对该病的认识。

1 临床资料

病例1:患者,女性,64岁,因发现右侧乳腺包块1个半月入院。无发热、盗汗和体质量减轻等全身症状。入院查体:右乳腺触及2 cm×4 cm包块,质韧,活动度差,无压痛。余浅表淋巴结未触及肿大。乳腺彩超示:右侧乳腺9点处可见2.8 cm×1.1 cm低回声肿物。行手术切除肿物。病理诊断:右侧PB-DLBCL。免疫组织化学染色结果:CD10、CD3、CK(AE/AE3)、Bcl-2、Bcl-6、CD3、CD34、CD43、CD56、CD2和CD99均(-),CD20、MUM1和CD79a均(+),Ki67(阳性率90%)(图 1,插页四)。骨髓检查正常。右乳术后化疗前彩超:右乳9~10点之间距乳头约为1.6 cm处探及0.8 cm×0.4 cm的片状低回声。临床分期为Ⅰ期A组, 淋巴瘤国际预后指数(IPI)评分1分。给予R-CHOP×4+CHOP×4周期化疗。R-CHOP方案化疗2周期结束后临床评价为完全缓解(CR),在第2次化疗间歇期给予鞘内注射预防CNS复发。8周期化疗结束至今,随访无复发。

图 1 乳腺肿瘤组织HE染色(A)和免疫组织化学染色(B)结果(×400) Figure 1 Results of HE staining (A) and immunohistochemical staining (B) of breast neoplasm tissue(×400)

病例2:患者,女性,56岁,因左乳腺肿物进行性肿大伴疼痛3个月入院。查体:左乳腺触及大小约14 cm×10 cm包块,质硬、活动度差,有压痛,局部皮肤暗红色。左腋窝可触及质硬且活动度好的多个肿大淋巴结,较大者约5 cm×4 cm,无压痛。余查体未见异常。双乳彩超示:左乳占位,BIRADS-US分级为4C级,双腋下及锁骨上窝淋巴结肿大。CT示:纵隔内可见多枚淋巴结;左乳腺内占位,双侧腋窝淋巴结肿大。左乳腺及左腋窝肿物空心针穿刺活检病理:提示PB-DLBCL。免疫组织化学染色结果:CD10、CD3、CK(AE/AE3)、ER、GATA3、Vimentin、S-100、PR、CD5、CD56、CyclinD1、MPO和TdT均(-),Bcl-2、Bcl-6、CD20、CD79a、LCA、MUM1均(+),Ki67(阳性率90%)。骨髓未见浸润。临床分期为Ⅲ期A组,IPI评分2分。给予CHOP方案化疗2周期后临床评价为非常好的部分缓解(VGPR)。化疗2周期后复查彩超:左乳腺包块约8.9 cm×3.0 cm,左腋下淋巴结最大约2.0 cm×1.1 cm。胸部CT显示:左乳腺、双侧腋窝及纵隔淋巴结明显减小。目前仍在化疗中。

病例3:患者,女性,73岁,因发现右侧乳房肿物3个月入院。查体:右乳触及大小约3.3 cm×2.7 cm肿块,质韧,活动度差,无压痛。乳腺彩超示:右乳9-10点乳头旁腺体组织结构紊乱,腺管扩张,腺管周边回声增强,较宽处宽约0.38 cm,其内透声差;10点乳头旁3.1 cm处可见大小约1.3 cm×0.73 cm的低回声光团,周边界限欠清,其内可见条状略强回声;彩色多普勒超声(CDFI):内部可见条状血流信号,右腋下探及淋巴结样回声,以髓质回声为主,大小约1.1 cm×0.6 cm。乳腺钼靶:右侧乳腺可见3.3cm×2.7 cm肿块,边缘不规则,可见毛刺。右侧乳腺肿物及右侧腋窝淋巴结空心针穿刺活检病理提示:右侧PB-DLBCL。免疫组织化学结果:CD3、CK(AE/AE3)、EBER、Vimentin、CD7、MPO、CD10、Bcl-6、CylinD1和TdT均(-),Vimentin、PAX-5、Bcl-2、CD5和MUM1均(+),Ki67(阳性率85%)。骨髓未见浸润。临床分期为Ⅱ期A组,IPI评分2分。给予CHOP方案化疗1周期后疗效评价为CR。复查彩超:双乳腺未见占位性病变,BIRADS-US分级为1级。目前仍在化疗。

3例患者肿瘤组织免疫组织化学检测结果见表 1。根据Hans等[4]提出的分型标准,弥漫大B细胞性淋巴瘤(DLBCL)分为生发中心(germinal center B-cell, GCB)型和非生发中心(non-germinal center B-cell, non-GCB)型。GCB型:CD10+/bcl-6+/-/Mum-1+/-; CD10+/bcl+/Mum-1-; non-GCB型:CD10/bcl-6-/Mum-1+/-, CD10+/ bcl-6+/Mum-1+

表 1 3例患者肿瘤组织免疫组织化学检测结果 Table 1 Immunohistochemical results of tumor tissue of 3 patients
Case CD20 CD79a CD3 CD10 Bcl-2 Bcl-6 MUM1 Ki-67
(η/%)
1 + + - - + - + 90
2 + + - - + + + 90
3 + + - - + - + 85
2 讨论

PBL是少见且恶性程度较高的肿瘤。组织学上,PB-DLBCL是PBL最常见的组织学亚型,典型特征是无痛性单侧乳腺肿块,右侧乳腺受累多见,少数患者会有全身症状,PBL具有无毛刺征、钙化和肿块边缘结构不清等乳腺癌典型影像学征象,易误诊为乳腺癌[1-2, 5]

PB-DLBCL的诊断依据Telesingle等[6]建立和Hugh等[7]修订的标准并结合免疫组织化学, 临床上多采用细针穿刺细胞学检查、手术切除活检及彩超引导下粗针穿刺活检,彩超引导下粗针穿刺活检具有较高的诊断符合率,且可减少对患者的损伤[8]。本组3例患者根据上述标准确立诊断。

研究[9-10]证实:乳腺切除术对提高PB-DLBCL患者生存率和减少复发风险无益。Uesato等[11]对行手术治疗的PB-DLBCL患者观察发现:腋窝淋巴结切除对预后意义不大,故只切除可供诊断的肿块组织量即可,应避免超出病理活检的手术干预。

化疗是治疗PB-DLBCL的主要手段。R-CHOP治疗方案在淋巴瘤的治疗中疗效确切,但尚无数据证明R-CHOP较CHOP方案在治疗PBL的优势[2, 12-13]。本科室收治的3例患者由于经济条件的限制,仅有1例应用美罗华(R-CHOP×4+CHOP×4)方案, 目前仍处于CR,其余2例应用CHOP×2、CHOP×1方案,疗效也非常显著,分别为VGPR和CR。PB-DLBCL的CNS复发率高,但由于缺少数据,预防性鞘内注射尚存在争议[2, 12, 14]

放射治疗的主要作用是继化疗后巩固治疗,可降低局部复发的概率。许多研究[1-2, 11]表明:化疗联合放疗较单一放化疗有着明显的生存优势。2016年ESMO指南推荐6周期R-CHOP后,可给予(30~36 Gy)单侧全乳腺放疗[15]。也有研究者[16]提出:可结合PET-CT结果对局部病变乳腺进行放射治疗。

Weiler-Sagic等[17]研究发现:PET-CT诊断DLBCL的阳性率为98%,故临床上肯定了PET-CT在治疗前后评估DLBCL病情的价值,对治疗中期PET-CT的应用价值正在探索中,然而PET-CT不能取代头MRI和骨髓活检的价值。

PB-DLBCL预后因素存在争议[1-2, 12],较为确定的不良预后因素包括:改良IPI评分(stage-modified IPI)、肿块直径>4~5 cm、临床分期、病理类型和治疗方案。且肿物双侧累及也是CNS复发较为确定的高危因素[18]

综上所述,PB-DLBCL发病率低,目前均为小样本临床研究。PB-DLBCL常表现为无痛性单侧乳腺肿块,难与乳腺癌鉴别。推荐空心针穿刺活检后行免疫组织化学确诊,应避免术中快速冷冻病理,临床医生需与病理医生有良好的沟通。治疗模式尚无定论,R-CHOP方案首选,后可续加以同侧全乳房照射巩固治疗,手术仅作为诊断用途,而非治疗手段。所有诊断为PB-DLBCL患者,尤其是危险分层为高危的患者必须给予CNS预防。推荐化疗前后用PET-CT评估。最优化疗周期数、化疗间隔时间、是否行预防性鞘内注射、何时放疗、放疗范围和剂量及PET-CT评估后维持或改变化疗方案等仍在探索中。

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