吉林大学学报(医学版)  2019, Vol. 45 Issue (06): 1320-1326     DOI: 10.13481/j.1671-587x.20190622

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周宁, 郭纪伟, 代娟娟, 李雪琳, 席思川, 宫凯凯, 武艳
ZHOU Ning, GUO Jiwei, DAI Juanjuan, LI Xuelin, XI Sichuan, GONG Kaikai, WU Yan
YAP对非小细胞肺癌细胞增殖和迁移能力的影响
Effect of YAP on proliferation and migration of non-small cell lung cancer cells
吉林大学学报(医学版), 2019, 45(06): 1320-1326
Journal of Jilin University (Medicine Edition), 2019, 45(06): 1320-1326
10.13481/j.1671-587x.20190622

文章历史

收稿日期: 2019-01-17
YAP对非小细胞肺癌细胞增殖和迁移能力的影响
周宁1 , 郭纪伟2 , 代娟娟2 , 李雪琳2 , 席思川2 , 宫凯凯2 , 武艳2     
1. 滨州医学院附属医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科, 山东 滨州 256600;
2. 滨州医学院附属医院肿瘤研究中心, 山东 滨州 256600
[摘要]: 目的 探讨长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)MALAT1在YAP调控的非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)细胞增殖和迁移中的作用,并阐明其作用机制。方法 选择A549和H1299细胞系分为Scramble siRNA组(转染Scramble siRNA)、siYAP-1组(转染siYAP-1)和siYAP-2组(转染siYAP-2)。RT-PCR和Western blotting法检测各组细胞中YAP和MALAT1mRNA及YAP蛋白表达水平;在A549和H1299细胞中分别转染pcDNA3.1-YAP质粒(pcDNA3.1-YAP组)、共转染pcDNA3.1-YAP质粒和siMALAT1-2(pcDNA3.1-YAP+siMALAT1-2组)及对照质粒(pcDNA3.1-YAP+Scramble siRNA组),CCK-8法检测各组细胞增殖能力,细胞划痕实验检测各组细胞迁移能力。结果 siYAP-1组和siYAP-2组A549和H1299细胞中YAP mRNA及蛋白表达水平均明显低于Scramble siRNA组(P < 0.05),siYAP-1组和siYAP-2组A549和H1299细胞中MALAT1mRNA表达水平低于Scramble siRNA组(P < 0.05);与pcDNA3.1-YAP组比较,pcDNA3.1-YAP+siMALAT1-2组A549和H1299细胞增殖能力降低(P < 0.05),H1299细胞迁移能力降低(P < 0.05)。结论 在NSCLC细胞中,YAP通过调控lncRNA MALAT1的表达促进细胞的增殖和迁移。
关键词: YAP    MALAT1    肺肿瘤    细胞增殖    迁移    
Effect of YAP on proliferation and migration of non-small cell lung cancer cells
ZHOU Ning1 , GUO Jiwei2 , DAI Juanjuan2 , LI Xuelin2 , XI Sichuan2 , GONG Kaikai2 , WU Yan2     
1. Department of Otolaryngologyand Head-Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 256603, China;
2. Cancer Research Center, Affiliated Hospital, Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 256603, China
[ABSTRACT]: Objective To investigate the role of long non-coding RNA(lncRNA) MALAT1 in the proliferation and migration of YAP-mediated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, and to elucidate its mechanism. Methods The A549 and H1299 cell lines were selected and divided into Scramble siRNA group(transfected with Scramble siRNA), siYAP-1 group(transfected with siYAP-1)and siYAP-2 group(transfected with siYAP-2). RT-PCR and Western blotting methods were used to detect the expression levels of YAP and MALAT1 mRNA and YAP protein in the cells in variouis groups. The pcDNA3.1-YAP plasmid(pcDNA3.1-YAP group), pcDNA3.1-YAP plasmid plus siMALAT1-2 (pcDNA3.1-YAP+siMALAT1-2 group)and the control plasmid (pcDNA3.1-YAP+Scramble siRNA group)were transfected into the A549 and H1299 cells, respectively.CCK-8 method and scratch assay were used to detect the proliferation and migration abilities of the cells in various groups. Results The expression levels of YAP mRNA and protein in the A549 and H1299 cells in siYAP-1 and siYAP-2 groups were significantly lower than those in Scramble siRNA group(P < 0.05), and the expression levels of MALAT1 mRNA in the cells in siYAP-1 and siYAP-2 groups were significantly lower than those in Scramble siRNA group (P < 0.05).Compared with pcDNA3.1-YAP group, the proliferation abilities of the A549 and H1299 cells in pcDNA3.1-YAP+siMALAT1-2 group were decreased(P < 0.05), the migration ability of the H1299 cells in pcDNA3.1-YAP+siMALAT1-2 group was decreased(P < 0.05). Conclusion In the NSCLC cells, YAP promotes the cell proliferation and migration by regulating the expression of lncRNA MALAT1.
KEYWORDS: YAP    MALAT1    lung neoplasms    cell proliferation    migration    

肺癌是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,位居癌症相关死亡的第一位,严重危害人类的健康。肺癌分为小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)和非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC),其中NSCLC占85%以上[1]。YAP蛋白是MST信号通路中的关键组分之一,在哺乳类动物中高度保守,在调控细胞增殖和器官发育中发挥重要作用[2]。MST1/2-LATS1/2的级联激酶反应通过磷酸化反应下调YAP的表达量[3]。活化的YAP能够进入细胞核,通过与TEAD家族相互作用促进survivin等抗凋亡基因的表达[4]。YAP异常表达能够促进细胞的恶性转化和转移,并提高其耐药能力[5]。近年研究[6-8]显示:YAP在肝癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、结肠癌和卵巢癌等多种人类肿瘤细胞中呈高表达状态,并与肿瘤的发生发展和转移有密切关系。MALAT1是第1个被确定的与肺癌密切相关的长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA, lncRNA),现已证实其在多种肿瘤中表达上调,并与肿瘤的迁移浸润密切相关[9]。在人类SK-N-SH成神经细胞瘤中,催产素通过cAMP应答元件与MALAT1启动子的转录因子结合,上调MALAT1的表达[10], 在能够表达雌激素受体α(estrogen receptor-α,ER-α)的乳腺癌组织中,17β-雌二醇(17β-estradiol)能够下调MALAT1的转录,进而抑制细胞增殖、迁移和浸润[11]。已有研究[12]显示:在肝癌组织中YAP能够上调MALAT1的表达水平,但在NSCLC组织中,YAP与MALAT1的调控关系及MALAT1在YAP介导的细胞增殖和迁移过程中的作用尚未见报道。本研究通过基因修饰和分子生物学手段研究NSCLC中YAP对MALAT1的调控作用及MALAT1在YAP介导的NSCLC细胞增殖和迁移中的作用。

1 材料与方法 1.1 细胞、主要试剂和仪器

A549和H1299细胞系购于美国ATCC细胞库。胎牛血清、RPMI-1640培养基和胰酶购自美国Gibco公司,Lipofectamine 2000购于美国Invitrogen公司, siRNA由上海吉玛生物公司合成,引物购于上海生物工程有限公司,逆转录试剂盒和RT-PCR试剂盒购于南京Vazyme公司,pcDNA3.1和pcDNA3.1-YAP载体均为本实验室保存,YAP单克隆抗体购于美国Abcam公司,Tubulin抗体和辣根过氧化物酶标记的羊抗兔IgG抗体购于美国Proteintech公司,CCK-8试剂购于上海碧云天公司。CO2细胞培养箱购于美国Thermo公司,正置显微镜购于德国Leica公司,酶标仪购于美国BioTek公司。

1.2 细胞培养

A549和H1299细胞采用含有10%胎牛血清和1%青霉素-链霉素的RPMI1640培养基,置于37 ℃、饱和湿度、5%CO2的培养箱中培养。

1.3 细胞转染

将待转染的质粒或siRNA与Lipofectamine 2000混合后,加入100 μL不含FBS的RIPM1640培养基中,轻轻混匀,室温静置25 min后,加入到密度长至60 % ~ 80 %的A549和H1299细胞中,将2种细胞分别分为Scramble siRNA组(转染Scramble siRNA)、siYAP-1组(转染siYAP-1)和siYAP-2组(转染siYAP-2)或Scramble siRNA组(转染Scramble siRNA)、siMALAT1-1(转染siMALAT1-1)和siMALAT1-2组(转染siMALAT1-2)。继续培养48h, 进行相关实验。

1.4 RT-PCR法检测各组细胞中YAP和MALAT1mRNA表达水平

收集转染48 h后的A549和H1299细胞,采用TRIzol法提取细胞总RNA,并用逆转录试剂盒合成cDNA,采用AceQ Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix进行PCR检测,以GAPDH作为内参,进行3次重复实验,采用2-ΔΔCT法计算YAP和MALAT1 mRNA表达水平。PCR引物:YAP正向引物,5′- CGCTCTTCAACGCCGTCA-3′,YAP反向引物,5′- AGTACTGGCCTGTCGGGAGT-3′;MALAT1正向引物,5′-GCGACGAGTTGTGCTGCTATCT-3′,MALAT1反向引物,5′-ACACTGCTCTGGGTCTGCTTTT-3′; GAPDH正向引物,5′-CTCCTCCTGTTCGACAGTCAGC-3′,GAPDH反向引物,5′-CCCAATACGACCAAATCCGTT-3′。siRNA抑制效率=(ScramblesiRNA组mRNA相对表达水平-siYAP组或siMALAT1组mRNA相对表达水平)/Scramble siRNA组mRNA相对表达水平×100%。

1.5 Western blotting检测各组细胞中YAP蛋白表达水平

收集转染48 h后各组A549或H1299细胞,NP-40裂解液裂解细胞并通过BCA法测定蛋白浓度。取30 μg蛋白上样,进行SDS-PAGE电泳;转膜、封闭后分别孵育anti-YAP(1:1 000)和anti-Tubulin(1:1 000)抗体过夜,次日孵育HRP标记的羊抗兔IgG抗体(1 :1 000),通过ECL底物显色,最后应用成像系统进行成像拍照,实验重复3次,采用ImageJ分析软件,以Tubulin蛋白为内参,计算目的蛋白表达水平。目的蛋白表达水平=目的蛋白灰度值/内参蛋白灰度值。

1.6 CCK-8法检测各组细胞增殖能力

收集转染pcDNA3.1-YAP质粒(pcDNA3.1-YAP组)、共转染pcDNA3.1-YAP质粒和siMALAT1-2(pcDNA3.1-YAP+ siMALAT1-2组)及其对照质粒(pcDNA3.1-YAP+Scramble siRNA组)的A549或H1299细胞,采用台酚蓝计数,将细胞以每孔5×103个的密度接种于96孔板,每孔接种100 μL细胞悬液,设置3个平行孔,培养48 h后,每孔加入10 μL CCK-8溶液,继续培养2 h,应用酶标仪测定各孔在450 nm波长处的吸光度(A)值,实验重复3次,取平均A值,以A值代表细胞的增殖能力,对对照组进行均一化处理后,采用GraphPad Prism 7.0软件绘制细胞增殖能力图。

1.7 划痕实验检测细胞迁移能力

收集转染pcDNA3.1-YAP(pcDNA3.1-YAP组)、共转染pcDNA3.1-YAP和siMALAT1-2(pcDNA3.1-YAP+ siMALAT1-2组)及其对照Scramble siRNA(pcDNA3.1-YAP+Scramble siRNA组)的H1299细胞,采用200 μL枪头进行划痕,PBS洗涤后加入无血清的培养基继续培养48 h,并分别在划痕0、24和48 h时进行拍照,实验重复3次,采用Image J软件对划痕距离进行分析,并应用Graph Pad Prism 7.0软件对各组细胞划痕愈合率绘制图表。细胞划痕愈合率=(0 h划痕间距- 24或48 h划痕间距)/0 h划痕间距×100%。

1.8 统计学分析

采用SPSS 20.0统计软件进行统计学分析。各组细胞中YAP和MALAT1 mRNA表达水平及YAP蛋白表达水平、细胞增殖能力、细胞划痕愈合率均以x±s表示,多组间样本均数比较采用单因素方差分析,组间均数多重比较采用LSD-t检验。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 各组细胞中YAPmRNA和蛋白及MALAT1mRNA表达水平

siRNA转染后,与Scramble siRNA组比较,siYAP-1和siYAP-2组A549和H1299细胞中YAP mRNA表达水平均明显降低(A549:t=0.32,P < 0.05;t=0.55,P < 0.05;H1299:t=0.295,P < 0.05;t=0.47,P < 0.05),2种siRNA在A549细胞中对YAP mRNA表达的抑制效率分别为(35.0±2.1)%和(55.2±3.9)%,在H1299细胞分别为(29.5±2.1)%和(47.1±4.2)%。见图 1。Western blotting法检测结果显示:siYAP-1和siYAP-2组A549和H1299细胞中YAP蛋白表达水平明显降低。见图 2。RT-PCR法检测结果显示:siYAP-1和siYAP-2组A549和H1299细胞中MALAT1mRNA表达水平低于Scramble siRNA组(A549:t=0.3900,P < 0.05;t=0.5350,P < 0.05;H1299:t=0.3515,P < 0.05;t=0.4150,P < 0.05)。见图 3

A:A549 cells; B:H1299 cells.*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs Scramble siRNA group. 图 1 RT-PCR法检测各组细胞中YAP mRNA表达水平 Fig. 1 Expression levels of YAP mRNA in cells in various groups detected by RT-PCR method
Lane 1, 4: Scramble siRNA group; Lane 2, 5: siYAP-1 group; Lane 3, 6: siYAP-2 group; Lane 1-3:A459 cells; Lane 4-6:H1299 cells. 图 2 Western blotting法检测各组细胞中YAP蛋白表达电泳图 Fig. 2 Electrophoregram of expressions of YAP protein in cells in various groups detected by Western blotting method
A:A549 cells; B:H1299 cells.*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs Scramble siRNA group. 图 3 RT-PCR法检测各组细胞中MALAT1 mRNA表达水平 Fig. 3 Expression levels of MALAT1 mRNA in cells in various groups detected by RT-PCR method

转染pcDNA3.1-YAP后,A549和H1299细胞中YAP mRNA表达水平较pcDNA3.1组分别提高了4.5倍和4.0倍(P < 0.05),见图 4。siMALAT1-1和siMALAT1-2组A549和H1299细胞中MALAT1 mRNA表达水平明显降低(A549:t=0.210,P < 0.05;t=0.485,P < 0.05,H1299:t=0.300,P < 0.05;t=0.355,P < 0.05),A549细胞中siRNA对MALAT1mRNA表达的抑制效率分别为(21.0±4.2)%和(48.5±4.9)%,在H1299细胞中分别为(30.1±2.8)%和(35.5±2.1)%。见图 5。可见siMALAT1-2的作用效果更好,因此选用siMALAT1-2进行后续实验。

*P < 0.01 vs pcDNA3.1 group; A:A549 cells; B:H1299 cells. 图 4 RT-PCR法检测转染pcDNA3.1前后细胞中YAP mRNA表达水平 Fig. 4 Expression levels of YAP mRNA in cells before and after transfected with pcDNA3.1 detected by RT-PCR method
A:A549 cells; B:H1299 cells.*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs Scramble siRNA group. 图 5 RT-PCR法检测转染siMALAT1后细胞中MALAT1 mRNA表达水平 Fig. 5 Expression levels of MALAT1 mRNA in cells after transfected with siMALAT1 detected by RT-PCR method
2.2 各组细胞的增殖能力

CCK-8实验结果表明: pcDNA3.1-YAP+ scramble siRNA组A549和H1299细胞的增殖能力(1.00±0.02, 1.00±0.11)低于pcDNA3.1-YAP组(1.36±0.04, 1.71±0.19)(A549:t=-0.3674,P < 0.05;H1299:t=-0.7157,P < 0.05),表明过表达YAP能显著促进A549和H1299细胞的增殖(图 6);pcDNA3.1-YAP+siMALAT1-2组A549和H1299细胞的相对增殖能力分别为(0.91±0.03,1.20±0.11),低于pcDNA3.1-YAP组(A549:t=-0.4623,P < 0.05;H1299:t =-0.499,P < 0.05)。

1:pcDNA3.1-YAP group; 2:pcDNA3.1-YAP+Scramble siRNA group; 3:pcDNA3.1-YAP+siMALAT1-2 group.*P < 0.01 vs pcDNA3.1-YAP+Scramble siRNA group; P < 0.05 vs pcDNA3.1-YAP group. 图 6 CCK-8法检测各组A549(A)和H1299(B)细胞的增殖能力 Fig. 6 Proliferation abilities of A549 (A) and H1299 (B) cells in various groups detected by CCK-8 method
2.3 各组细胞的迁移能力

划痕实验结果表明: 48 h时pcDNA3.1-YAP组H1299细胞划痕愈合率为(73.20±5.52)%,明显高于pcDNA3.1-YAP+ Scramble siRNA组(58.20%±2.58%),差异有统计学意义(t=12.8,P < 0.05),48 h时pcDNA3.1-YAP+siMALAT1-2组H1299细胞划痕愈合率为(36.70%±7.58%), 明显低于pcDNA3.1-YAP组(t=-36.54,P < 0.05)。见图 78

图 7 划痕实验检测各组H1299细胞迁移能力 Fig. 7 Migration abilities of H1299 cells in various groups detected by scratch assay
*P < 0.05 vs pcDNA3.1-YAP+Scramble siRNA group; P < 0.05 vs pcDNA3.1-YAP group. 图 8 各组H1299细胞划痕愈合率 Fig. 8 Scratch healing rates of H1299 cells in various groups
3 讨论

近年来,肺癌尤其是NSCLC的患病率和死亡率呈逐年升高的趋势。由于诊断方法和外科技术等的不断发展,NSCLC患者的寿命在很大程度上得以延长,但是由于缺少有效的靶向治疗,5年内多数患者均会出现疾病复发的现象。因此,寻求有效和特异性治疗NSCLC的靶点至关重要。

研究[13-14]显示:YAP信号通路在调控肿瘤的增殖和迁移等发面发挥重要作用,但YAP下游调控机制尚不十分完善。本课题组前期研究[15]显示:去甲斑蝥素可通过抑制YAP的表达抑制NSCLC细胞增殖、迁移、浸润和上皮细胞-间充质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transformation, EMT)转化。MALAT1通过与SR蛋白家族[16]、DGCR8[17]和AGO2[18]等相互作用,与RNA剪切、NSCLC患者的转移[19-20]密切相关,并能影响一系列参与细胞能动性基因的表达[21]。已有研究[12]表明:在肝癌组织中YAP能够在转录水平及转录后水平上调MALAT1的表达,但该机制在NSCLC中尚不明确。本文作者根据文献及前期实验[15]结果推测:NSCLC中YAP可能通过调控MALAT1的表达来影响NSCLC细胞的增殖和迁移能力。本研究采用RNA干扰技术(iRNA),在A549和H1299细胞转染靶向YAP的siRNA后发现细胞状态未见明显异常。本研究结果显示:siYAP-1和siYAP-2组A549和H1299细胞中YAP mRNA和蛋白表达水平较Scramble siRNA组明显下调,说明siYAP-1和siYAP-2能够准确高效抑制靶基因表达;与Scramble siRNA组比较,沉默YAP基因后siYAP-1和siYAP-2组细胞中MALAT1mRNA表达明显受到抑制;为确定MALAT1在YAP介导的NSCLC细胞增殖和迁移中的作用,本课题组首先验证真核载体pcDNA3.1-YAP的表达情况和靶向MALAT1的siRNA的抑制效率,结果显示:与Scramble siRNA组比较,siYAP-1和siYAP-2组A549和H1299细胞中YAP mRNA表达水平明显升高;CCK-8法和划痕实验检测结果显示:pcDNA3.1-YAP+Scramble siRNA组A549和H1299细胞的增殖能力和迁移能力均明显低于pcDNA3.1-YAP组,并且pcDNA3.1-YAP组细胞的增殖能力和迁移能力均明显高于pcDNA3.1-YAP+siMALAT1组,表明MALAT1参与了YAP介导的NSCLC细胞的增殖和迁移过程。YAP可以与细胞核内转录激活因子TEAD家族蛋白结合,调控肿瘤细胞内多种癌基因的转录,推测YAP可能通过激活MALAT1基因的转录,促进其表达,并且MALAT1可能也参与了YAP介导的细胞迁移[22]、转化[23]和肿瘤形成[24]等过程,但该推测还有待进一步研究。

综上所述,YAP可以调控NSCLC细胞中MALAT1的表达,并且MALAT1在YAP介导的细胞增殖和迁移中发挥重要作用。因此,继续研究YAP调控MALAT1表达的机制,对完善肺癌中YAP的调控网络及研究MALAT1在NSCLC中的作用非常必要。

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