吉林大学学报(医学版)  2016, Vol. 42 Issue (01): 120-124

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周解平, 王鹏, 钱立庭, 吴爱东
ZHOU Jieping, WANG Peng, QIAN Liting, WU Aidong
宫颈癌术后静态调强放疗与单个和2个全弧容积调强弧形治疗的剂量学比较
Dosimetric comparison between IMRT and a single full arc,two full arc VMAT for postoperative cervical cancer patients
吉林大学学报(医学版), 2016, 42(01): 120-124
Journal of Jilin University (Medicine Edition), 2016, 42(01): 120-124
10.13481/j.1671-587x.20160124

文章历史

收稿日期: 2015-08-10
宫颈癌术后静态调强放疗与单个和2个全弧容积调强弧形治疗的剂量学比较
周解平1, 王鹏2, 钱立庭2, 吴爱东1     
1. 安徽省肿瘤医院放疗物理室, 安徽合肥 230001;
2. 安徽省肿瘤医院放疗科, 安徽合肥 230001
摘要: 目的: 比较宫颈癌术后静态调强放疗(IMRT)与单个全弧容积调强弧形治疗(VMAT)(Arc1)、2个全弧VMAT(Arc2)的计划质量、治疗效率和执行精度,为临床上宫颈癌术后VMAT治疗的弧数选择提供参考依据。 方法: 选取20例宫颈癌术后患者,给以相同的处方剂量和优化参数,分别设计7个野IMRT(7F-IMRT)、Arc1和Arc2计划,比较7F-IMRT与Arc1计划和Arc2计划的计划靶体积(PTV)和危及器官(OAR)的剂量学差异、治疗计划机器跳数(MU)和执行时间,采用γ分析法评价通过率,验证治疗计划的剂量准确性。 结果: Arc2计划靶区适形度(CI)和靶区剂量均匀性(HI)均优于7F-IMRT计划(P<0.05),7F-IMRT优于Arc1计划(P<0.05);Arc2计划直肠V50、小肠V40和V10均低于7F-IMRT计划(P<0.05),而Arc1计划的直肠、膀胱和小肠的近似最大剂量(D2cc)、平均剂量(Dmean)和V50均高于7F-IMRT计划(P<0.05或P<0.01);与7F-IMRT计划比较,Arc2计划的MU和治疗时间分别减少24%和54% (P<0.05),剂量验证的3mm/3%的γ通过率三者比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论: 宫颈癌术后患者VMAT治疗,采用单个全弧难以满足临床要求,宜至少采用2个全弧,能缩短治疗时间,减少治疗中分次内误差和患者的不适感。
关键词: 宫颈肿瘤/放射疗法    静态调强放疗    容积弧形调强治疗    
Dosimetric comparison between IMRT and a single full arc,two full arc VMAT for postoperative cervical cancer patients
ZHOU Jieping1, WANG Peng2, QIAN Liting2, WU Aidong1     
1. Medical Physics Room, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, Hefei 230001, China;
2. Department of Radiotherapy, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, Hefei 230001, China
Abstract: Objective: To compare the planning quality,treatment efficiency and delivery accuracy for treating the postoperative cervical cancer patients with intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT)and two kinds of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT),and to provide the reference basis for selecting the number of arcs in the VMAT treatment of postoperative cervical cancer in clinic.Methods: Twenty patients with cervical cancer after operation were planned with the same dose prescription and optimization parameters by means of 7-field IMRT (7F-IMRT),a single full arc (Arc1)and two full arc (Arc2)VMAT,respectively. The dosimetric differences of planning target volumes (PTV)and organs at risk (OAR),the number of monitor units (MU)and treatment delivery time and the accuracy of treatment plan dose verification were compared among the three treatment plans.Results: The conformity index (CI)and the dose distribution homogeneity index (HI)of PTV for Arc2 plan were best (P<0.05),and 7F-IMRT was superior to Arc1 plan (P<0.05).The value of V50 in the the rectum,V40 and V10 in small bowel for Arc2 plan were lowest (P<0.05),while the near-maximum absorbed dose (D2cc),the mean dose(Dmean)and the values of V50 in rectum,bladder,and small bowel for Arc1 plan were higher than 7F-IMRT(P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with 7F-IMRT plan,the number of MU and treatment delivery time for Arc2 plan were decreased by 24% and 54%, respectively (P<0.01). There were no significant differences in the pass ratios of 3mm/3% γ analysis of dose verification among three plans (P>0.05).Conclusion: A single full arc of VMAT is difficult to meet the clinical requirements for the postoperative cervical cancer patients. At least two full arcs should be chosen,and the treatment time can be shortened;as a result,there will reduce the fractional error and patient discomfort.
Key words: uterine cervical neoplasms/radiotherapy    intensity modulated radiotherapy    volumetric modulated arc therapy    

宫颈癌是常见的妇科恶性肿瘤之一,手术是早期宫颈癌的首选治疗方案,而术后放射治疗可有效降低肿瘤局部复发率,延长生存时间[1, 2, 3]。容积调强弧形治疗(volumetric modulated arc therapy,VMAT)是在调强适形放疗(intensity modulated radiotherapy,IMRT)基础上发展的先进放射治疗技术,是在机架旋转照射的同时动态地改变MLC形状、照射剂量率、机架转速甚至准直器的角度,产生高度适形的剂量分布[4, 5, 6]。文献[7, 8]报道:VMAT技术能有效减少鼻咽、前列腺等肿瘤的治疗时间,而且与常规IMRT相比,并不降低最终的剂量分布。Guckenberger等[9]进一步研究发现:复杂靶区单个全弧VMAT难以得到相当于IMRT的剂量分布,对于鼻咽癌应当使用2~3个全弧VMAT进行照射。宫颈癌术后靶区形状多以凹形靶区为主,存在多个危及器官(organs at risk,OAR)且靶区形状较复杂,单个全弧(Arc1)VMAT能否得到相当于IMRT的剂量分布,目前尚无报道。本文作者利用本科室的治疗计划系统对20例宫颈癌术后患者分别设计7F-IMRT、单个全弧 VMAT(Arc1)和2个全弧 VMAT(Arc2)治疗计划,并分别对7F-IMRT与Arc1、7F-IMRT与Arc2的计划质量、治疗效率和执行精度进行比较研究。

1 资料与方法 1.1 病例选择

选取2013年1月—2014年2月安徽省肿瘤医院放疗科宫颈癌术后患者20例,年龄45~72岁,中位年龄55岁。采用国际妇产科联盟(FIGO,2009)分类法,其中Ⅰb1期4例,Ⅰb2期4例,Ⅱa1期6例,Ⅱa2期6例。患者术后病理均为中低分化鳞癌,有高危因素如盆腔淋巴结转移、管癌栓或宫颈深层浸润,需要接受术后盆腔放疗。

1.2 CT模拟定位

患者仰卧位,真空负压袋固定,定位扫描前1h排空膀胱,并饮水500mL使膀胱充盈。使用Siemens Spirits CT模拟定位机增强扫描,扫描范围从L2椎体下缘到坐骨结节下5cm,层厚5mm,并重建成3mm传至治疗计划系统。

1.3 靶区勾画与定义

临床靶体积(clinical target volume,CTV)包括阴道上段1/2及残端,阴道旁软组织和盆腔淋巴引流区域(包括髂总、髂外、髂内、闭孔及髂前淋巴结区)。考虑到器官运动和摆位误差,CTV外放8 mm形成计划靶体积(planning target volume,PTV)。处方剂量统一为95% PTV,50 Gy/25次。OAR包括小肠、直肠、膀胱、双侧股骨头和盆骨,均参照ICRU83号报告[10]定义和勾画。OAR限量如下:小肠V50(接受50Gy剂量照射的体积,以下类推) < 10%,V45 < 195cc(绝对体积195cm3);直肠V50 < 50%;膀胱V50 < 30%;股骨头V50 < 5%;骨盆V20 < 70%,V10 < 95%。

1.4 治疗计划设计

采用ADAC Pinnacle 9.2治疗计划系统、Trilogy直线加速器,共60对MLC、6 MV X线对每个患者分别设计7F-IMRT、Arc1、Arc2计划。7F-IMRT 7野共面均分,分别为180°、128°、76°、24°、332°、280°和228°,采用直接子野优化(direct machine parameter optimization,DMPO),最大子野数为70个,最小子野面积和最小剂量机器跳数(monitor unit,MU)分别设置为4cm2和2MU,最大剂量率为600 MU·min-1。Arc1计划机架的旋转角度顺时针从181°到179°,采用SmartArc优化算法,最大叶片运动速度为0.46cm/Deg,最终间隔的弧形角度为4°,最大剂量率为600MU·min-1。Arc2在Arc1基础上,增加一个逆时针从179°到181°方向的弧。为减少系统内偏差,3种治疗计划均采用相同的优化目标函数。

1.5 计划质量评估

3种计划质量比较是基于1cGy的分辨率生成剂量体积直方图(DVH),并均归一至95%的PTV接受50Gy剂量。根据ICRU 83号报告[10],D2% (2% PTV体积受照的最大剂量,以下类推)表示近似最大剂量,D98% 表示近似最小剂量,D50%为中位剂量,引入适形性指数(conformity index,CI)和均匀性指数(homogeneity index,HI)来评估3种计划质量。

公式中,TVRI为处方剂量线所包裹的靶区体积,TV为靶体积,VRI为处方剂量线所包裹的总体积,D2%、D98%和D50% 意义如上述。CI值在0到1之间,CI值越大表明靶区适形度越高,HI值越低说明靶区剂量均匀性越好。

1.6 计划治疗效率与剂量执行精度

记录3种治疗计划的剂量MU和实际执行时间,比较3种治疗计划的治疗效率。实际执行时间为瓦里安Trilogy直线加速器治疗计划时间,即摆位完成后,第1个照射野开始照射到治疗完毕所用的时间。采用三维剂量验证模体ArcCheck验证3种治疗计划。剂量验证前模体进行本底校准、矩阵校准和绝对剂量校准,运用γ分析法(采用3 mm/3%绝对剂量和DTA标准)评价通过率[11, 12]

1.7 统计学分析

采用SPSS 13.0统计软件进行统计学处理。PTV和OAR剂量、MU、治疗时间等均以x±s表示,不同治疗计划之间比较采用配对t检验。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 靶区剂量分布

与7F-IMRT计划比较,除D50%外,其余靶区剂量学参数比较差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。Arc2计划靶区近似最大剂量D2%最低,靶区近似最小剂量D98%更接近处方剂量要求,同时HI最小、CI最大,表明Arc2计划在靶区剂量均匀性和适形度方面均优于其他2种计划(表1)。从Ⅱa1期宫颈癌3种治疗计划横断面、冠状位和矢状位的三维剂量分布可以看出:Arc2计划50Gy的处方剂量线更好地包绕PTV,也同样说明Arc2计划靶区适形度更高(图1,见插页三)。

表 1 20例宫颈癌术后患者3种治疗计划靶体积剂量 Tab. 1 Target volumes of three treatment plans in 20 patients with cervical cancer after operation
(n=20,x±s)
Group D 2% ( D/Gy) D 98% ( D/Gy) D 50% ( D/Gy) HI CI
7F-IMRT 53.48±0.56 49.35±0.21 51.86±0.29 0.08±0.01 0.86±0.02
Arc1 54.12±0.87 * 49.31±0.29 * 52.06±0.38 0.09±0.02 * 0.81±0.06 *
Arc2 53.16±0.51 * 49.56±0.15 * 51.71±0.33 0.07±0.01 * 0.90±0.05 *
* P < 0.05 compared with 7F-IMRT group.
图 1 Arcl计划、7F-IMRT计划和Arc2计划的三维计量分布 Fig.1 Three-dimensional isodose distribution of Arcl plan, 7F-IMRT, and Arc2 plan
2.2 OAR剂量比较

除Arc1计划直肠、膀胱的V50 超过临床限值外,3种治疗计划的其他OAR受量均能满足临床要求。直肠:Arc1计划的近似最大剂量D2cc(2 cm3体积的直肠受照的最大剂量,以下类推)、平均剂量(Dmean)和剂量体积V50均高于7F-IMRT计划(P < 0.05或P < 0.01);而Arc2计划的V50低于7F-IMRT(P < 0.05)。膀胱:Arc1计划的D2cc、Dmean和V50均高于7F-IMRT计划(P < 0.05或P < 0.01);而Arc2计划与7F-IMRT的剂量参数比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。小肠:Arc1计划的D2cc、Dmean、V50和V40均高于7F-IMRT计划(P < 0.05);而Arc2计划的V40和V10均低于7F-IMRT计划(P < 0.05)。股骨头:与 7F-IMRT计划比较,Arc2计划和Arc1计划Dmean均升高(P < 0.05)。Arc1计划对OAR的保护差于7F-IMRT计划,特别是直肠、膀胱的V50难以满足临床要求,可能会导致严重的并发症,而Arc2计划优于或相当于7F-IMRT计划。见表2图1(插页三)。

表 2 20例宫颈癌术后患者3种治疗计划OAR剂量比较 Tab. 2 Dosimetric comparison of OAR among three plans In 20 patients with cervical cancer after operation
(n=20,x±s)
OAR Group D 2cc( D/Gy) D mean( D/Gy) V 10( η/%) V 20( η/%) V 30( η/%) V 40( η/%) V 50( η/%)
Rectum 7F-IMRT 52.5±0.5 49.4±1.1 99.1±2.2 41.1±8.9
Arc1 53.1±0.7 * 50.3±0.6 ** 99.3±1.6 55.9±9.1 **
Arc2 52.2±0.6 49.1±0.7 99.1±2.3 36.0±8.9 *
Bladder 7F-IMRT 52.6±0.7 46.6±1.6 91.0±9.0 25.0±4.9
Arc1 53.3±0.6 * 47.5±1.6 * 92.1±10.3 32.6±6.9 **
Arc2 52.8±0.7 46.0±2.3 84.2±16.4 25.4±4.7
Intestine 7F-IMRT 51.7±0.3 23.0±7.0 79.9±15.8 41.0±15.7 55.1±13.6 17.8±6.5 6.4±3.3
Arc1 52.2±0.6 * 23.6±6.8 * 72.5±16.0 42.3±13.8 56.8±13.2 19.0±6.5 * 6.8±3.5 *
Arc2 51.6±0.7 23.0±7.1 73.3±17.1 * 42.1±16.1 58.3±16.2 14.6±6.6 * 6.1±3.4
Femoral 7F-IMRT 48.6±1.1 34.0±1.0 100.0±0.0 98.6±1.1 62.2±5.9 23.1±4.6 0.5±0.5
Arc1 49.2±0.9 37.9±4.0 * 100.0±0.0 97.3±3.8 79.8±6.3 37.5±11.4 1.1±0.8
Arc2 48.2±1.1 35.5±1.5 * 100.0±0.0 98.1±3.3 70.8±7.8 26.8±7.6 0.3±0.3
Pelvic 7F-IMRT 52.4±0.6 35.2±1.2 92.5±0.5 71.5±4.5 62.7±3.3 52.0±0.9 18.8±5.5
Arc1 53.0±0.7 34.9±2.1 95.1±0.5 70.9±4.9 60.4±6.0 50.0±5.4 20.8±2.9
Arc2 52.9±0.5 34.7±0.9 94.9±0.6 72.3±6.8 59.9±5.1 47.7±6.0 18.0±2.7
* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 compared with 7F-IMRT group,“-”:No data reached nearly 100%.
2.3 各组MU、治疗时间和执行精度比较

与7F-IMRT计划比较,Arc1计划的MU和治疗时间分别减少46%和73%(P < 0.01),而Arc2计划分别减少了24%和54%(P < 0.01)。但从上述的剂量学参数比较可知,Arc1计划难以满足临床要求,可能由于Arc1计划MU太少,难以实现靶区和OAR的强度调制,减少治疗时间无实际意义。3种治疗计划3mm/3%的γ分析通过率均大于95%,说明3种治疗计划都有很好剂量验证准确性,但相互间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表3

表 3 3种治疗计划的MU、治疗时间和剂量验证 Tab. 3 MU,treatment time and dose verification of three treatment plans
(n=20,x±s)
Group MU Treatment time( t/s) 3 mm/3% γ analysis( η/%)
7F-IMRT 645±57 320±20 97.5±1.2
Arc1 343±53 * 85±12 * 98.2±1.5
Arc2 488±74 * 147±15 * 98.5±1.4
* P < 0.01 compared with 7F-IMRT group.
3 讨论

Bortfeld等[13]用Brahme模型理论分析发现:鼻咽癌等复杂靶区,Arc1 VMAT计划可能不能提供满足临床需求的调强剂量分布。张丹丹等[14]研究显示:在鼻咽癌放疗中,与IMRT比较,Arc1 VMAT计划的靶区覆盖率、CI和HI均较差,而且除脑干外其他OAR剂量增加。也有研究[15, 16]表明:Arc1 VMAT计划不足以应用于头颈部的复杂靶区肿瘤。宫颈癌术后靶区形状多以凹形靶区为主,存在多个OAR且靶区形状较复杂,Arc1 VMAT计划能否得到相当于IMRT的剂量分布,目前尚无相关研究。

本文作者对宫颈癌术后患者分别设计了7F-IMRT、Arc1 和Arc2 VMAT 3种治疗计划,结果显示:Arc1计划靶区的CI和HI均较差,而且直肠和膀胱的V50难以满足临床剂量要求,分析可能是由于宫颈癌术后靶区形状较复杂且OAR较多,Arc1 VMAT入射角度较小,剂量强度调制不够。Cozzi等[17]报道:Arc1 VMAT在子宫颈癌中,相对于常规的IMRT,不仅提高了靶区的CI和HI,而且一定程度上降低了小肠、直肠和膀胱等OAR的平均剂量,可能是由于计划系统的优化算法以及机器参数设置不同。

许多文献均报道:相对于常规的IMRT,VMAT都可以减少治疗时间,提高治疗效率。本研究中,Arc2计划相对于7F-IMRT,治疗剂量MU和治疗时间分别减少了24%和54%,治疗时间的减少不仅可以提高本科室内加速器的利用效率,还可以减少患者分次内移动,提高治疗精度。

总之,对于宫颈癌术后患者采用VMAT治疗时,Arc1会造成部分OAR超过了临床限值,可能会导致严重的并发症,宜至少采用Arc2 VMAT计划,且相对于IMRT,不仅缩短了治疗时间,而且提高了靶区的适行度和靶区剂量均匀性,降低了部分OAR的剂量。

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