吉林大学学报(医学版)  2019, Vol. 45 Issue (06): 1432-1435     DOI: 10.13481/j.1671-587x.20190640

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王瑜, 蒋鑫萍, 常健, 曲超, 韩冬冰
WANG Yu, JIANG Xinping, CHANG Jian, QU Chao, HAN Dongbing
以皮肤黏膜淋巴结改变为首发症状的ALK阳性间变性大细胞淋巴瘤1例报告及文献复习
ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma with changes in skin mucosal lymph nodes as first symptom: A case report and literature review
吉林大学学报(医学版), 2019, 45(06): 1432-1435
Journal of Jilin University (Medicine Edition), 2019, 45(06): 1432-1435
10.13481/j.1671-587x.20190640

文章历史

收稿日期: 2018-12-05
以皮肤黏膜淋巴结改变为首发症状的ALK阳性间变性大细胞淋巴瘤1例报告及文献复习
王瑜1 , 蒋鑫萍2 , 常健1 , 曲超3 , 韩冬冰4     
1. 吉林大学第一医院小儿肿瘤科, 吉林 长春 130021;
2. 吉林大学第一医院联合超声科, 吉林 长春 130021;
3. 吉林大学第一医院放疗科, 吉林 长春 130021;
4. 吉林省一汽总医院信息技术科, 吉林 长春 130011
[摘要]: 目的 分析儿童间变性大细胞淋巴瘤(ALCL)的临床特点、诊断标准和治疗方法,提高临床医生对该病的诊疗水平。方法 回顾性分析1例ALCL患儿的临床资料,包括临床症状、体征、辅助检查、诊断依据、鉴别诊断、治疗方案和疾病转归等,并结合文献复习总结该病的诊治要点。结果 该患儿以颈部淋巴结进行性增大为主要症状就诊,查体口唇殷红,表皮皲裂;周身皮肤干燥,以双手为著,掌心可见皲裂,指端可见膜状脱屑;双颈部见多个肿大淋巴结,边界不清,活动度差,伴压痛;舌乳头呈草莓舌。活检病理,ALK阳性ALCL;骨髓涂片未见异常;骨髓免疫分型、外周血免疫分型和脑脊液免疫分型均可见异常表型T淋巴细胞。按照《国际儿童非霍奇金淋巴瘤分期系统(2012年)》,该患儿明确诊断为ALK阳性ALCL(Ⅳ期,R3组)。给予APO方案诱导化疗后评估患者病情达部分缓解(PR),更换治疗方案为B-NHL-BFM-90方案;经过1个周期改良AA方案治疗后,患者骨髓和外周血免疫分型均转阴。结论 ALCL患儿的临床表现多样化,淋巴结活检是确诊ALCL的唯一依据,在明确诊断前不应盲目使用激素。
关键词: 间变性淋巴瘤激酶    间变性大细胞淋巴瘤    T淋巴细胞    淋巴结活检    骨髓免疫分型    
ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma with changes in skin mucosal lymph nodes as first symptom: A case report and literature review
WANG Yu1 , JIANG Xinping2 , CHANG Jian1 , QU Chao3 , HAN Dongbing4     
1. Department of Pediatric Oncology, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;
2. Department of Ultrasound, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;
3. Department of Radiotherapy, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;
4. Department of Information Technology, Jilin FAW General Hospital, Changchun 130011, China
[ABSTRACT]: Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics, diagnostic criteria and treatment methods of the children with degenerative large cell lymphoma (ALCL), and to improve the diagnosis and treatment level of the clinicians. Methods The clinical data of one child with ALCL were retrospectively analyzed, including clinical symptoms, signs, auxiliary examination, diagnosis basis, differential diagnosis, treatment plan and disease outcome, and the key factors of diagnosis and treatment of the disease were summarized combined with literature review. Results The child went to hospital because of progressive lymph node enlargement as the first symptom. The lips were red, the epidermis was cleft, the skin was dry, both hands were prominent, and the palm was cleft and the flaky desquamation was visible on the fingertips; multiple swollen lymph nodes were found on the sides of neck, the boundary was unclear, the activity was poor, and tenderness was also found; the tongue nipple presented strawberry tongue. The biopsy pathological results showed ALK-positive ALCL. There were no abnormalities in the bone marrow smear; the abnormal phenotypic T lymphocytes were found in the bone marrow immunotype, peripheral blood immunotype and cerebrospinal fluid immunotype. According to the International Childhood Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Staging System (2012), the chlid was clearly diagnosed as ALK-positive ALCL (stage Ⅳ, R3 group).After the induction chemotherapy of APO regimen was given, the condition of the patient was up to partial remission(PR), and the treatment regimen was replaced with B-NHL-BFM-90 regimen; after one cycle of modified AA regimen, the bone marrow and peripheral blood immunotype of the patient turned negative. Conclusion The clinical manifestations of ALCL patients are different; the lymph node biopsy is the only basis for the diagnosis of ALCL, and hormones could not be blindly used before definitive diagnosis.
KEYWORDS: biopsy    bone marrow immunotype    anaplastic lymphoma kinase    anaplastic large cell lymphoma    T lymphocyte    lymph node    

间变性大细胞淋巴瘤(anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALCL)是非霍奇金淋巴瘤的一个特殊亚型,于1985年由德国病理学家STEIN等应用Ki-1(CD30)抗体识别。ALCL肿瘤细胞呈间变性,生长具有内聚性,且向淋巴结窦侵犯,多数ALCL患儿表达间变性淋巴瘤激酶(anaplastic lymphoma kinase,ALK)融合蛋白。根据肿瘤是否表达ALK分为ALK阳性ALCL和ALK阴性ALCL。在临床上ALCL被分为原发性(系统性和皮肤)和继发性(由其他淋巴瘤转化而来)2种。ALCL发病率较低,约占儿童非霍奇金淋巴瘤的10%,其中以男孩多见,发病中位年龄约为10岁。本文作者回顾性分析1例以皮肤黏膜淋巴结改变为首发症状的ALK阳性ALCL患儿的临床资料,并结合相关文献报道如下。由于ALCL发病率低,临床表现多不典型,临床医生对其认识有限,误诊率高,本研究旨在提高临床医生对ALCL的认识。

1 临床资料 1.1 一般资料

患儿,女性,10岁,因“颈部淋巴结进行性增大伴疼痛半个月”于2018年6月6日入吉林大学第一医院小儿肿瘤科进行治疗。

1.2 临床表现和体格检查

患儿自入院前半个月,无意间发现左颈部淋巴结肿大,约鹌鹑蛋大小,伴触痛,就诊于当地医院,给予“美罗培南”等抗生素抗感染治疗,原颈部淋巴结较之前呈进行性增大,并发现右侧肿大淋巴结。病程中患儿体质量减轻3 kg,无发热和盗汗。入院后查体:体温36.9℃,脉搏106 min-1,呼吸26 min-1,血压102/68 mmHg,身高146 cm,体质量33.7 kg。口唇殷红,表皮皲裂,周身皮肤干燥,以双手为著,掌心可见皲裂,指端可见膜状脱屑,双颈部可见多个肿大淋巴结,表面皮肤颜色同周围皮肤,较大淋巴结位于左上颈部,直径约3 cm,部分肿大淋巴结呈融合改变,边界不清,活动度差,伴压痛,皮温略高,舌乳头呈草莓舌状(图 12,见插页七),咽部无明显充血,双肺呼吸音粗,未闻及明显干湿啰音,心率106 min-1,心音有力,节律规整,未闻及明显病理性杂音,腹平软,无压痛、反跳痛及肌紧张,肝脾肋下未触及明显肿大,四肢及神经系统查体未见明显阳性体征。

图 1 以皮肤黏膜淋巴结改变为首发症状的ALK阳性ALCL患儿口唇和舌乳头表现 Fig. 1 Morphology of lip and tongue nipple of ALK-positive ALCL patient with changes in skin mucosal lymph nodes as first symptom
图 2 以皮肤黏膜淋巴结改变为首发症状的ALK阳性ALCL患儿掌心和指端表现 Fig. 2 Morphology of palm and fingertips of ALK-positive ALCIpatient with changes in skin mucosal lymph nodes as first symptom
1.3 实验室和其他辅助检查

血常规:白细胞17.67×109 L-1,中性粒细胞百分比0.72,淋巴细胞百分比0.16,中性粒细胞绝对值12.78×109 L-1,血红蛋白133 g·L-1,血小板496×109 L-1;凝血常规、心肌酶、肝功、肾功、离子、血糖、血脂和铁代谢未见明显异常。心电图、心脏彩超和腹部超声未见明显异常。颈部淋巴结彩超:双侧颈部、锁骨上窝和胸骨上窝均可探及多枚大小不等的淋巴结声像,形态饱满,回声减低,皮髓结构消失,左侧较大的结节为31 mm×20 mm,右侧较大的结节为21.4 mm×14.9 mm,CDFI:可见血流信号。周围软组织回声增强。肺部CT:①纵隔和双侧肺门处占位;②双侧胸腔积液;③左肺上叶舌段纤维索条影;④右侧叶间胸膜局限性增厚。PET-CT: ①全身多发淋巴结肿大伴代谢增高(左侧咽旁间隙、左侧颌下、双侧颈部、双侧胸大小肌后方、双侧腋窝、纵隔、双肺门、胰腺周围、腹主动脉旁、双侧肾血管旁、双侧髂血管旁、双侧髂窝、双侧腹股沟),考虑淋巴瘤;②双肺上叶和右肺中叶小结节,代谢不高,考虑炎性;双肺下叶被动性肺不张;双肺炎症及炎性条索,部分呈间质性炎变;心包腔及双侧胸腔积液。骨髓涂片和染色体未见异常。免疫分型:异常细胞占有核细胞的5.53%,为异常表型T淋巴细胞。外周血免疫分型:异常细胞占有核细胞的10.24%,为异常表型T淋巴细胞。颈部淋巴结活检病理结果:非霍奇金恶性淋巴瘤,WHO分类:ALK阳性间变性大细胞淋巴瘤(ALCL)。免疫组织化学检测结果:Ki-67(+90%),TdT(—),PAX-5(—), CD7(+), CD20(—), CD3(+), CD34(—), CD10(—), CD43(+), CD1a(—),CD99(+), CK-pan(—),CD30(+), CD15(—), EMA(—), ALK(核浆+),Granzyme B(+),CD21(DC+), CD2(+), CD8(—), CD5(部分+),CD7(+)。原位杂交:EBER(—)。分子病理检测结果显示:T细胞基因重排(+)。

1.4 诊断和鉴别诊断

按照《国际儿童非霍奇金淋巴瘤分期系统(2012年)》,该患儿明确诊断为ALK阳性ALCL(Ⅳ期,R3组)。

1.5 治疗和预后

选用APO方案,在诱导化疗后,复查全身PET-CT提示原全身多发高代谢结节大部分消失,仅双颈部有代谢稍高淋巴结,考虑肿瘤活性部分残留;骨髓免疫分型提示异常细胞占有核细胞的0.27%,外周血免疫分型提示异常细胞占有核细胞的0.13%,病情达部分缓解(partial remission, PR),之后更换治疗方案为B-NHL-BFM-90方案,经过1个周期改良AA方案后,复查全身PET-CT,且骨髓和外周血免疫分型均转阴。

2 讨论

ALCL最早于1985年被提出,于1994年正式被命名[1-2]。在组织病理学上,根据瘤细胞主要形态学特征分为3个亚型:①普通型[3]:可见成片的大淋巴细胞,胞核呈马蹄形,染色质较少,可见多个核仁;②淋巴组织细胞型[4]:瘤细胞体积小到中等,散在或呈小灶分布。同时伴有大量的组织细胞;③小细胞型[5]:瘤细胞体积较小,核形不规则,部分呈脑回状,染色质致密。瘤细胞间可见散在或呈簇状分布的无明显异型性的大细胞。在遗传学方面,ALK基因位于人类染色体2p23,编码相对分子质量为200 000的成熟ALK蛋白。正常情况下ALK仅在神经系统表达,并随着脑发育成熟含量逐渐降低,文献[6-7]报道:ALCL中ALK基因重排的阳性率为65%~85%,最常见的异常核型为t(2;5)(p23;q35),产生有致癌性的异常ALK融合蛋白。不同于成人,90%以上的儿童ALCL有ALK基因的异常。根据2008年WHO[8]分类:ALCL分为ALK阳性ALCL、ALK阴性ALCL和原发于皮肤的ALCL,ALK阳性的原发性系统性ALCL主要发生在20~30岁年龄段,男性多于女性,其常侵犯淋巴结及结外器官,结外器官以皮肤和骨多见,并伴有发热等症状,但肠道和中枢神经系统受累少见[9],采用HE染色分析时骨髓侵犯率约为11%,免疫组织化学检测侵犯率则约为30%。ALK阴性的原发性系统性ALCL更多见于年龄大的患者,而原发性皮肤性ALCL多发生在老年患者(平均年龄约为60岁),ALK阴性且缺乏细胞毒性表型。治疗方面,ALK阳性的原发性系统性ALCL化疗疗效好,生存率较高;ALK阴性的原发性系统性ALCL治疗疗效较差,预后不良;而原发于皮肤的ALCL预后较好。儿童中,ALK阳性和ALK阴性ALCL患儿形态表现方面无明显差异,但预后明显不同。文献[10]报道:儿童骨髓和(或)外周血ALK阳性的ALCL其无事件生存率低于ALK阴性的ALCL,另外ALK阳性与多器官受累有关,而且化疗后NPM-ALK融合基因未转阴者复发风险更高。

目前国际上ALCL治疗方案多采用ALCL99方案,该方案需采用长春花碱治疗,并将其作为维持治疗方案,其总生存率可达90%以上[11]。但由于我国大陆地区尚无长春花碱,故本课题组首先采用了美国儿童肿瘤研究组的APO方案,在诱导化疗结束后,对患儿全面评估病情,未达完全缓解(complete remission, CR),遂予以更换为BFM协作组的B-NHL-BFM-90方案。文献[12]报道:采用该方案R1、R2和R3组患者5年无事件生存率分别为(81.4±6.4)%,(83.3±10)%和(75.3±9.8)%,而该患儿在1个周期化疗后,病情达CR,反应良好。近年来,随着靶向药物的深入研究,针对CD30抗原及ALK基因的药物有望成为新的治疗手段。克唑替尼是ATP竞争性的蛋白激酶抑制剂,可抑制ALK、ROS1和MET[13-14],是针对ALK基因的靶向治疗药物,克唑替尼目前已被批准用于ALK阳性的NSCLC,但克唑替尼治疗ALK阳性ALCL的报道较少。CLEARY等[15]报道了1例难治ALK阳性ALCL患者,经克唑替尼治疗后达CR,后行Allo-HSCT及克唑替尼维持保持CR。文献[16]报道:在儿童中克唑替尼应用安全性高,且治疗反应率可达88%(8/9)。但由于我国患儿家庭经济承受能力低,故在我国尚未全面推广。

文献[17]报道:ALCL误诊率高达90%以上。其可能原因:①ALCL早期可发生结外器官侵犯,首发症状多种多样,涉及专业广泛;②肿瘤细胞释放多种细胞因子,使患儿出现白细胞升高、发热等类似炎症的表现,易与感染性疾病混淆;③盲目使用激素等。本例患儿以皮肤黏膜和淋巴结改变为首要表现,其病初鉴别诊断:①川崎病。该病典型表现包括口唇殷红,指端膜状脱屑,颈部肿大淋巴结及草莓舌,但该患儿已为10岁大女孩,且病程中无发热,入院后完善心脏彩超未见典型冠脉扩张表现,均不支持川崎病诊断;②结缔组织疾病。本类疾病多见于大女孩,以发热、皮肤黏膜改变及肌肉关节改变为主要临床表现,但皮肤黏膜改变以光敏感、溃疡为多见,与本例患儿皮肤黏膜改变不同,且本例患儿无发热及肌肉关节改变,故本病可能性不大。③其他恶性肿瘤。杨景柯等[18]报道了1例ALK阳性ALCL误诊为横纹肌肉瘤的病例,提示可依据患者临床和病理特点,将该病与其他肿瘤进行鉴别。本例患儿最终通过淋巴结活检确诊为ALK阳性ALCL。本例患儿病初骨髓涂片及脑脊液常规生化均未见异常,但流式细胞学检查均提示可见异常表型T淋巴细胞,明确存在骨髓及神经系统受累,故分期为Ⅳ期、R3组。

综上所述,儿童ALCL发病率低,临床表现多不典型,易造成临床误诊,故临床儿科医生应提高对该病的认识,以期达到早期诊断和早期治疗的目的。

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