吉林大学学报(医学版)  2019, Vol. 45 Issue (05): 1134-1140     DOI: 10.13481/j.1671-587x.20190527

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文章信息

赵军, 梁晋裕
ZHAO Jun, LIANG Jinyu
有氧运动结合抗阻训练对肥胖男性大学生身体成分、心血管功能及血清C反应蛋白水平的改善作用
Improvement effects of aerobic exercise combined with resistance training on body composition, cardiovascular function and serum C-reactive protein level in male obese college students
吉林大学学报(医学版), 2019, 45(05): 1134-1140
Journal of Jilin University (Medicine Edition), 2019, 45(05): 1134-1140
10.13481/j.1671-587x.20190527

文章历史

收稿日期: 2018-11-09
有氧运动结合抗阻训练对肥胖男性大学生身体成分、心血管功能及血清C反应蛋白水平的改善作用
赵军 , 梁晋裕     
晋中学院体育学院公共体育教学部, 山西 晋中 030619
[摘要]: 目的: 分析12周有氧运动(AE)和有氧运动结合抗阻训练(AE+RT)对肥胖男性大学生身体成分、心血管功能及血清C反应蛋白(CRP)的干预效果,为肥胖男性大学生运动处方的制定提供依据。方法: 将36名肥胖男性大学生随机分为对照组、AE组和AE+RT组,每组12名。对照组肥胖男性大学生在整个试验期不进行任何规律的体育运动,AE组和AE+RT组大学生进行每周5次、每次60 min共12周的运动干预。所有受试者在运动干预前和干预后检测体质量(BW)、体质量指数(BMI)、体脂肪量(FM)、体脂百分比(BF%)、肌肉质量(MM)、腰围(WC)和血清CRP水平,采用心血管功能测试仪评估心脏功能[心率(HR)、每搏心搏量(SV)和心输出量(CO)]、血管功能[平均收缩压(MSP)、平均舒张压(MDP)、血管弹性扩张系数(VDC)和总周阻阻力(TCR)]和血液黏度(V)。结果: 与运动前比较,运动12周后AE组和AE+RT组肥胖男性大学生BW、BMI、FM和BF%明显降低(P < 0.05或P < 0.01),AE+RT组肥胖男性大学生MM明显增加(P < 0.01),WC明显降低(P < 0.01)。运动12周后,AE组和AE+RT组肥胖男性大学生HR、MSP、TCR和V较运动前明显降低(P < 0.05或P < 0.01),SV和VDC明显增加(P < 0.01);AE组肥胖男性大学生运动前后MDP、CO和血清CRP水平均无明显改变(P>0.05),而AE+RT组肥胖男性大学生运动12周后MDP和血清CRP水平较运动前明显降低(P < 0.01),CO明显升高(P < 0.01)。与AE组比较,AE+RT组肥胖男性大学生运动12周后FM、BF%、HR、MSP、TCR和血清CRP水平均明显降低(P < 0.05或P < 0.01),MM、SV和CO均明显升高(P < 0.05或P < 0.01),WC、BMI、MDP、VDC和V差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论: 12周AE和AE+RT均可改善肥胖男性大学生的身体成分及心血管功能,且AE+RT的效果优于单纯AE,但只有AE+RT可降低血清CRP水平。
关键词: 有氧运动    抗阻训练    身体成分    心血管功能    C反应蛋白    肥胖    
Improvement effects of aerobic exercise combined with resistance training on body composition, cardiovascular function and serum C-reactive protein level in male obese college students
ZHAO Jun , LIANG Jinyu     
Department of Public Physical Education, School of Physical Education, Jinzhong College, Jinzhong 030619, China
[ABSTRACT]: Objective: To explore the intervention effects of aerobic exercise(AE) and AEcombined with resistance training(AE+RT) on the body composition, cardiovascular function and the serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level in the male obese college students, and to provide the evidence for exercise prescription in the male obese college students. Methods: A total of 36 male obese college students were chosen and randomly assigned into control group, AE group and AE+RT group(n=12). The students in AE and AE+RT groups conducted a 12-week (5 times per week and 60 min per time) exercise protocols and the students in control group did not perform regular physical training during 12 weeks of study. Then the body weight(BW), body mass index(BMI), fat mass(FM), percent of body fat(BF%), muscle mass(MM), waist circumference(WC) and the serum CRP levels of the subjects were measured before and after exercise; the cardiac function including heart rate(HR), stroke volume(SV) and cardiac output(CO), vascular function including mean systolic pressure(MSP), mean diastolic pressure(MDP), vascular elastic dilatation coefficient(VDC) and total cycle resistance(TCR) and blood status (V) were evaluated by cardiovascular function tester. Results: After 12-week training, BW, BMI, FM, and BF% of the students in AE and AE+RT groups were significantly decreased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) compared with before exercise, MM in AE+RT group was significantly increased(P < 0.01) and WC was significantly decreased (P < 0.01). After 12-week training, HR, MSP, TCR, and V in AE and AE+RT groups were significantly decreased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), SV and VDC were increased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); MDP, CO, and the serum CRP level in AE group had no significant differences between before and after exercise, and MDP and the serum CRP level after exercise in AE+RT group were significantly decreased (P < 0.01), CO was increased (P < 0.01) compared with before exercise. Compared with AE group, the FM, BF%, HR, MSP, TCR, and the serum CRP level of the students in AE+RT group after 12-week exercise were significantly decreased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); MM, SV, and CO were significantly increased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); but there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in WC, BMI, MDP, VDC, and V between AE and AE+RT groups. Conclusion: AE and AE+RT can improve the body composition and cardiovascular function of the male obese college students, and AE+RT is superior to single AE, while AE+RT can decrease the serum CRP level.
KEYWORDS: aerobic exercise     resistance training     body composition     cardiovascular function     C-reactive protein     obesity    

随着社会经济的发展,人们的消费水平和饮食结构发生改变,大学生肥胖率呈逐年上升趋势。肥胖对大学生身心健康、日常生活和就业均造成了不同程度的困扰。目前认为肥胖本身就是一种炎症状态,而C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)是一种炎症反应标志物,其水平升高与胰岛素抵抗、动脉粥样硬化和冠心病等有密切关联,是预测心血管疾病的最佳指标[1]。ABRAHAM等[2]研究发现:血清CRP水平升高与体脂肪量(fat mass, FM)和体脂百分比(percent of body fat, BF%)增加有关。故有研究[3]提出:以CRP水平的变化来反映体育锻炼对肥胖人群心血管疾病患病风险及对其疗效进行评估,可更好地指导肥胖人群进行体育锻炼。规律的有氧耐力运动被推荐用于预防和治疗与肥胖相关的血管功能障碍[4],且流行病学调查[5]显示:体力活动水平与肥胖患者CRP水平呈负相关关系,但多数学者认为有氧运动(aerobic exercise,AE)对CRP水平无明显影响。HUNTER等[6]认为:抗阻训练(resistance training, RT)可通过增加瘦体质量增强肌肉力量,但对血液循环无明显影响。而RIBEIRO等[7]研究认为:12周RT可通过降低老年妇女CRP水平改善其代谢及心血管状况。因此AE结合RT(AE+RT)可能对肥胖患者身体成分、心血管功能和CRP水平改善效果更明显。基于以上假设,本研究通过比较12周AE和AE+RT对肥胖男性大学生身体成分、心血管功能及机体CRP水平的影响,探讨何种运动方式(AE和AE+RT)对肥胖男性大学生身体成分、心血管功能(心脏功能、血管状况和血液状态)CRP水平改善效果更好,为改善肥胖患者心血管健康水平以及寻求更好的减肥方法提供理论依据。

1 资料与方法 1.1 研究对象

选取晋中学院单纯性肥胖男性大学生36名[体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)≥28 kg·m-2]作为研究对象。排除标准:①继发性及药物性肥胖; ②患有心血管及肝肾系统疾病; ③3个月内有规律锻炼或使用减肥药物。将符合标准的36名单纯肥胖男性大学生随机分为对照组、AE组和AE+RT组。试验前所有受试者均被告知试验目的且自愿参与训练,训练前均填写知情同意书并保证按要求进行相关活动、且由专人进行全程监督。

1.2 运动方案

2018年3月5日—5月27日在晋中学院对入选大学生实施运动干预,时间为12周,每周5次。运动方案:AE组以中等强度运动为主,运动强度控制在最大心率的60%~70%,每周5次,每次60 min(热身5 min,正式训练50 min,整理运动5 min),运动项目包括有氧操、慢跑和功率自行车。AE+RT组为AE30 min,包括有氧操、慢跑和功率自行车;20 minRT,训练内容包括屈膝仰卧起坐、仰卧举腿、哑铃体侧屈、俯卧两头起、仰卧两头起、坐姿大腿内收、哑铃剪刀深蹲、哑铃臂屈伸、哑铃弯举和哑铃侧平举,运动强度为最大力量的70%~85%,每次进行3组RT,组间休息3~5 min,所有训练强度(组数、运动强度和重复次数)应根据每个受试者在训练期间的表现进行调整,共计60 min。为了确保上述方案的安全与有效性,由专业教师对运动过程进行医务监督。对照组受试者实验期间按日常生活习惯进行活动,未参加任何规律性体育运动。

1.3 身体成分测量

运动干预前后进行身体成分测量,测量仪器为韩国人体组成分析仪ioi 353。具体方法:受试者赤足、手握电极柄站在脚板上,根据提示输入编号、性别和年龄,然后根据仪器提示开始测试,测试数据自动进入电脑储存并打印。测试指标和派生指标:体质量(body weight,BW)、BMI、FM、BF%和肌肉质量(muscle mass,MM)。

1.4 腰围(waist circumference,WC)测量

测试者站在受试者的对面,将带状尺水平放在髂嵴上方3~4横指的位置测量WC,单位为cm。

1.5 心血管功能测试

心血管功能采用ZXG-E型血管功能诊断仪(安徽电子科学研究所)进行评估,将受试者身高、BW和血压等信息输入计算机,后将传感器固定于桡动脉搏动最明显处,待波形稳定后,由专人对脉搏图按规定方法取点,计算机自动分析打印出多项有关心血管功能的相关参数。①心脏功能:心率(heart rate, HR)、每搏心搏量(stroke volume,SV)和心输出量(cardiac output,CO);②血管状况:平均收缩压(mean systolic pressure,MSP)、平均舒张压(mean diastolic pressure,MDP)、血管弹性扩张系数(vascular elastic dilatation coefficient,VDC)和总周阻阻力(total cycle resistance,TCR);③血液状态:血液黏度(viscosity,V)。

1.6 血清CRP水平测定

运动干预前后所有受试者在清晨空腹状态下肘静脉取血5 mL,4℃、3 000 r·min-1离心20 min,取上清液,参照试剂盒说明书检测血清CRP水平。

1.7 统计学分析

采用SPSS 18.0统计软件进行统计学分析。各组肥胖男性大学生基线变量(BW、BMI、FM、BF%、MM和WC)、心血管功能指标(HR、SV、CO、MSP、MDP、VDC、TCR和V)和血清CRP水平均符合正态分布,以x ±s表示。多组间样本均数比较采用单因素方差分析,方差齐采用LSD法检验组间差异,方差不齐采用Dunnett t法检验组间差异,运动前后比较采用配对t检验。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 各组受试者一般资料

3组受试者年龄、身高和BW比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表 1

表 1 各组受试者一般资料 Tab. 1 General materials of subjects in various groups
(n=12, x ±s)
Group Age (year) Height(l/m) BW(m/kg) BMI(kg·m-2)
Control 21.45±1.02 1.72±0.03 85.00±2.22 28.79±0.66
AE 21.68±0.98 1.73±0.04 84.50±4.07 28.71±1.20
AE+RT 21.43±1.14 1.75±3.89 86.33±2.79 28.62±1.09
F 0.832 1.071 0.113 0.083
P 0.567 0.361 0.894 0.920
2.2 3组受试者身体形态指标

经12周不同方式运动干预,与运动前比较,AE组受试者BW、BMI、FM和BF%均明显降低(t=6.575,P<0.01;t=7.890,P<0.01;t=8.559,P<0.01;t=6.565,P<0.01),MM和WC差异无统计学意义(t=-2.091,P>0.05;t=2.057,P>0.05);AE+RT组受试者运动后BW、BMI、FM、BF%和WC均明显降低(t=5.671,P<0.01;t=12.477,P<0.01;t=15.651,P<0.01;t=12.732,P<0.01;t=7.656,P<0.01),MM明显升高(t=-17.781,P<0.01)。对照组受试者实验前后身体成分指标和WC比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。训练前3组受试者身体成分指标和WC比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与对照组比较,运动12周后AE组受试者BW、BF%、BMI和FM均明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);AE+RT组受试者BMI、FM、BF%和WC均明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),MM明显升高(P<0.01),而BW差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与AE组比较,运动12周后AE+RT组受试者FM和BF%均明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),MM明显升高(P<0.05),WC、BW和BMI差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表 2

表 2 运动干预前后各组肥胖男性大学生身体成分指标和WC Tab. 2 Body composition indexes and WC of male obese college students before and after exercise intervention in various groups
(n=12, x±s)
Group BW (m/kg) BMI (kg·m-2) FM (m/kg) BF%(η/%) MM (m/kg) WC (l/cm)
Control
    Before intervention 85.00±2.22 28.79±0.66 22.46±0.71 26.69±1.08 46.13±1.96 96.75±4.41
    After intervention 84.25±3.14 28.53±0.83 22.21±0.89 26.25±1.14 46.15±1.74 97.17±5.17
AE
    Before intervention 84.67±3.23 28.71±1.20 22.65±1.06 26.76±1.16 46.51±1.58 95.58±5.28
    After intervention 81.42±3.26*△ 27.20±1.49*△ 19.69±1.59*△△ 24.52±1.82*△ 47.25±1.94 94.75±5.34
AE+RT
    Before intervention 85.25±3.47 28.62±1.09 23.05±1.20 27.05±1.22 46.36±1.24 96.83±5.44
    After intervention 82.33±3.77* 27.04±0.98*△△ 17.87±0.78*△△## 21.43±1.62*△△# 49.35±1.12*△△## 93.25±4.79*△
* P<0.01 vs before intervention; P<0.05, △△ P<0.01 vs control group; # P<0.05, ## P<0.01 vs AE group.
2.3 3组受试者HR、血压和血清CRP水平

运动前3组受试者HR、MSP、MDP和血清CRP水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与运动前比较,运动12周后,AE组和AE+RT组受试者HR和MSP均明显降低(t=6.739,P<0.01;t=10.319,P<0.01;t=4.183,P<0.01;t=5.750,P<0.01),AE组受试者MDP和血清CRP水平差异无统计学意义(t=2.169,P>0.05;t=2.137,P>0.05),AE+RT组受试者MDP和血清CRP水平均明显降低(t=8.158,P<0.01;t=9.856,P<0.01)。与对照组比较,运动12周后AE组受试者HR和MSP均明显降低(P<0.01),AE+RT组受试者HR、MSP、MDP和血清CRP水平均明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);与AE组比较,AE+RT组受试者运动12周后HR、MSP和血清CRP水平明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),MDP差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表 3

表 3 运动干预前后各组肥胖男性大学生HR、MSP、MDP和血清CRP水平 Tab. 3 HR, MSP, MDP, and serum CRP levels of male obese college students before and afterexercise intervention in various groups
(n=12, x±s)
Group HR(beat·min-1) MSP(P/mmHg) MDP(P/mmHg) CRP[ρB/(mg·L-1)]
Control
    Before intervention 70.50±3.97 116.25±11.27 73.08±6.27 3.61±0.20
    After intervention 70.42±4.73 117.00±9.67 73.33±5.47 3.59±0.25
AE
    Before intervention 70.33±4.09 115.67±11.87 72.67±4.94 3.60±0.19
    After intervention 67.67±3.14*△ 111.42±10.26* 71.58±4.23 3.57±0.21
AE+RT
    Before intervention 70.63±5.90 115.42±14.92 72.92±6.09 3.60±0.26
    After intervention 66.50±4.74*△# 108.83±12.36*△# 69.25±5.15*△ 2.94±0.19*△△##
* P<0.01vs before intervention; P<0.05, △△ P<0.01vs control group; # P<0.05, ## P<0.01 vs AE group.
2.4 3组受试者心功能指标

与运动前比较,运动12周后AE组和AE+RT组受试者V和TCR明显降低(t=7.445,P<0.01;t=4.349,P<0.01;t=9.531,P<0.01;t=19.489,P<0.01),SV和VDC明显升高(t=-6.714,P<0.01;t=-8.506,P<0.01;t=-6.007,P<0.01;t=-10.040,P<0.01),CO无明显变化(t=-1.957,P>0.05),而AE+RT组受试者CO明显升高(t=-9.006,P<0.01);对照组受试者实验前后各指标比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。运动前3组受试者SV、CO、TCR、VDC和V比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与对照组比较,运动12周后AE组受试者TCR明显降低(P<0.01),其他心血管指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与对照组比较,运动12周后AE+RT组受试者TCR明显降低(P<0.01),CO和SV明显增加(P<0.01)。与AE组比较,运动12周后AE+RT组受试者TCR明显降低(P<0.01),SV和CO明显升高(P<0.01)。见表 4

表 4 运动干预前后各组肥胖男性大学生心血管功能指标 Tab. 4 Cardiovascular functionindexes of male obese college students before and afterexercise intervention in various groups
(n=12, x±s)
Group SV(V/mL) CO[v/(L·min-1)] TCR(dyn·s·cm-5) VDC V(mPa·s)
Control
    Before intervention 75.17±4.63 5.35±0.28 1 288.08±67.00 0.42±0.06 4.10±0.38
    After intervention 77.00±5.89 5.46±0.25 1 269.00±93.54 0.43±0.06 4.07±0.41
AE
    Before intervention 74.83±4.71 5.27±0.21 1 299.75±62.72 0.40±0.08 4.15±0.35
    After intervention 80.00±3.01* 5.42±0.28 1 104.75±81.95*△ 0.47±0.07* 3.95±0.31*
AE+RT
    Before intervention 76.25±4.05 5.39±0.33 1 300.58±100.81 0.41±0.08 4.12±0.19
    After intervention 85.00±3.25*△# 5.78±0.29*△# 952.75±85.79*△# 0.49±0.06* 3.89±0.16*
* P<0.01 vs before intervention; P<0.01 vs control group; # P<0.01 vs AE group.
3 讨论

本研究主要比较AE和AE+RT对肥胖男性大学生身体成分、心血管功能及血清CRP水平的影响。本研究结果显示:AE和AE+RT对改善肥胖男性大学生身体成分和心血管功能均有效;但AE+RT可更明显降低肥胖男性大学生FM、BF%、WC和MM明显增加,心血管功能有较好改善, 血清CRP水平显著降低。

SIGAL等[8]通过对肥胖少年进行6个月不同运动(AE、RT和AE+RT),与单独AE和RT比较,AE+RT对BF%和WC均有较大改善。HO等[9]研究发现:12周AE+RT后超重和肥胖成年人BW和FM下降幅度均明显高于单独AE和单独RT者,建议超重和肥胖成年人应选择联合运动。本研究中,12周AE和AE+RT均能明显降低男性肥胖大学生BMI、FM和BF%,并且AE+RT能更有效地降低肥胖男性大学生FM,增加MM,与前期学者[10]研究结果一致。此外,本研究结果显示:运动12周后AE+RT组肥胖男性大学生WC明显降低。而高水平的脂肪,尤其是腹部脂肪会增加心血管疾病的患病风险[11]。RUSTADEN等[12]研究显示:AE可通过降低FM达到减肥的效果,而RT则通过增加MM提高静息代谢率,从而达到减脂的目的。因此本研究中AE+RT对身体成分的有效改善可能与此运动既能减脂又能提高静息代谢率有关,其具体机制需进一步研究。

近年来研究[13]显示:AE+RT较单独AE能更有效地改善受试者心血管功能。SCHROEDER等[14]研究显示:8周AE+RT可明显降低受试者中枢及外周血压,而单独AE或RT对血压无明显影响。SON等[15]研究显示:12周AE+RT可明显改善绝经后高血压患者动脉僵硬度、血压和身体成分,提示AE+RT是改善绝经后高血压妇女心血管健康、降低心血管疾病风险的有效方法之一。本研究结果显示:经过12周不同方式运动,AE+RT对血管功能改善效果更好;与AE比较,AE+RT使肥胖男性大学生安静HR、MSP和TCR明显降低,心搏出量和CO明显增加。肥胖患者常并发心血管自主神经功能异常,临床表现为交感-迷走神经张力平衡状态呈交感占优势,压力感受性反射功能受损,血管扩张性降低,静息性心动过速及异常心肌血流调节,导致心脏功能受损[16]。VOULGARI等[17]研究显示:AE可通过改善肥胖男性大学生心血管自主神经功能异常,降低HR和TCR,增加左心室射血时间,从而改善心肌血液供应;而RT可减弱交感神经活动,但对迷走神经和压力反射功能无明显影响[18]。因此本文作者认为:AE+RT对肥胖男性大学生心血管功能的改善可能与此运动调节肥胖大学生交感-迷走神经张力平衡状态有关,其具体机制需进一步研究。LV等[19]认为:MSP的减少量超过5 mmHg可以降低心血管事件和死亡的风险,本研究中AE+RT使肥胖男性大学生MSP下降6.59 mmHg,具有重要的临床意义。

横断面研究[20]证实:CRP水平高于3.0 mg·L-1与心血管事件发生率增加明显相关。本研究中所有肥胖受试者基础CRP水平均高于3.0 mg·L-1,属于心血管事件发生的高危人群。而参加规律运动可降低血清CRP水平,从而有效降低未来心血管事件的发生率[21]。CAMPBELL等[22]研究发现:对超重或肥胖绝经后妇女进行为期12个月的运动干预(60%~75% HR,每次40 min,每周3次),与对照组比较,运动组CRP水平明显降低,且对BW下降较多的女性效果更好;此外,只有FM减少2%以上的锻炼者才会出现CRP水平明显降低。DONGES等[23]研究发现:8周RT可明显降低老年女性CRP水平。本研究结果显示:12周AE对肥胖男性大学生血清CRP水平无明显改变,而AE+RT可明显降低血清CRP水平,与BALDUCCI等[24]研究的长期高强度训练(最好是AE+RT)可使2型糖尿病患者CRP水平明显下降的结果一致。研究[25]显示:CRP水平与腹部脂肪呈明显正相关关系,因此本研究中AE+RT可明显降低肥胖男性大学生CRP水平可能与此运动降低FM和腹部脂肪有关,且可在一定程度上改善肥胖男性大学生心血管功能和降低心血管疾病的风险。

综上所述,12周AE和AE+RT均可改善肥胖男性大学生的身体成分及心血管功能;与AE比较,AE+RT可明显改善肥胖男性大学生身体成分,尤其是FM和躯干脂肪量,从而降低患者血清CRP水平,在一定程度上改善肥胖男性大学生心血管功能和降低心血管疾病的风险。

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