吉林大学学报(医学版)  2020, Vol. 46 Issue (01): 116-120     DOI: 10.13481/j.1671-587x.20200120

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孙媛媛, 梁丽, 王笑烨, 肖燕, 高影
SUN Yuanyuan, LIANG Li, WANG Xiaoye, XIAO Yan, GAO Ying
达格列净对2型糖尿病并发非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者肝功能的改善作用及其机制
Improvement effect of dapagliflozin on liver function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with non-alcoholic fatty liver diseaseand itsmechanism
吉林大学学报(医学版), 2020, 46(01): 116-120
Journal of Jilin University (Medicine Edition), 2020, 46(01): 116-120
10.13481/j.1671-587x.20200120

文章历史

收稿日期: 2018-12-02
达格列净对2型糖尿病并发非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者肝功能的改善作用及其机制
孙媛媛1,2 , 梁丽2 , 王笑烨1 , 肖燕1 , 高影1     
1. 吉林大学第一医院内分泌科, 吉林 长春 130021;
2. 辽宁省人民医院内分泌科, 辽宁 沈阳 110016
[摘要]: 目的 探讨达格列净对2型糖尿病(T2DM)并发非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)患者肝功能的影响,分析其对T2DM患者肝损伤的改善作用。方法 回顾性分析68例T2DM并发NAFLDS且未曾接受过任何治疗患者的临床资料,其中阿卡波糖组30例,达格列净组38例,分别给予阿卡波糖150 mg·d-1+二甲双胍2000 mg·d-1和达格列净10 mg·d-1+二甲双胍2000 mg·d-1治疗24周。收集2组患者治疗前后一般资料,入院后抽取患者空腹静脉血,检测患者血清生化指标和肝功能指标。血清生化指标包括空腹血糖(FBG)和糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平,计算HOMA2法胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA2-IR);肝功能指标包括天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、总胆红素(TBIL)和直接胆红素(DBIL),计算非酒精性脂肪性肝纤维化评分(NAFLDFS)。对2组患者各项检测指标进行对比分析。结果 与治疗前比较,治疗后阿卡波糖组患者FBG、HbA1c、AST、GGT和ALP水平及HOMA2-IR均明显降低(P < 0.01),TBIL水平明显升高(P < 0.01)。与治疗前比较,治疗后达格列净组患者FBG、HbA1c、AST、ALT、GGT和ALP水平及HOMA2-IR和NAFLDFS明显降低(P < 0.01),TBIL和DBIL水平明显升高(P < 0.01)。治疗后,与阿卡波糖组比较,达格列净组患者FBG、AST、ALT、GGT及ALP水平和NAFLDFS均明显降低(P < 0.01)。结论 达格列净能改善T2DM并发NAFLD患者的肝功能,其机制可能与其降低血糖和体质量的作用有关。
关键词: 达格列净    2型糖尿病    非酒精性脂肪性肝病    肝功能    
Improvement effect of dapagliflozin on liver function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with non-alcoholic fatty liver diseaseand itsmechanism
SUN Yuanyuan1,2 , LIANG Li2 , WANG Xiaoye1 , XIAO Yan1 , GAO Ying1     
1. Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;
2. Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110016, China
[ABSTRACT]: Objective To investigate the effect of dapagliflozin on the liver function of the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) complicated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and to analyze its improvement effect on liver injury of the T2DM patients. Methods The clinical data of 68 T2DM patients complicated with NAFLDS who did not receive any treatment were retrospectively analyzed, including 30 patients in acarbose group and 38 patients in dapagliflozin group, and the patients in two groups received acarbose 150 mg·d-1+ metformin 2 000 mg·d-1 and dapagliflozin 10 mg·d-1 + metformin 2 000 mg·d-1 treatment for 24 weeks, respectively. The general data of the patients before and after treatment were collected.The fasting venous blood of the patients in two groups was collected and the serum biochemical indexes and liver function indexes were detected.The serum biochemical indexes included fasting blood glucose(FBG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and the homeostasis model assessment 2-insulin resistance index(HMOA2-IR) was calculated.The liver function indexes included aspartic transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TBIL), and direct bilirubin (DBIL); the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score (NAFLDFS) was calculated.The each detection index of the patients in two groups was compared and analyzed. Results Compared with before treatment, the levels of FBG, HbA1c, AST, GGT, and ALP and HOMA2-IR in acarbose group after treatment were significantly decreased(P < 0.01) and the levels of TBIL was significantly increased (P < 0.01). Compared with before treatment, the levels of FBG, HbA1c, AST, ALT, GGT, and ALP and HOMA2-IR, NAFLDFS in dapagliflozin group were significantly decreased after treatment (P < 0.01) and the levels of TBIL and DBIL were significantly increased (P < 0.01). The levels of FBG, AST, ALT, GGT, and ALP and NAFLDF in dapagliflozin group after treatment were significantly decreased compared with acarbose group (P < 0.01). Conclusion Dagliflozin can improve the liver function of the patients with T2DM complicated with NAFLD, and its mechanism may be related to the effect of dapagliflozin decreasing the blood glucose and body weight.
KEYWORDS: dapagliflozin    type 2 diabetes    non-alcoholic fatty liver disease    liver function    

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD)定义为除外酒精和其他明确的损肝因素所致的肝细胞内脂肪过度沉积为主要特征的临床病理综合征,与肥胖、2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM)、慢性肾脏疾病和心血管疾病有关[1-2]。T2DM患者NAFLD的患病率约为75%[1]。根据肝脏活组织检查的组织学分类,NAFLD可分为非酒精性脂肪肝(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFL)和非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH)。T2DM患者发生NASH的风险较高,且预后较差[3-4]。NAFLD进展到NASH的机制可能涉及脂毒性、氧化应激、内质网应激和线粒体功能障碍[5-6]。易患NAFL和NASH患者的常见遗传基因变异包括PNPLA3变体p.I148M[7]。目前,尚无用于治疗NASH的上市药物,推荐的治疗方法包括减肥和运动[8]。达格列净是一种钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2抑制剂(sodium-glucose transporter protein 2 inhibitors, SGLT2i),适用于T2DM的治疗。达格列净可增加尿糖排泄,降低糖化血红蛋白(hemoglobin A1c, HbA1c)、体质量、血脂和血压[9]。此外,还可以降低心血管事件和死亡的风险[10],提示达格列净对NAFLD具有降低肝脏脂肪、保护肝细胞功能的作用。本研究以T2DM并发NAFLD患者为研究对象,探讨达格列净对患者肝脏脂肪和肝细胞损伤的影响,为糖尿病患者NAFLD的防治提供参考依据。

1 资料与方法 1.1 临床资料

本组患者共68例,均为2017年4月—2018年4月在吉林大学第一医院内分泌科治疗的确诊为T2DM并发NAFLD且在确诊前未接受过任何治疗的患者。其中阿卡波糖组30例,达格列净组38例。本研究已获得吉林大学第一医院伦理委员会批准。患者一般资料,包括性别、病程、年龄、收缩压、舒张压和体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)见表 1

表 1 2组患者一般资料 Tab. 1 General data of patents in two groups
Group n Male/Female Duration of disease (month) Age(year) SBP(P/mmHg) DBP(P/mmHg) BMI (kg·m-2)
Acarbose 30 16/14 26.73±11.09 46.17±6.56 134.13±7.32 83.27±6.69 28.80±2.34
Dapagliflozin 38 21/17 27.26±9.76 44.53±5.62 131.89±8.27 84.00±6.56 29.39±1.68
1.2 诊断标准、纳入标准和排除标准

T2DM患者均符合1999年WHO公布的T2DM诊断标准:①具有糖尿病临床症状,2次以上空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose, FBG)≥7.0 mmol·L-1; 具有糖尿病临床症状,任何时间血糖水平≥ 11.1 mmol·L-1,或2h口服葡萄糖耐量试验(2h oral glucose tolerance test, OGTT 2h)≥11.1 mmol·L-1。②根据尿白蛋白排泄率(urinary albumin excretion rate, UAER)估算的肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR)≥ 60 mL·min-1·1.73m-2。③甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)≥ 4.5 mmol·L-1。NAFLD诊断标准参照2010年中华医学会肝病学分会脂肪肝和酒精性肝病学组修订的《非酒精性脂肪性肝病诊疗指南》:①肝脏近场回声弥漫性增强; ②肝内管道结构显示不清晰; ③肝脏远场回声逐渐减弱; ④无饮酒史或饮酒折含乙醇摄入量男性<140g/周,女性<70g/周; ⑤排除病毒性肝炎、药物性肝病、肝豆状核变性和自身免疫性肝病等可致脂肪肝的疾病。

纳入标准:①符合T2DM和NAFLD诊断标准; ②年龄20~70岁。排除标准:妊娠或哺乳期妇女; 并发严重全身性疾病的患者;并发药物性肝炎及肝癌的患者; 近期服用影响肝脏酶谱药物的患者。

1.3 治疗方法

阿卡波糖组患者口服阿卡波糖150 mg·d-1,二甲双胍2000 mg·d-1; 达格列净组患者口服达格列净10 mg·d-1,二甲双胍2000 mg·d-1。2组患者疗程均为24周。

1.4 检测指标

入院后抽取患者空腹静脉血,检测血清生化指标和肝功能指标。生化指标包括总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、TG、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C)、FBG和Hb1Ac。计算HOMA2法胰岛素抵抗指数(homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistanceindex,HOMA2-IR),HOMA2-IR=空腹胰岛素(mU·L -1)×FBG(mmol·L-1)/22.5。肝功能指标包括丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、碱性磷酸酶(akaline phosphatase, ALP)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(gamma glutamyltranspeptadase, GGT)、总胆红素(total bilirubin, TBIL)和直接胆红素(direct bilirubin, DBIL)。

1.5 非酒精性脂肪性肝纤维化评分(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score, NAFLDFS)

计算患者NAFLDFS,NAFLDFS= -1.675+0.037×年龄(岁)+0.094×BMI (kg·m-2)+1.13×空腹血糖调节受损/糖尿病(是,1;否,0)+0.99×AST/ALT-0.013 ×血小板计数(×109L-1)-0.66×白蛋白水平(g·dL-1)。评价标准:NAFLDFS>0.676为肝纤维化。

1.6 统计学分析

采用SPSS22.0统计软件进行统计学分析。2组患者血清生化指标和肝功能指标以x±s表示,数据均符合正态分布,组间均数比较采用两独立样本t检验,组内治疗前后比较采用配对t检验。以P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 2组患者治疗前后血清生化指标和HOMA2-IR

治疗前阿卡波糖组和达格列净组患者血清各生化指标和HOMA2-IR比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与治疗前比较,治疗后阿卡波糖组患者FBG、HbA1c水平和HOMA2-IR明显降低(t=16.094,P < 0.01;t =0.344,P < 0.01;t=2.647,P < 0.01)。与治疗前比较,治疗后达格列净组患者FBG、HbA1c水平和HOMA2-IR明显降低(t=16.372,P < 0.01;t=0.270,P < 0.01;t=2.647,P < 0.01)。治疗后达格列净组患者FBG水平明显低于阿卡波糖组(t=16.372,P < 0.01)。见表 2

表 2 2组患者治疗前后血清生化指标和HOMA2-IR Tab. 2 Serum biochemical indexes and HOMA2-IR of patients before and after treatment in two groups
(x±s)
Group n FBG[cB/(mmol·L-1)] HbA1c (η/%) HOMA2-IR WBC (×109 L-1) RBC (×109 L-1) PLT (×109 L-1) TG [cB/(mmol·L-1)] TC [cB/(mmol·L-1)] HDL-C [cB/(mmol·L-1)] LDL-C [cB/(mmol·L-1)]
Acarbose 30
Before 11.88±1.02 8.73±0.46 6.04±0.48 7.69±0.65 6.51±0.49 185.73±20.05 3.06±0.45 5.63±0.64 2.17±0.45 3.58±0.61
After 8.44±0.49* 6.85±0.50* 3.83±0.39* 7.83±0.66 6.59±0.69 194.49±19.49 3.17±0.46 5.50±0.69 2.10±0.42 3.43±0.48
Dapagliflozin 38
Before 11.86±1.05 8.83±0.66 6.14±0.45 7.56±0.64 6.73±0.69 188.39±18.59 2.96±0.36 5.65±0.63 2.11±0.45 3.54±0.66
After 5.57±0.48*△ 6.94±0.37* 3.94±0.36* 7.55±0.68 6.70±0.64 190.53±19.00 3.08±0.41 5.58±0.73 1.93±0.43 3.57±0.66
*P < 0.01 compared with before treatment; P < 0.01 compared with acarbose group after treatment.
2.2 2组患者治疗前后肝功能指标和NAFLDFS

治疗前阿卡波糖组和达格列净组患者各项肝功能指标和NAFLDFS比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与治疗前比较,治疗后阿卡波糖组患者AST、ALP和GGT水平明显降低(t=1.472,P < 0.01;t=0.009,P < 0.01;t=2.481,P < 0.01),TBIL水平明显升高(t=1.233, P < 0.01)。与治疗前比较,治疗后达格列净组患者AST、ALT、GGT和ALP水平明显降低(t=0.057,P < 0.01;t=4.025,P < 0.01;t=0.495,P < 0.01;t=0.883,P < 0.01),TBIL和DBIL水平明显升高(t=0.640,P < 0.01;t=3.257,P < 0.01),NAFLDFS明显降低(t=0.181, P < 0.01)。治疗后,与阿卡波糖组比较,达格列净组患者AST、ALT、GGT和ALP水平及NAFLDFS明显降低(t=3.639,P < 0.01;t=14.942,P < 0.01;t=0.295, P < 0.01;t=0.873,P < 0.01;t=0.017,P < 0.01)。见表 3

表 3 2组患者治疗前后肝功能指标和NAFLDFS Tab. 3 Liver function indexes and NAFLDFS of patients before and after treatment in two groups
(x±s)
Group n AST [λB/(U·L-1)] ALT [λB/(U·L-1)] GGT [λB/(U·L-1)] ALP [λB/(U·L-1)] TBIL (mg·dL-1) DBIL(mg·dL-1) ALB (g·dL-1) NAFLDFS
Acarbose 30
Before 50.39±3.00 48.29±3.73 55.74±3.11 89.90±2.77 13.66±1.37 2.94±0.28 2.18±0.29 0.94±0.37
After 46.21±3.35* 46.74±3.37 52.41±2.74* 85.24±2.82* 15.11±1.06* 3.05±0.41 2.11±0.31 0.92±0.44
Dapagli-flozin 38
Before 49.52±2.83 48.97±3.37 55.89±2.50 90.17±3.40 13.30±1.56 2.95±0.38 2.16±0.32 0.96±0.41
After 35.63±2.65*△ 39.37±2.10*△ 45.61±2.67*△ 79.78±2.97*△ 15.33±1.32* 3.19±0.33* 2.04±0.38 0.25±0.09*△
*P < 0.01 compared with before treatment; P < 0.01 compared with acarbose group after treatment.
3 讨论

NAFLD和T2DM是全球性的常见健康问题[11-12]。目前一项研究[13]显示:中国T2DM患者中,NAFLD发病率高达70%。T2DM和NAFLD之间的关系是双向的:NAFLD的存在可以增加T2DM患者的死亡风险[14],T2DM也可以增加肝硬化的风险,使肝细胞癌的风险增加1倍,并成为NAFLD患者死亡的独立预测因子[15]。NAFLD已成为一种逐渐受关注的糖尿病并发症。

本研究结果显示:与治疗前比较,治疗后达格列净组和阿卡波糖组患者HbA1c、FBG和HOMA2-IR均明显降低,而且达格列净组患者FBG水平降低更明显,提示无论是单独使用二甲双胍,还是二甲双胍联合达格列净使用,均有降低血糖的作用,而且联合达格列净后降血糖作用更佳;二甲双胍联合达格列净具有恢复患者AST和ALT等肝功能指标的作用,而且可以明显降低患者的NAFLDFS,肝功能指标的恢复和NAFLDFS的降低提示肝细胞损伤减少,肝细胞功能恢复,与既往研究[16]的结果相似。T2DM促进NAFLD的机制可能是慢性高血糖可诱导氧化应激和内质网应激反应,降低一磷酸腺苷(adenosine monophosphate, AMP)活化蛋白激酶活性,从而促进胰岛素抵抗、肝脏脂肪变性和肝细胞损伤[17]。本研究结果显示:达格列净组患者HbA1c和HOMA2-IR降低,但与阿卡波糖组比较差异无统计学意义。之前研究[18]也得出相似结论:达格列净与其他降糖药均能降低HbA1c,但达格列净还具有降低ALT的作用,提示达格列净改善肝功能作用可能与降低Hb1A1c无关。此外,达格列净降低FBG的效果更明显,提示血糖和体质量的改善与肝功能改善之间有关联。研究[19]显示:体质量降低3%~5%可改善肝脏脂肪变性,体质量降低10%以上可以改善肝脏坏死性炎症。本研究中,达格列净组和阿卡波糖组患者用药后FBG水平均明显降低,达格列净降低效果更明显。此外,研究[18]显示:达格列净改善肝功能的机制可能与氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)激活导致脂联素和锌-A2-糖蛋白水平增加有关。

综上所述,达格列净能改善T2DM并发NAFLD患者的肝功能,其机制可能与达格列净降低血糖和体质量的作用有关。

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