吉林大学学报(医学版)  2019, Vol. 45 Issue (06): 1206-1211     DOI: 10.13481/j.1671-587x.20190603

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王叶, 王红, 朴丽贞, 杨山, 张书剑, 金正勇
WANG Ye, WANG Hong, PIAO Lizhen, YANG Shan, ZHANG Shujian, JIN Zhengyong
高氧诱导下新生大鼠脑损伤的发生机制和前列腺素E1的干预作用
Pathogenesis of brain injury induced by hyperoxia in newborn rats and intervention of prostaglandin E1
吉林大学学报(医学版), 2019, 45(06): 1206-1211
Journal of Jilin University (Medicine Edition), 2019, 45(06): 1206-1211
10.13481/j.1671-587x.20190603

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收稿日期: 2019-04-28
高氧诱导下新生大鼠脑损伤的发生机制和前列腺素E1的干预作用
王叶1,2 , 王红2 , 朴丽贞2 , 杨山1 , 张书剑1 , 金正勇1     
1. 延边大学附属医院儿科, 吉林 延吉 133000;
2. 吉林大学中日联谊医院儿科, 吉林 长春 130033
[摘要]: 目的 探讨高氧诱导下新生大鼠脑损伤的发生机制,阐明前列腺素E1(PGE-1)通过内质网应激(ERS)途径发挥保护作用的机制,为高氧所致新生儿脑损伤的治疗提供相关理论依据。方法 90只新生Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、高氧组和高氧+PGE-1组,每组30只。高氧组和高氧+PGE-1组大鼠放于高氧箱内,对照组大鼠置于同一室内常压条件下。自造模第1天开始,高氧+PGE-1组大鼠腹腔注射PGE-1,另外2组大鼠以同等剂量生理盐水替代。在高氧暴露第1、3和7天,每组随机选取10只大鼠检测体质量和脑组织含水量;HE染色观察3组大鼠脑组织形态表现;TUNEL染色观察3组大鼠脑细胞凋亡情况,计算细胞凋亡指数;Western blotting法检测各组大鼠脑组织中氨基末端蛋白激酶(JNK)和磷酸化JNK(p-JNK)表达量。结果 实验第1、3和7天,与同时间对照组比较,高氧组大鼠体质量明显降低(P < 0.05),脑组织含水量增加(P < 0.05);与高氧组比较,高氧+PGE-1组新生大鼠体质量明显升高(P < 0.05),脑组织含水量降低(P < 0.05)。HE染色,对照组大鼠大脑皮层细胞形态规则,排列有序,极少有炎性细胞的浸润、细胞的水肿;高氧组大鼠脑组织皮层细胞排列紊乱,大脑实质可见炎性细胞浸润,存在脑血管水肿;高氧+PGE-1组大鼠大脑皮层细胞排列整齐,细胞形态相对规则,脑实质炎性细胞数减少,水肿较高氧组减轻。TUNEL染色,对照组大鼠大脑组织以大脑皮层细胞为主,凋亡细胞少见,胞核呈均质蓝色;高氧组大鼠脑组织中胞核呈亮白色,为阳性凋亡细胞。与高氧组比较,同一时间高氧+PGE-1组凋亡细胞数明显减少;高氧组大鼠脑细胞凋亡指数高于高氧+PGE-1组和对照组(P < 0.05)。高氧组大鼠脑组织中JNK和p-JNK表达量较对照组明显升高(P < 0.05),高氧+PGE-1组大鼠脑组织中JNK和p-JNK表达量较高氧组明显降低(P < 0.05)。结论 高氧导致新生大鼠脑损伤的发病机制可能与下调ESR相关p-JNK和JNK蛋白表达有关,且PGE-1对其有保护作用。
关键词: 高氧脑损伤    内质网应激    前列腺素E1    新生大鼠    
Pathogenesis of brain injury induced by hyperoxia in newborn rats and intervention of prostaglandin E1
WANG Ye1,2 , WANG Hong2 , PIAO Lizhen2 , YANG Shan1 , ZHANG Shujian1 , JIN Zhengyong1     
1. Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China;
2. Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
[ABSTRACT]: Objective To investigate the pathogenesis of brain injury induced by hyperoxia in the newborn rats, to elucidate the mechanism of the protect effect of prostaglandin E1 (PGE-1) through endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS) pathway, and to provide the relevant theoretical basis for the treatment of brain injury of the newborns induced by hyperoxia. Methods Ninety newborn Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group, hyperoxia group and hyperoxia+PGE-1 group, and there were 30 rats in each group.The rats in hyperoxia group and hyperoxia+PGE-1 group were placed in the hyperoxia box; the rats in control group were placed under the same room pressure conditions.From the 1st day of modeling, the PGE-1 was intraperitoneally injected into the rats in hyperoxia+PGE-1 group.The rats in the other two groups were injected with the same dose of normal saline.On the 1st, 3rd and 7th days of hyperoxia exposure, 10 rats in each group were randomly selected to detect the body weights and water contents of brain tissue; the morphology of brain tissue of the rats in three groups was observed by HE staining; the apoptosis of brain cells of the rats in three groups was observed by TUNEL staining, and the apopotic indexes were caculated; the expression amount of c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase(JNK) and phosphorylated JNK(p-JNK) proteins in brain tissue of the rats in three groups were detected by Western blotting method. Results On the 1st, 3rd and 7th days, the body weights of the rats in hyperoxia group were significantly lower than those in control group (P < 0.05);the water contents in brain tissue of the rats in hyperoxia group were significantly higher than those in control group (P < 0.05);compared with hyperoxia group, the body weights of the rats in hyperoxia+PGE-1 group were increased (P < 0.05), and the water contents in brain tissue were decreased (P < 0.05). The HE staining results showed that the cerebral cortex cells of the rats in control group were regular in shape and arranged in order, with little infiltration of inflammatory cells and edema of cells; the cortical cells of the rats in hyperoxia group were disordered, and the inflammatory cells were found in the brain parenchyma; the cerebral cortex cells of the rats in hyperoxia+PGE-1 group were arranged neatly, the cell morphology was relatively regular, the number of inflammatory cells in brain parenchyma were reduced, and the degree of brain parenchyma edema was less than that in hyperoxic group.The TUNEL staining results showed that the cells in brain tissue of the rats in control group were mainly cerebral cortical cells, and the apoptotic cells were rare and the nucleus showed homogeneous blue; in hyperoxia group, the nucleus was bright white, which were positive apoptotic cells.Compared with hyperoxia group, the number of apoptotic cells in hyperoxia+PGE-1 group was decreased significantly at the same time point.The apoptotic index in brain cells of the rats in hyperoxia group was higher than those in hyperoxia+PGE-1 group and control group (P < 0.05).The expression amounts of JNK and p-JNK proteins in brain tissue of the rats in hyperoxia group were significantly higher than those in control group (P < 0.05), and the expression amounts of JNK and p-JNK proteins in brain tissue of the rats in hyperoxia+PGE-1 group were significantly lower than those in hyperoxia group (P < 0.05). Conclusion The pathogenesis of brain injury induced by hyperoxia in the newborn rats may be related to the down-regulation of the expressions of ESR-related p-JNK and JNK proteins, and PGE-1 has the protective effect on it.
KEYWORDS: hyperoxic brain injury    endoplasmic reticulum stress    prostaglandin E1    newborn rats    

近年来,随着新生儿重症医疗技术的迅速发展,尤其是一项重要的医疗措施——氧疗的应用,早产儿和新生儿的成活率逐渐升高。因新生儿各组织器官发育不完善,长时间高浓度氧暴露易造成多脏器损伤,如肺损伤[1-3]、早产儿视网膜病变[4]和脑损伤,其中肺和脑是最易累及的器官[5]。目前国内外对高氧导致的肺损伤和眼部损伤非常重视,而对高氧导致的脑损伤研究较少,其发病机制目前尚不明确,有学者[1-3]认为其与细胞凋亡和炎症反应等因素有关。前列腺素E1(prostaglandin E1,PGE-1)具有稳定生物膜、扩张脑血管、抑制中性粒细胞和血小板聚集的作用,进而减少脑血管内皮的损伤,减轻脑水肿,目前关于PGE-1的研究主要集中于高氧肺损伤方面,在高氧脑损伤方面国内外报道较少,PGE-1在高氧脑损伤方面的作用尚不清楚。本研究从内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress, ESR)方面来阐述高氧脑损伤的发病机制,并探讨PGE-1的干预作用,从而为临床治疗提供相关的理论依据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 实验动物、主要试剂和仪器

90只新生Wistar大鼠由延边大学动物科提供,动物许可证号:SYXK(吉)(2007-0011),体质量8~10 g,雌雄不限。PGE-1(北京泰德制药股份有限公司),氨基末端蛋白激酶(c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase, JNK)抗体和磷酸化JNK(phosphorylated JNK, p-JNK)抗体(美国Santa Cruz Biotechnology公司)。凝胶成像分析系统(美国Bio-Ra公司)。

1.2 动物分组和模型制备

90只新生Wistar大鼠出生后1 d内随机分为对照组、高氧组和高氧+ PGE-1组,每组各30只,雌雄不限。参照文献[6]制备新生大鼠高氧诱导脑损伤模型,将高氧组及高氧+ PGE-1组大鼠放置于自制高氧舱内,舱内为常规压力,吸入医用氧气浓度为100%,氧流量为2 L·min-1,然后使用测氧仪密切监测氧箱内氧浓度,使其氧浓度保持在(85±2)%。动物室内和舱内温度保持在24℃~25℃,湿度维持在60%~65%。将生石灰粉末放置在舱内,作为干燥剂吸收多余的CO2和水蒸气。对照组大鼠置于常温、常压(FIO2=21%)下同一室内正常饲养。每天打开高氧舱5~10 min,打扫舱内卫生,并记录大鼠一般情况和体质量,更换饲料和垫料。高氧+ PGE-1组大鼠自造模第1天起给予PGE-1(2 μg·kg-1·d-1)腹腔注射,连续7 d。对照组和高氧组大鼠同一时间每日腹腔内注射等剂量生理盐水。

1.3 标本采集

在造模第1、3和7天,每组随机抽取10只大鼠,将其用乙醚蒸气进行麻醉,将大鼠固定在动物台上,在活体的情况下将头部剪下,立即剥开颅骨,暴露并将脑组织完整取出来。取1/2左脑脑组织用以检测脑组织含水量;右脑脑组织需经4%甲醛溶液心肺灌注后取出,其中1/2右脑脑实质经过脱水、固定等处理,然后进行石蜡包埋和切片,最后进行TUNEL染色和HE染色。剩余的左、右脑组织则在-80℃冰箱内冷冻保存,采用Western blotting法检测脑组织中p-JNK和JNK表达量。

1.4 各组大鼠脑组织含水量测定

对制备好的大鼠脑组织进行清洁、称质量,记为脑组织湿质量。置于80℃烤箱内,蒸干水分,每天记录质量,连续2 d称质量保持不变,则记为脑组织的干质量,最后放入37℃烤箱内保存起来。脑组织含水量=(湿质量-干质量)/湿质量。

1.5 各组大鼠脑组织病理形态表现和细胞凋亡指数检测

选用甲醛灌注脱水固定的大鼠脑组织,进行石蜡包埋、切片,厚度为3~5 μm,然后将切片放入60℃的恒温箱中,37℃恒温24 h,然后进行脱蜡、水化、染色和封片等步骤,使用形态学显微镜观察各组大鼠脑皮层细胞形态表现。按照TUNEL染色法操作,预处理包埋切片脑组织用于核染色,每组选取4~5张染色切片,应用显微镜观察,记录视野中凋亡细胞,计算脑组织细胞凋亡指数。细胞凋亡指数=凋亡细胞数/总细胞数×100%。

1.6 Western blotting法检测各组大鼠脑组织中p-JNK和JNK表达量

将预处理好的脑组织标本进行还原性电泳、转膜、封闭、滴加一抗、二抗等过程。然后将X线片进行曝光后显影、定影、晾干,得到蛋白灰度值和β-action条带灰度值比值,即对应蛋白表达量。

1.7 统计学分析

采用SPSS25.0统计软件进行统计学分析。各组大鼠体质量、脑组织含水量、脑组织凋亡指数和脑组织中p-JNK及JNK表达量均符合正态分布,以x±s表示,组间比较采用t检验。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 各组大鼠的体质量

第1、3和7天,与对照组比较,高氧组大鼠体质量降低(t=9.19,t=6.62,t=22.19,P<0.05);同一时间,与高氧组比较,高氧+ PGE-1组大鼠体质量明显升高(t=3.86,t=2.84,t=10.17,P<0.05)。见表 1

表 1 不同时间点各组大鼠体质量 Tab. 1 Body weigths of rats in various groups at different time points 
(n=10, x±s, m/g)
Group Body weight
(t/d) 1 3 7
Control 6.50±0.40 10.80±0.40 17.90±0.60
Hyperoxia 5.20±0.20* 8.35±1.10* 12.84±0.40*
Hyperoxia+ PGE-1 5.64±0.30 9.40±0.40 14.90±0.50
* P<0.05 compared with control group; P<0.05 compared with hyperoxia group.
2.2 各组大鼠脑组织含水量

与对照组比较,第1、3和7天高氧组大鼠脑组织含水量增加(t=6.15, t=38.18, t=67.67,P<0.05);与高氧组比较,相同时间高氧+PGE-1组大鼠脑组织含水量降低(t=5.59, t=32.42, t=28.46,P<0.05)。见表 2

表 2 不同时间点各组大鼠脑组织含水量 Tab. 2 Water contents in brain tissue of rats in various groups at different time points 
(n=10, x±s, η/%)
Group Water content
(t/d) 1 3 7
Control 72.9±0.4 73.4±0.4 73.6±0.3
Hyperoxia 74.0±0.4* 78.8±0.2* 84.3±0.4*
Hyperoxia+ PGE-1 73.0±0.4 75.9±0.2 79.8±0.3
* P<0.05 compared with control group; P<0.05 compared with hyperoxia group.
2.3 各组大鼠脑组织病理形态表现

实验第1、3和7天时对照组大鼠大脑皮层细胞形态规则,排列有序,极少有炎性细胞的浸润和细胞水肿。高氧组大鼠皮层细胞细胞形态不规则,排列紊乱,胞质淡染水肿,胞核偏大,大量核固缩,血管壁扩张充血,核深染的炎性细胞多;第7天时细胞形态改变更明显。与高氧组比较,高氧+PGE-1组大鼠大脑皮层细胞排列整齐,细胞形态相对规则,核质比有所改善,脑实质内炎性细胞明显减少,脑水肿减轻。见图 1(插页一)。

A-C:Control group; D-F:Hyperoxia group; G-I:Hyperoxia+PGE-1 grouop; A, D, G:1 d; B, E, H:3 d; C, F, I:7 d. 图 1 不同时间点各组大鼠脑组织形态表现(HE,×400) Fig. 1 Morphology of brain tissue of rats in various groups at different time points (HE, ×400)
2.4 各组大鼠脑组织细胞凋亡指数

经过TUNEL染色,第1、3和7天对照组大鼠脑组织细胞以大脑皮层细胞为主,凋亡细胞少见,胞核呈均质蓝色;同一时间高氧组大鼠脑组织中胞核呈亮白色,为阳性凋亡细胞;与高氧组比较,同一时间高氧+PGE-1组大鼠凋亡细胞数明显减少,见图 2(插页二)。同一时间高氧组大鼠细胞凋亡指数高于对照组(t=82.48,t=240.21,t=215.96, P<0.05);而高氧+PGE-1组大鼠凋亡指数低于高氧组(t=15.56,t=86.27,t=22.70, P<0.05)。见表 3

A-C:Control group; D-F:Hyperoxia group; G-I:Hyperoxia+PGE-1 grouop; A, D, G:1 d; B, E, H:3 d; C, F, I:7 d. 图 2 不同时间点各组大鼠脑细胞凋亡情况(TUNE,×400) Fig. 2 Apoptosis of brain cells of rats in various groups at different time points(TUNEL, ×400)
表 3 不同时间点各组大鼠脑组织细胞凋亡指数 Tab. 3 Apoptotic indexes of cells in brain tissue of rats in various groups at different time points 
(n=10, x±s, η/%)
Group Apoptotic index
(t/d)1 3 7
Control 5.86±0.08 5.55±0.24 5.26±0.20
Hyperoxia 9.20±0.10* 25.30±0.10* 35.80±0.40*
Hyperoxia+ PGE-1 8.10±0.20 19.20±0.20 31.74±0.40
* P<0.05 compared with control group; P<0.05 compared with hyperoxia group.
2.5 各组大鼠脑组织中p-JNK和JNK表达量

第1、3和7天,与对照组比较,高氧组大鼠脑组织中p-JNK和JNK表达量增加(t=76.52, P<0.05);与同一时间高氧组比较,高氧+ PGE-1组大鼠脑组织中p-JNK和JNK表达量明显降低(t=23.1,P<0.05)。见图 3

A: Control group; B: Hyperoxia group; C:Hyperoxia+PGE-1 group.Lane 1, 4, 7:1 d; Lane 2, 5, 8:3 d; Lane 3, 6, 9:7 d. 图 3 不同时间点各组大鼠脑组织中p-JNK和JNK表达电泳图 Fig. 3 Electrophoregram of expressions of p-JNK and JNK in brain tissue of rats in various groups at different time points
3 讨论

氧疗是救治新生儿尤其是早产儿过程中的重要措施,有研究者[7-8]认为:早产儿高氧暴露可能为脑性瘫痪和运动神经功能障碍的原因之一。有研究[9, 13]表明:生后1周新生大鼠相当于早产出生的新生儿。本研究通过构建高氧诱导新生大鼠脑损伤模型模拟新生儿高氧暴露后的脑损伤。在本实验中,高氧组新生大鼠脑组织病理切片呈现典型的脑损伤改变,随着高氧暴露时间延长,可出现神经元核固缩、深染和排列紊乱等表现,与部分研究结果[6, 10]一致,证实造模成功。

研究[11]表明:高氧脑损伤的重要原因之一可能为细胞凋亡。ESR是细胞凋亡的启动途径。ESR诱导细胞凋亡与多系统疾病具有相关性,如与神经退行性变、糖尿病、自身免疫性疾病和脑血管病等有关联[12]。ESR通过Caspase-12、CHOP和JNK等信号通路诱导细胞凋亡。研究[13-14]表明:Caspase-12和CHOP信号通路参与高氧脑损伤。本研究主要探讨JNK通路在高氧脑损伤中的变化及PGE-1的保护作用。

PGE-1为一种具有药理作用的天然活动物质,通常在细胞中均能内源性合成,在局部发挥生物学作用,并被迅速灭活,具有扩张血管、抗炎、保护血管内皮细胞和抗血小板凝集等作用[15],已被临床广泛应用于以心血管系统为主的多个领域。本研究中,同一时间高氧和高氧+ PGE-1组新生大鼠体质量较对照组明显降低,表明高氧环境会影响新生大鼠体质量增长,影响生长发育,导致发育迟缓,考虑高氧可加速机体新陈代谢率[16],引起热量吸收相对不足。同一时间,高氧+ PGE-1组大鼠体质量高于高氧组,表明PGE-1对高氧暴露环境中新生大鼠发育迟缓有一定干预作用。同一时间,高氧组大鼠脑组织含水量高于对照组,表明高氧暴露可导致脑组织细胞水肿;同时间,高氧+ PGE-1组大鼠脑组织质量低于高氧组,表明PGE-1可减轻脑组织水肿,考虑可能机制为高氧状态下,脑血管易发生收缩,导致脑血流量不足;PGE-1具有抗炎、扩张血管作用,可使脑血流增加,并减轻脑水肿,与杨山等[13]的研究结果一致。本研究中,高氧组新生大鼠脑组织病理切片出现皮层细胞形态学改变,随着高氧暴露时间延长,脑组织损伤加重,出现典型脑损伤病理学改变,如神经元核固缩、深染和排列紊乱,甚至神经元坏死脱失,神经细胞凋亡指数亦明显升高。研究[17]表明:高氧不但能减少神经营养因子的表达,而且还能够增加致炎细胞因子,进而加速了血管内皮细胞以及神经细胞的凋亡,与本研究结果一致。高氧+PGE-1组大鼠脑组织细胞损伤程度和细胞凋亡指数与同时间高氧组比较均降低,表明PGE-1对高氧诱导大鼠脑损伤具有一定保护作用。

JNK为哺乳动物细胞促分类原活化蛋白酶(MAOK)家族的一员[18],可通过钙调节蛋白触发Caspase和线粒体途径诱导细胞凋亡[19]。同时,还能上调Caspase-3、CHOP和Bcl-2家族中促凋亡因子p53及Bax等凋亡基因的表达,并且能下调Bcl-xl及Bcl-2等抗凋亡因子的表达[20-21],因此,JNK在诱导细胞凋亡中发挥重要作用。本研究中JNK蛋白表达量为NK1、JNK2和JNK3的总表达量,高氧组大鼠脑组织中p-JNK和JNK表达量较对照组明显增加,提示p-JNK及JNK表达量均增加,表明JNK通路被激活,蛋白磷酸化为具有更高活性的p-JNK,从而促进神经细胞发生凋亡,加重发育不完善脑组织的损伤,表明JNK信号通路参与了高氧诱发的脑损伤。高氧+ PGE-1组大鼠脑组织中p-JNK和JNK表达量均低于高氧组,表明PGE-1可下调ESR相关的p-JNK和JNK表达量。

综上所述,PGE-1对高氧诱导新生大鼠脑损伤具有一定保护作用,表现在可减轻发育迟缓、减轻脑水肿、减轻大脑皮层细胞损伤程度和降低神经细胞凋亡指数,其发挥保护作用机制之一可能通过下调ESR相关的p-JNK和JNK蛋白表达实现的。

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