吉林大学学报(医学版)  2020, Vol. 46 Issue (05): 1065-1069     DOI: 10.13481/j.1671-587x.20200527

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马小山, 孙婧, 曲丽梅, 曹赢坤, 刘文彬, 赵钥, 李蕴潜
MA Xiaoshan, SUN Jing, QU Limei, CAO Yingkun, LIU Wenbin, ZHAO Yao, LI Yunqian
以视力下降为主要症状的老年鞍上区非典型脉络丛乳头状瘤1例报告及文献复习
Atypical choroid plexus papilloma in suprasellar region of elderly with impaired vision as main symptom:A case report and literature review
吉林大学学报(医学版), 2020, 46(05): 1065-1069
Journal of Jilin University (Medicine Edition), 2020, 46(05): 1065-1069
10.13481/j.1671-587x.20200527

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收稿日期: 2020-03-13
以视力下降为主要症状的老年鞍上区非典型脉络丛乳头状瘤1例报告及文献复习
马小山1 , 孙婧2 , 曲丽梅3 , 曹赢坤4 , 刘文彬1 , 赵钥1 , 李蕴潜1     
1. 吉林大学第一医院神经外科, 吉林长春 130021;
2. 吉林大学第一医院麻醉科, 吉林 长春 130021;
3. 吉林大学第一医院病理科, 吉林 长春 130021;
4. 吉林大学第一医院超声科, 吉林 长春 130031
[摘要]: 目的: 分析以视力下降为主要症状的老年男性鞍上区非典型脉络丛乳头状瘤(ACPP)患者的临床表现、影像学特征和治疗方法,为该病的诊疗提供参考。方法: 收集1例以视力下降为主要症状的鞍上区ACPP患者的临床资料,分析该病的临床特点、诊断及治疗方法,并进行相关文献复习结果: 患者,男性,61岁,因"持续性头痛1年余、双眼视力进行性下降2个月余"入院。实验室检查,0:00和8:00时血清皮质醇含量降低;头部MRI检查显示鞍上区椭圆形肿块,大小为3.2 cm×2.7 cm×2.0 cm,T1WI显示不均匀低信号,T2WI显示不均匀高信号,增强扫描可见团块状高低混杂信号影,周边可见花环状强化,实验室检查及头部MRI检查提示不排除胶质瘤诊断,限期选择额下入路行鞍上区占位切除术切除全部肿物,病理诊断为ACPP。该患者术后未接受放化疗,术后随访未见复发结论: ACPP是一种低度恶性肿瘤,无特异性影像学表现,手术全切是有效的治疗方式,病理学诊断是本病诊断的金标准,ACPP患者术后应定期随访。
关键词: 非典型脉络丛乳头状瘤    鞍上区脉络丛乳头状瘤    脉络丛肿瘤    鞍上区    
Atypical choroid plexus papilloma in suprasellar region of elderly with impaired vision as main symptom:A case report and literature review
MA Xiaoshan1 , SUN Jing2 , QU Limei3 , CAO Yingkun4 , LIU Wenbin1 , ZHAO Yao1 , LI Yunqian1     
1. Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;
2. Department of Anesthesiology, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;
3. Department of Pathology, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;
4. Department of Ultrasonography, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130031, China
[ABSTRACT]: Objective: To analyze the clinical features, imaging characteristics and treatment of the male elderly patient with atypical choroid plexus papilloma(ACPP) in the suprasellar region existing impaired vision as main symptom, and to provide the basis for the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Methods: The clinical data of a patient with ACPP in the suprasellar region existing impaired vision as main symptom were collected, and the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of ACPP were analyzed, and the relative literatures were reviewed. Results: A 61-year-old male patient was admitted to the hospital with a more than 1 year history of headache and a more than 2 months history of progressive decline in binocular vision. The laboratory examination results revealed that the serum cortisol contents at 00:00 and 8:00 were decreased. The results of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination showed a 3.2 cm×2.7 cm×2.0 cm oval mass in the suprasellar region with inheterogeneous hypointensity on T1WI and inheterogeneous hyperintensity on T2WI.The enhanced scranning results showed that the lesion exhibited mixed hypointensity and hyperintensity with blocky in shape and flower ring-like ehancement in its surrounding. The results of laboratory examination and MRI indicated that diagnosis of glioma was not excluded. The patient underwent semi-elective operation and the tumor was resected completely; the pathological diagnosis was ACPP. The patient did not receive radiotherapy or chemotherapy after operation. There was no recurrence after follow-up. Conclusion: ACPP is a kind of low grade malignant tumor without specific imaging findings. Total resection is an effective treatment. Pathological diagnosis is the gold standard for the diagnosis of ACPP. The patients with ACPP diagnosed by pathology should regularly receive reexamination after operation.
KEYWORDS: atypical choroid plexus papilloma    choroid plexus papilloma in suprasellar region    choroid plexus neoplasms    suprasellar region    

非典型脉络丛乳头状瘤(atypical choroid plexus papilloma,ACPP)是一种介于脉络丛乳头状瘤(choroid plexus papilloma,CPP)和脉络丛乳头状癌(choroid plexus carcinoma,CPC)之间的一种交界性肿瘤,是2007年第4版世界卫生组织(WHO)中枢神经系统肿瘤分类中新增加的一种脉络丛肿瘤(choroid plexus tumors,CPTs)的亚型。ACPP约占CPTs的15%、颅内肿瘤的0.05%~0.10%。ACPP一般为低度恶性或交界性肿瘤[1-3]。ACPP常见于儿童和青少年,诊断的中位年龄为0.7岁,男女比例1:1。ACPP常发生在脑室,最常见于侧脑室三角区,其次是第三脑室和第四脑室[4]。发生在成年特别是老年患者鞍区或鞍上区的ACPP极为罕见。目前发生于成年患者且病变部位在鞍上区的病例尚未见报道。本文作者报道吉林大学第一医院神经外科收治的1例以视力下降为主要症状的鞍上区ACPP患者的诊疗经过,并进行相关文献复习,以期提高临床医生对该病的认识。

1 临床资料 1.1 一般资料

患者,男性,61岁。因“持续性头痛1年余、双眼视力进行性下降2月余”于2019年6月20日收入吉林大学第一医院神经外科。入院查体:双眼视力下降,双侧颞侧视野缺损;无突眼、流泪、眼睑活动异常和眼球活动受限等症状;生命体征正常,四肢肌力、肌张力正常;其余各系统查体未见明显异常。

1.2 辅助检查

部MRI平扫+增强扫描显示:鞍上区椭圆形肿块,大小为3.2 cm×2.7 cm×2.0 cm;T1WI显示不均匀低信号,T2WI显示不均匀高信号,增强扫描可见团块状高低混杂信号影,周边可见花环状强化(图 1)。实验室检查显示:0:00和8:00血清皮质醇含量降低(0:00,171.98 nmol·L-1;8:00,165.20 nmol·L-1;正常值为240.00~619.00 nmol·L-1)。

A: Sagittal T2WI; B: Sagittal enhanced imaging; C: Coronal T2WI; D: Coronal enhanced imaging. 图 1 ACPP患者术前头部MRI影像 Fig. 1 Images of head MRI of ACPP patient before operation
1.3 手术方法

手术在全麻下进行,取患者发际线内右侧冠状切口,经额下入路行鞍上区肿物切除术。术中逐渐抬起额叶打开视交叉池,并解剖外侧裂池,逐步缓慢放出脑脊液,脑压明显下降,进一步抬起额颞叶。探查第二间隙,即可见肿瘤。肿瘤呈淡褐色及灰白色,形态呈分叶状,边界清楚,与周围结构无黏连,质地略韧,血运中等(图 2,见插页七)。在显微镜下将肿瘤全切。严密止血后以生理盐水冲洗术区,还纳颅骨修补骨窗,缝皮术终。术后病理检查:瘤内可见大量乳头状排列的肿瘤细胞,轻度异型,核分裂相1~2个/10个高倍视野。免疫组织化学:细胞增殖指数(Ki-67)(+3%~5%),波形蛋白(Vimentin)(+),胶质纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP)(+),S-100(+),癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)(局部散在+),甲状腺转录因子1(thyroid transcription factor 1,TTF-1)(+),EMA(局部散在+),广谱细胞角蛋白(CK-pan)(局部散在+),细胞角蛋白7(CK-7)(局部散在+),Syn(-),细胞角蛋白20(CK20)(-),甲状腺球蛋白(TG)(-),PR(-),CgA(-)(图 3,见插页七)。病理学诊断:结合免疫组织化学检查结果考虑为ACPP(WHO病理学标准:Ⅱ级)。

The arrow showed the tumor. 图 2 ACPP患者术中肿瘤的大体形态 Fig. 2 Gross morphology of tumor in operation of ACPP patient
A: HE staining; B: CK-7 staining; C: Vimentin staining; D: Ki-67 staining. 图 3 ACPP患者肿瘤组织HE染色和免疫组织化学染色结果(× 200) Fig. 3 Results of HE staining and immunohis tochemical staining of tumor tissue of ACPP patient(× 200)
1.4 术后效果

患者术后视力好转,视野基本恢复正常,无神经系统阳性体征。切口愈合良好,未接受放化疗等辅助治疗。术后3个月复查头颅MRI显示肿瘤全切除(图 4),未见肿瘤残余及复发。随访至今,未见肿瘤复发或转移。

A: Axial T1WI; B: Axial enhanced imaging; C: Sagittal enhanced imaging; D: Coronal enhanced imaging. 图 4 ACPP患者术后3个月头部MRI影像 Fig. 4 Images of head MRI of ACPP patient at 3 months after operation
2 讨论

CPTs是一种较少见的起源于脉络膜丛上皮的原发性中枢神经系统肿瘤,通常起源于脑室。每年CPTs的发生率为0.03/10万人,仅占颅内肿瘤的0.4%~0.8%,占儿童颅内肿瘤的1%~4%。2007年WHO根据组织病理学标准,将CPTs分为良性的CPP(WHO Ⅰ级)、处于良恶性之间的ACPP(WHO Ⅱ级)和CPC(WHO Ⅲ级)[1-4]。由于ACPP的罕见性,难以根据影像学资料做出较为准确的诊断,主要依靠组织病理学和免疫组织化学确诊。

多数ACPP原发于脑室内,其中侧脑室ACPP占总ACPP的53%,第四脑室占15%第三脑室占12%,桥脑小脑脚区占4%[5-22],而椎管内、脑实质中以及未被明确分类的ACPP各占3%[14-16, 20]。目前尚无研究者报道ACPP发生在鞍区及鞍上区的老年患者病例,本例患者根据症状、术中所见结合组织病理及免疫组织化学检测诊断为鞍上区ACPP。

与垂体瘤和颅咽管瘤等鞍区、鞍上区病损压迫下丘脑-垂体轴内分泌激素系统相似,患者术前和术后可出现血清皮质醇水平异常。本例ACPP患者血清皮质醇水平略低,但结合患者实际情况及现有的文献分析,该例患者术前无需使用皮质类固醇进行激素替代治疗[23-24]

与其他类型CPTs相似,ACPP也来源于脉络丛上皮细胞,主要发生在脑室系统。脑室外CPTs的发生率相对较低[24]。影像学表现在鞍上区ACPP的诊断和鉴别诊断中具有重要意义。CPTs在T1WI上通常略微低信号或等信号,在T2WI时略微高信号或等信号,在增强MRI造影剂注入后成像中有中度或明显增强。ACPP在影像学上与CPP相似。肿瘤呈乳头状生长、分叶状改变且肿瘤内部囊变较多,囊壁及分隔均明显强化且与强化的脉络丛关系密切,为脉络丛肿瘤的典型影像学表现[12, 16]。本例患者的鞍区MRI表现符合CPTs。但由于本例患者年龄61岁,而且病变区域在鞍上区,根据MRI检查和临床表现将该患者术前初步诊断为胶质瘤。

病理诊断和免疫组织化学是诊断ACPP的金标准。在CPTs中,CPP的有丝分裂活性为每10个高倍镜视野下可见小于2个正在增殖的肿瘤细胞。不同于CPP完整而连续的基底膜以及非常低的有丝分裂活性,CPC是侵袭性强、恶性程度高的肿瘤,其特征为有至少4项恶性生物学行为,恶性生物学行为包括:细胞密度明显增加,乳头状结构模糊呈实性片状生长,较高的有丝分裂活性,细胞核多形化、核异型性明显、核质比增大、核分裂相明显增多以及肿瘤组织坏死。CPC的有丝分裂活性为每10个高倍镜视野下可见大于5个正在增殖的肿瘤细胞。镜下可见ACPP肿瘤组织中大量以血管为中心、周围由单层立方柱状上皮环绕的乳头状结构,与正常脉络丛组织非常相似。而ACPP的有丝分裂活性在两者之间,定义为每10个高倍镜视野下可见2~5个正在增殖的肿瘤细胞,但仅有1或2个CPC中的恶性组织学特点,不足以诊断为CPC时,可明确诊断为ACPP[1-2, 18-19, 22-23]。免疫组织化学检查,细胞角蛋白(cytokeratin)(CK7、CK-pan和CK-20)和vimentin几乎在所有CPP中均表达,可被看作是CPP的标志性蛋白。CK7(+)与CD20(-)的组合通常有助于区分原发性和转移性癌,后者通常显示不同的染色组合。Ki-67百分比与肿瘤级别存在直接联系,正常脉络丛组织接近零,同时CPP的Ki-67平均值为1.3%~4.5%,ACPP为5.8%~9.1%,而脉络丛为13.4%~20.3%[23]。本病例的组织病理学检查和免疫组织化学检查提示ACPP。

本文作者报道了1例罕见的61岁老年男性鞍上区ACPP病例。经幕上开颅手术将肿瘤全部切除,患者术后恢复良好。组织病理及免疫组织化学检测结果显示本病例符合ACPP病理学特点。本例患者肿瘤切除彻底,病理诊断恶性程度不高以及局部放疗对视交叉损伤较大,术后未给予放、化疗,建议定期复查鞍区MRI检查观察有无原位复发或转移。术后随访3个月无复发。目前,ACPP诊断仍面临许多挑战,特别是对于发生于不典型发病部位的病例。病理诊断是ACPP诊断的金标准。

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