吉林大学学报(医学版)  2020, Vol. 46 Issue (05): 1061-1064     DOI: 10.13481/j.1671-587x.20200526

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张义群, 姜炜博, 苑生, 于维
ZHANG Yiqun, JIANG Weibo, YUAN Sheng, YU Wei
23例手部腱鞘巨细胞瘤患者术后功能恢复及复发随访结果分析
Analysis on follow-up results of postoperative function and recurrence of 23 patients with tenosynovial giant cell tumor in hand
吉林大学学报(医学版), 2020, 46(05): 1061-1064
Journal of Jilin University (Medicine Edition), 2020, 46(05): 1061-1064
10.13481/j.1671-587x.20200526

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收稿日期: 2020-03-05
23例手部腱鞘巨细胞瘤患者术后功能恢复及复发随访结果分析
张义群1 , 姜炜博2 , 苑生3 , 于维1     
1. 吉林大学中日联谊医院手外科, 吉林长春 130021;
2. 吉林大学第二医院骨科, 吉林长春 130021;
3. 内蒙古自治区霍林郭勒市人民医院骨科, 内蒙古 通辽 029200
[摘要]: 目的: 探讨手部腱鞘巨细胞瘤(TGCT)的术前诊断、手术治疗、功能锻炼及复发因素,为手部TGCT的诊断和治疗提供理论依据。方法: 回顾性分析23例手部TGCT患者的临床资料,比较患者术前彩超诊断与术后病理诊断情况,分析手部X线检查结果,随访患者并行浅表局部彩超检查,嘱患者填写《密歇根大学手概况问卷调查表》(MHQ),同时采用E-link测量患者患侧与健侧握力3次,计算患侧手与健侧手的总主动活动度(TAM),评价患者主观满意度和患手功能恢复情况。结果: 23例手部TGCT患者,其中包括男性4例,女性19例,年龄18~68岁,平均年龄(48.5±15.1)岁。左手12例,右手11例;局部结节型TGCT(L-TGCT)21例,弥漫型TGCT(D-TGCT)2例。患者的术前彩超诊断结果与术后病理诊断结果均一致,术前X线检查无骨质损害。随访6~26个月,平均随访时间(16.0±6.5)个月,浅表局部彩超检查见肿物复发1例,复发率4.3%。2例D-TGCT患者患侧握力和TAM值较健侧明显降低,21例L-TGCT患者患侧握力和TAM值与健侧比较无明显差异。MHQ得分,80分以下3例,80分以上20例。结论: 彻底切除TGCT可降低复发率,术后积极功能锻炼可取得良好的康复效果。
关键词: 腱鞘巨细胞瘤    浅表局部彩超    握力    总主动活动度    复发    
Analysis on follow-up results of postoperative function and recurrence of 23 patients with tenosynovial giant cell tumor in hand
ZHANG Yiqun1 , JIANG Weibo2 , YUAN Sheng3 , YU Wei1     
1. Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China;
2. Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China;
3. Department of Orthopedics, Peoples'Hospital of Huolinguole City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao 029200, China
[ABSTRACT]: Objective: To explore the preoperative diagnosis, surgical treatment, functional exercise and recurrence factors of tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT) in hand, and to provide the theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of TGCT in hand. Methods: The clinical materials of 23 patients with TGCT in hand were retrospectively analyzed.The preoperative ultrasound diagnosis and postoperative pathology diagnosis of the patients were compared. The X-ray examination results of hands were analyzed. The superficial local ultrasound examination of the patients was followed-up. The patients were asked to fill in the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire (MHQ), and E-Link was used to measure the grip strength of the affected side and the healthy side of the patients three times, the total active motion(TAM) values of both sides were calculated, and the subjective satisfaction and hand function of the patients were evaluated. Results: There were 23 patients with TGCT in hand, including 4 males and 19 females, aged 18-68 years old, mean (48.5±15.1) years old; among them, 12 cases of left-handed, 11 cases of right-handed; 21 cases of local nodular type TGCT(L-TGCT) and 2 cases of diffuse type TGCT(D-TGCT). The preoperative ultrasound diagnosis result was in accord with the postoperative pathology diagnosis results.There was no bone damage in X-ray examination before operation. The patients were followed up for 6-26 months, mean (16±6.5) months; the results of superficial local ultrasound showed recurrence in 1 case, and the recurrence rate was 4.3%. The grip strength and TAM values of the affected sides in 2 patients with D-TGCT were significantly lower than those of the healthy side; the grip strength and TAM values of 21 patients with L-TGCT had no significant differences compared with the healthy sides.The MHQ scores were less than 80 in 3 cases and more than 80 in 20 cases. Conclusion: Complete resection of TGCT can reduce the recurrence rate, and active functional exercise can achieve good rehabilitation effect.
KEYWORDS: tenosynovial giant cell tumor    superficial local ultrasound    grip strength    total active motion    recurrence    

腱鞘巨细胞瘤(tenosynovial giant cell tumor,TGCT)常见于四肢远端,也可发生于大关节内,在手部的发生率仅次于血管瘤,其发病率居于软组织肿瘤的第2位[1]。根据生长方式不同,可分为局部结节型TGCT(L-TGCT)和弥漫型TGCT(D-TGCT)[2-3]。L-TGCT多位于关节外,呈局部生长,侵袭性小;而D-TGCT多侵入关节内,并可侵犯骨质。TGCT的诊断检查包括彩超、X线、CT检查、MRI检查和病理活检,多数学者倾向于MRI检查[4],但明确诊断需病理检查。TGCT的治疗方案意见较统一,即一旦确诊,尽早手术切除。如果术中切除不彻底,极易复发[5]。由于肿物侵及腱鞘、肌腱甚至关节囊,术后锻炼不当可出现关节僵硬和手指活动受限等并发症[6],但很少引起医生和患者关注。本研究选取吉林大学中日联谊医院手外科收治的23例经手术治疗的TGCT患者,术前行彩超和手部X线检查进行初步诊断,术中扩大切除病变组织,术后科学指导患者康复锻炼,随访患者手功能康复及肿物复发情况,疗效较满意,现报道如下。

1 临床资料 1.1 病例资料

收集2018年3月—2019年12月吉林大学中日联谊医院手外科收治的TGCT患者临床资料,诊断标准是术后病理诊断。入选标准:①入院手术患者;②有详细术前检查和术后病理检查资料;③有联系方式且配合随访。排除标准:①临床资料不全的患者;②术前检查及术后病理检查缺失患者;③无法随访或不配合随访的患者。符合上述条件的患者共23例,其中L-TGCT患者21例,D-TGCT患者2例;左手12例,右手11例;手掌2例,手背1例,手指20例(拇指3例,示指4例,中指8例,环指2例,小指3例);男性4例,女性19例;手术时患者年龄18~68岁,平均年龄(48.5±15.1)岁;发病时间2 d~6年,平均发病时间(22.6±19.7)个月。首次手术治疗18例,于外院行手术治疗后复发来吉林大学中日联谊医院手外科治疗5例。临床表现为手部无痛性肿物,患者因影响外观、持物不适或担心恶变等就诊,均无明确外伤史。查体:肿物质硬,无活动性,无叩击痛及放射痛。行浅表局部彩超检查初诊为TGCT后,行手部X线检查,明确肿物是否压迫或侵蚀骨质,23例患者均无骨质损害。

1.2 治疗方法

采用臂丛神经阻滞麻醉或局部浸润麻醉,手术切口设计为沿肿物表面的锯齿状切口或直切口,2例D-TGCT患者手术切口设计为锯齿形。锐性分离皮下组织,牵拉保护好神经血管束,充分显露肿物后,完整切除,送病理检查,同时探查肌腱的浅层及深层,邻近关节时关节囊同时切开,探查关节内是否存在病变,将颜色有改变的腱鞘、腱周组织及部分关节囊均切除,且切除边缘1~2 mm正常组织,以达到彻底清除肿物的目的,注意保护肿瘤周围的神经血管等重要结构。1例D-TGCT患者彻底切除肿物的同时也切除了侵及的A4滑车,取部分屈指浅肌腱行A4滑车重建。

1.3 术后康复

术后第2天即指导患者进行手指的屈伸功能锻炼,A4滑车重建患者用支具制动3周后再进行锻炼。先被动活动关节,再主动活动,以第2天不引起肿胀和疼痛为锻炼标准,逐渐增加锻炼次数,2周拆除缝线,功能锻炼约4周。

1.4 术后随访

患者通过复诊随访,随访时间6~26个月,平均随访时间(16.0±6.5)个月,随访时行浅表局部彩超检查,E-link测量患侧和健侧手指握力3次,计算手指的总主动活动度(total active motion,TAM),同时填写《密歇根大学手概况问卷调查表》(Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire,MHQ),计算MHQ得分。

1.5 结果

23例手部TGCT患者的术前彩超诊断结果与术后病理诊断均一致,术前行X线检查未见骨质损害。随访浅表局部彩超见1例患者肿物复发,为L-TGCT,该病例曾于外院行手术治疗,复发后来吉林大学中日联谊医院手外科再次手术,第2次手术后约3个月再次复发。本组患者复发率为4.3%(1/23)。2例D-TGCT患者患侧握力和TAM值较健侧明显降低,即患手肌力和关节活动度明显受限;21例L-TGCT患者患侧握力和TAM值与健侧比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);MHQ得分,80分以下3例,80分以上20例。

2 讨论

TGCT最早由CHASSAIGNAC在1852年报道,认为该病属于肿瘤过程,BEEKMAN在1915年对TGCT组织学特征进行了深入研究[7],1941年JAFFE将良性滑膜瘤和色素沉着绒毛结节性腱鞘炎等总结为TGCT,认为该病是炎症反应过程[8]。近期研究[9]显示:TGCT是由于滑膜细胞的集落刺激因子1(colony-stimulating factor 1,CSF1)基因易位导致,过表达的CSF1蛋白募集大量含有集落刺激因子1受体(colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor,CSF1R)的巨噬细胞,从而在含有病变滑膜细胞的组织处引起肿瘤发生。本研究中23例手部TGCT患者均无明确外伤史,且左右手发病率比较差异无统计学意义,对于文献[10]报道的可继发于感染和外伤等学说暂不支持。另外,该病好发于女性,30~50岁为发病高峰,儿童少见,这与本研究结果类似。

术后病理诊断是TGCT诊断的金标准[11]。TGCT术前检查包括彩超、X线、MRI检查、CT检查和病理活检等[12],多数文献建议行MRI检查,有的研究者还依据MRI检查表现对TGCT进行分级[13]。但也有研究者[14]认为:术前影像检查只能为TGCT诊断提供证据,不能作为确诊依据。本研究中23例手部TGCT患者的术前彩超检查结果与术后病理检查结果完全相符,本文作者认为浅表局部彩超检查可作为TGCT的诊断首选,一旦初步诊断后再行手部X线检查,明确有无骨损害,以拟定手术治疗方案。

目前,手术是TGCT的主要治疗方案。手术要点为彻底清除病变组织,有研究者[15]建议清除病变周围1 mm的正常组织。而对于恶性复发性TGCT,也有研究[16-17]应用分子靶向药物治疗,但效果尚有争议。本文作者认为:手术时必须充分显露肿物,适当切除病变边缘1~2 mm正常组织,包括腱鞘、肌腱滑膜甚至关节囊,同时探查肌腱的深浅层及邻近关节,才能做到彻底切除。目前唯一公认的复发因素是肿物切除不彻底[18]。TGCT复发率为5%~55%[19]。本研究随访的23例患者中复发1例,复发率为4.3%。本研究复发率较低的原因可能:①术中均行扩大切除,切除侵犯的腱鞘、肌腱滑膜和部分关节囊,探查肌腱深浅层和邻近关节,做到彻底切除;②出现骨损害的TGCT更易复发[20],本研究随访的23例患者均无骨损害,复发风险较低;③随访时行局部彩超检查,可能遗漏较细小的肿物;④病例数相对较少;⑤随访时间相对较短,平均随访时间约16个月,有文献报道随访时间需2~4年,甚至有肿物切除10余年后再次复发的病例[21]

关于TGCT切除术后患者的康复锻炼和功能评价文献报道较少。因术中需要切除病变腱鞘、腱周组织甚至部分关节囊,会影响肌腱滑动和关节活动,从而影响手指运动功能。文献[6]报道TGCT切除术后可能会出现瘢痕不适、神经性失用和关节僵硬等并发症。本研究根据患者具体情况拟定手部康复锻炼计划,并在随访时采用E-link和TAM客观评价指标来评价手部运动功能,同时采用MHQ问卷在主观上从疼痛和满意度等多角度评价手功能对患者生活质量的影响,从而更加全面地评估临床治疗效果。

综上所述,手部肿物首选彩超检查,一旦考虑TGCT时,需补充手部X线检查,术中扩大切除肿物,术后注重指导患者进行功能锻炼,可取得较好的康复效果。

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