吉林大学学报(医学版)  2020, Vol. 46 Issue (03): 589-593     DOI: 10.13481/j.1671-587x.20200312

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班硕丰, 张诗晨, 孙一丹, 王婧, 韩冰
BAN Shuofeng, ZHANG Shichen, SUN Yidan, WANG Jing, HAN Bing
核内不均一核糖核蛋白D和上皮细胞黏附分子在口腔鳞状细胞癌组织中的表达及其意义
Expressions of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D and epithelial cell adhesion molecule in oral squamous cell carcinoma tissue and their significances
吉林大学学报(医学版), 2020, 46(03): 589-593
Journal of Jilin University (Medicine Edition), 2020, 46(03): 589-593
10.13481/j.1671-587x.20200312

文章历史

收稿日期: 2019-09-16
核内不均一核糖核蛋白D和上皮细胞黏附分子在口腔鳞状细胞癌组织中的表达及其意义
班硕丰1,2 , 张诗晨1 , 孙一丹1 , 王婧1 , 韩冰1     
1. 吉林大学口腔医院口腔颌面外科, 吉林 长春 130021;
2. 吉林省牙发育及颌骨重塑与再生重点实验室, 吉林 长春 130021
[摘要]: 目的 探讨核内不均一核糖核蛋白D(hnRNPD)和上皮细胞黏附分子(EpCAM)在口腔鳞状细胞癌(OSCC)组织和正常口腔黏膜组织中的表达及其与OSCC患者临床病理特征的关系,阐明其在OSCC发生发展中的作用。方法 选取术前均未经放、化疗的38例OSCC患者的肿瘤组织(OSCC组)和11例正常拔牙患者的口腔黏膜组织(对照组),采用免疫组织化学染色法检测OSCC组织和正常口腔黏膜组织中hnRNPD和EpCAM表达水平,并分析不同临床病理特征OSCC患者肿瘤组织中hnRNPD和EpCAM表达水平,采用Spearman相关性检验分析OSCC组织中hnRNPD和EpCAM表达的相关性。结果 与对照比较,OSCC组肿瘤组织中hnRNPD和EpCAM表达水平升高(Z=-4.936,P=0.000;Z=-2.780,P=0.005);不同性别和年龄OSCC患者肿瘤组织中EpCAM蛋白表达水平差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.471,P=0.013;Z=-1.967;P=0.049);不同临床病理特征OSCC患者肿瘤组织中hnRNPD表达水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。hnRNPD和EpCAM表达水平相关性较弱(ρ=0.227,P=0.17)。结论 OSCC患者肿瘤组织中hnRNPD和EpCAM表达水平上调,两者促进了OSCC的发生发展。
关键词: 口腔鳞状细胞癌    核内不均一核糖核蛋白D    上皮细胞黏附分子    免疫组织化学    
Expressions of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D and epithelial cell adhesion molecule in oral squamous cell carcinoma tissue and their significances
BAN Shuofeng1,2 , ZHANG Shichen1 , SUN Yidan1 , WANG Jing1 , HAN Bing1     
1. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatology Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;
2. Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Jaw Bone Remodeling and Regeneration, Jilin Province, Changchun 130021, China
[ABSTRACT]: Objective To investigate the expressions of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D (hnRNPD) and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) in the oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tissue and normal oral mucosa tissue, and to discuss the associations between their expressions and the clinicopathological parameters of the OSCC patients, and to elucidate their effects on the occurrence and development of OSCC. Methods The tumor tissue of 38 OSCC patients without preoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy(OSCC group)and the normal oral mucosa tissue of 11 patients with tooth extraction (control group) were selected. Immunohistochemistry staining was used to detect the expression levels of hnRNPD and EpCAM in the tumor tissue and normal oral mucosa tissue, the expression levels of hnRNPD and EpCAM in tumor tissue of the OSCC patients with different clinicopathological parameters were analyzed, and the correlations between the expression levels of hnRNPD and EpCAM in tumor tissue of the OSCC patients were detected by Spearman correlation test. Results Compared with control group, the expression levels of hnRNPD and EpCAM in the tumor tissue in OSCC group were increased (Z=-4.936, P=0.000; Z=-2.780, P=0.005); there was statistically significant difference in the expression level of EpCAM in tumor tissue of the OSCC patients with different genders and ages (Z=-2.471, P=0.013;Z=-1.967; P=0.049), there was no significant difference in the expression level of hnRNPD in tumor tissue of the OSCC patients with different clinicopathological parameters(P>0.05). The correlation between the expression levels of hnRNPD and EpCAM was weak (ρ=0.227, P=0.17). Conclusion The expression levels of hnRNPD and EpCAM in tumor tissue of the OSCC patients are up-regulated, and they promote the occurrence and development of OSCC.
KEYWORDS: oral squamous cell carcinoma    heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D    epithelial cell adhesion molecule    immunohistochemistry    

研究[1-2]显示:口腔鳞状细胞癌(oral squamous cell carcinoma,OSCC)发病率居世界恶性肿瘤发病率的第六位,也是最常见的头颈部恶性肿瘤,主要发生在口腔黏膜如舌、口底、颊和牙龈等处。OSCC经常发生侵袭和远处转移[3],严重威胁患者生命。核内不均一核糖核蛋白D(heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D,hnRNPD)亦称AUF1,是hnRNP家族中的成员,是一种核酸结合蛋白。研究[4-5]表明:hnRNPD参与调节多种生物学途径,与炎症、癌症、心血管疾病、衰老和病毒感染等多种疾病相关。上皮细胞黏附分子(epithelial cell adhesion molecule,EpCAM)是一种相对分子质量为40 000的跨膜表面糖蛋白。EpCAM在多种上皮源性癌组织中高表达,而在正常上皮组织中低表达,因此被认为是一种肿瘤标记物[6]。目前有关hnRNPD和EpCAM在OSCC组织中表达情况的报道较少,并且结论并不完全一致。本研究采用免疫组织化学SP法检测OSCC患者OSCC组织中hnRNPD和EpCAM表达情况,探讨hnRNPD和EpCAM在OSCC组织中表达的意义,为其在OSCC临床诊断和治疗中发挥作用奠定基础。

1 材料与方法 1.1 临床资料

收集2018年6月—2019年6月吉林大学口腔医院手术切除的38例经病理检查确诊的OSCC组织标本(OSCC组),均为原发病灶。标本来源患者均为首次手术,术前未经放、化疗,患者临床资料完整。患者年龄24~77岁,中位年龄56岁,男性30例,女性8例;临床TNM分期:Ⅰ期6例,Ⅱ期17例,Ⅲ期10例,Ⅳ期5例;组织病理学分级:高分化12例,中分化21例,低分化5例。另在正常拔牙患者口腔内采集正常黏膜组织11例(对照组)。

1.2 主要试剂和仪器

hnRNPD兔抗人多克隆抗体和EpCAM兔抗人多克隆抗体(美国Proteintech Group Inc公司),免疫组织化学试剂盒和DAB显色试剂盒(福州迈新生物技术开发有限公司),枸橼酸盐缓冲液和抗体稀释液(北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司); 超薄切片机(德国Leica Biosystems公司),显微镜(日本Olympus公司)。

1.3 免疫组织化学SP法检测OSCC组织和正常口腔黏膜组织中hnRNPD和EpCAM表达水平

全部组织标本离体后立即置于10%中性甲醛中固定,常规石蜡包埋,3μm厚连续切片。常规脱蜡水化后,采用枸橼酸盐缓冲液微波修复,按照即用型免疫组织化学超敏SP检测试剂盒说明书进行染色。其中hnRNPD一抗(1:200)和EpCAM一抗(1:200)4℃孵育过夜,DAB显色时间控制在1.5~2.0 min,以PBS代替一抗作为空白对照组。

1.4 结果判定标准

由病理科医师在双盲条件下对每个样本切片选取5个癌细胞聚集的高倍镜视野,采用Image Pro Plus v6.0分析其平均光密度(mean optical density,MOD)值,以MOD值表示样本的染色强度。

1.5 统计学分析

采用SPSS25.0统计软件进行统计学分析。采用Shapiro-wilk法对OSCC组织和正常口腔黏膜组织中hnRNPD和EpCAM表达水平进行正态性检验(W检验)。采用Levene法对资料进行方差齐性检验(F检验),以P>0.05为资料符合方差齐性。若资料符合正态分布,则以表示,组间比较采用t检验;若资料不符合正态分布,采用中位数(95%置信区间)表示,组间比较采用秩和检验。OSCC组织中hnRNPD和EpCAM表达相关性分析采用Spearman相关性检验。不同临床病理参数OSCC患者OSCC组织中hnRNPD和EpCAM表达水平组间比较采用t检验或秩和检验。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 OSCC组织和正常黏膜组织中hnRNPD和EpCAM表达水平

OSCC组hnRNPD主要表达在细胞核,呈棕色或褐色;而对照组hnRNPD染色呈淡黄色或黄色,且着色细胞数较少。OSCC组EpCAM主要表达在细胞膜,少量表达在细胞质,染色呈棕黄色或褐色;对照组EpCAM表达较少且染色减弱。OSCC组和对照组hnRNPD和EpCAM表达水平均呈非正态分布,方差齐性检验结果显示:hnRNPD和EpCAM表达水平方差不齐。OSCC组和对照组中hnRNPD和EpCAM表达水平比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01)。见图 1(插页八)和表 1

表 1 正常黏膜组织和OSCC组织中hnRNPD和EpCAM表达水平 Tab. 1 Expression levels of hnRNPD and EpCAM in normal oral mucosa tissue and OSCC tissue
Group n MOD of hnRNPD(×10-2) Z P MOD of EpCAM(×10-2) Z P
OSCC
Control
38
11
1.88(1.89, 3.13)
0.11(0.07, 0.25)
-4.936 <0.01 0.35(0.56, 1.77)
0.09(0.07, 0.14)
-2.780 0.005
A-D:hnRNPD; E-H:EpCAM; A, E:Normal mucosa tissue; B, F:Well differentiated OSCC tissue; C, G: Moderately differentiated OSCC tissue; D, H: Poorly differentiated OSCC tissue. Black arrow: Positive area 图 1 正常黏膜组织和OSCC组织中hnRNPD和EpCAM表达(免疫组织化学,×200) Fig. 1 Expressions of hnRNPD and EpCAM in normal oral mucosa tissue and OSCC tissue(Immunohistochemistry, ×200)
2.2 OSCC组织中hnRNPD和EpCAM表达水平的相关性分析

38例OSCC患者OSCC组织中hnRNPD表达水平和EpCAM表达水平分别为[1.88(1.06, 3.96)]×10-2和[0.35(0.09, 1.50)]×10-2, 两者相关性较弱(Spearman相关系数ρ=0.227,P=0.17),OSCC组织中hnRNPD与EpCAM的表达无相关性。

2.3 不同临床病理特征患者OSCC组织中hnRNPD和EpCAM表达水平

对38例OSCC组织样本按照性别、年龄、肿瘤大小、TNM分期、病理分期和淋巴结转移情况分别分组,组间比较采用非参数秩和检验分析结果显示:不同性别和不同年龄OSCC患者OSCC组织中EpCAM表达水平比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同临床病理特征OSCC患者OSCC组织中hnRNPD表达水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表 2

表 2 不同临床病理特征OSCC患者OSCC组织中hnRNPD和EpCAM表达水平 Tab. 2 Expression levels of hnRNPD and EpCAM in OSCC tissue of OSCCpatients with different clinicopathological parameters
Clinicopathological parameter n MOD of hnRNPD(×10-2) Z P MOD of EpCAM(×10-2) Z P
Gender
  Male
  Female
30
8
2.11(2.05, 3.55)
1.28(0.89, 1.97)
-1.575 0.115 0.40(0.67, 2.16)
0.07(0, 0.52)
-2.471 0.013
Age(year)
  ≤60
  >60
24
14
1.28(1.52, 3.20)
2.36(1.76, 3.78)
-1.332 0.183 0.25(0.26, 1.66)
0.55(0.27, 2.75)
-1.967 0.049
Size of tumor
  ≤4 cm
  >4 cm
27
11
1.52(1.69, 3.21)
2.10(1.37, 3.95)
-0.531 0.595 0.35(0.46, 2.10)
0.42(0.11, 1.66)
-0.113 0.910
TNM stage
  Ⅰ-Ⅱ
   Ⅲ-Ⅳ
23
15
1.52(1.62, 3.16)
2.10(1.53, 3.86)
-0.403 0.687 0.32(0.24, 1.83)
0.63(0.32, 2.42)
-0.911 0.362
Pathological stage
  Ⅰ
  Ⅱ-Ⅲ
12
26
1.27(2.05, 3.55)
2.36(2.08, 3.71)
-1.727 0.084 0.33(0.16, 0.90)
0.39(0.59, 2.33)
-0.408 0.683
Lymph node metastasis
  Positive
   Negative
28
10
1.52(0.83, 3.94)
2.03(1.85, 3.27)
-0.431 0.667 0.64(0.04, 3.21)
0.31(0.34, 1.66)
-0.729 0.466
3 讨论

作为一种核酸结合蛋白,hnRNPD通过与多种mRNA和DNA序列结合来调控基因表达,其参与机体多种病理生理过程,如细胞增殖、分化、衰老、免疫和癌变等。研究[7-9]表明:hnRNPD在多种恶性肿瘤,如甲状腺癌、乳腺癌、宫颈癌、食管癌和小鼠肺部肿瘤等组织中均呈现过表达,显示其与肿瘤的发生发展有着密切关联。但也有研究[10]表明:hnRNPD有抑制肿瘤的作用。hnRNPD减少了促血管生成因子的产物[11]可能是其抑制肿瘤的机制之一。EpCAM不仅在细胞间黏附中发挥作用,还在细胞信号传导、增殖和分化等方面发挥重要作用,在人体部分正常上皮细胞和大多数恶性肿瘤细胞中均表达[10],并且在多数上皮性肿瘤[6]、腺癌[12]和急性髓细胞性白血病[13]组织中表达上调。在正常细胞中,EpCAM似乎被隔离在紧密的连接中,因此抗体难以接近,而在癌细胞中,EpCAM广泛分布在细胞表面[14-15]。LEE等[16]研究证明:EpCAM在腺样囊性癌中表达上调并与多个临床特征相关。EpCAM在乳腺癌、卵巢癌、胰腺癌、尿路上皮癌和胆囊癌等组织中的高表达与预后不良相关,而在肾癌和甲状腺癌组织中的高表达则与生存率提高有关[6, 17],这可能是因为EpCAM参与细胞黏附,也有研究[18]证明:EpCAM基因突变可导致先天性簇状肠病和林奇综合征。

OSCC严重威胁患者生命,其发生与多种信号通路和相关蛋白的表达有关[19]。本研究结果显示:OSCC组织中hnRNPD和EpCAM表达水平均上调,显示二者与OSCC发生发展相关。KUMAR等[20]研究亦证明:OSCC组织中hnRNPD高表达,同时显示hnRNPD表达与肿瘤大小和肿瘤分期有关;ZHANG等[21]研究显示:hnRNPD是OSCC患者生存相关的剪切因子之一,与肿瘤的发生有关。本文作者进一步分析发现:hnRNPD表达水平与患者临床病理参数无明显关联,原因可能为本实验样本量较少;EpCAM表达水平仅与患者的性别和年龄有关联。SEN等[22]研究证明:OSCC组织中EpCAM高表达,并且其表达情况与肿瘤大小、病理分级、局部肿瘤复发情况和患者生存率有关联,而LAIMER等[23]研究结果则显示:OSCC组织中EpCAM表达与肿瘤分级、临床分期、淋巴结转移和受体状态无明显相关性。对于EpCAM与临床病理特征的关系尚无定论。HAYRY等[24]在研究中采用EpCAM作为标志物,对头颈部鳞状细胞癌转移的淋巴结细胞检测的效果较好。恶性肿瘤的发生发展中往往有2种或多种物质发生协同或拮抗作用[25-26]。本文作者对hnRNPD和EpCAM表达相关性分析结果显示:OSCC组织中hnRNPD和EpCAM表达水平相关关系较弱,提示在OSCC的发生发展中,hnRNPD和EpCAM所在的信号通路可能是2个关联较少或不相关联的系统。

综上所述,hnRNPD和EpCAM与OSCC存在密切关联。未来仍需进一步研究二者参与OSCC发生发展的机制,以期为将hnRNPD和EpCAM表达水平作为OSCC诊断和治疗的靶点提供进一步的理论基础。

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