吉林大学学报(医学版)  2019, Vol. 45 Issue (05): 1106-1112     DOI: 10.13481/j.1671-587x.20190523

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胡晓, 於秋燕, 徐文, 王春红, 金立方, 金鑫, 李小丰, 王秀丽, 于晓艳, 李景贺
HU Xiao, YU Qiuyan, XU Wen, WANG Chunhong, JIN Lifang, JIN Xin, LI Xiaofeng, WANG Xiuli, YU Xiaoyan, LI Jinghe
骨髓增殖性肿瘤患者JAK2V617F突变与临床特征的关联性分析及其临床意义
Correlation analysis on JAK2V617F mutation and clinical features in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms and its clinical significance
吉林大学学报(医学版), 2019, 45(05): 1106-1112
Journal of Jilin University (Medicine Edition), 2019, 45(05): 1106-1112
10.13481/j.1671-587x.20190523

文章历史

收稿日期: 2018-11-28
骨髓增殖性肿瘤患者JAK2V617F突变与临床特征的关联性分析及其临床意义
胡晓1 , 於秋燕1 , 徐文1 , 王春红1 , 金立方1 , 金鑫1 , 李小丰1 , 王秀丽1 , 于晓艳2 , 李景贺1     
1. 吉林大学第二医院肿瘤血液科, 吉林 长春 130041;
2. 吉林大学药学院实验药理与毒理学教研室, 吉林 长春 130021
[摘要]: 目的: 研究JAK2V617F突变在骨髓增殖性肿瘤(MPN)患者中的分布情况,探讨JAK2V617F突变与MPN临床特征的关联性,阐明其在MPN患者诊疗过程中的临床意义。方法: 选择170例MPN患者作为研究对象,将其分为真性红细胞增多症(PV)组(n=68)、原发性血小板增多症(ET)组(n=88)和原发性骨髓纤维化(PMF)组(n=14),采用等位基因特异性PCR(AS-PCR)法检测170例MPN患者JAK2V617F突变情况,分析各组内JAK2V617F突变型与野生型患者性别分布、年龄、白细胞计数、血红蛋白、血小板计数、凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、D-二聚体水平、是否并发脾肿大和血栓栓塞方面的差别。结果: 在170例MPN患者中JAK2V617F的总突变率为68.2%(116/170),PV、ET和PMF组的突变率分别为72.1%(49/68)、68.1%(60/88)和50.0%(7/14),PV组患者中的JAK2V617F突变率高于其他2组,但差异无统计学意义(P=0.281)。与野生型组比较,JAK2V617F突变型PV患者发病年龄、白细胞和血小板计数明显升高(P < 0.01),PT和APTT明显延长(P < 0.01),脾肿大发生率升高(P < 0.05);JAK2V617F突变型ET患者白细胞计数升高(P < 0.01),血红蛋白水平降低(P < 0.01),APTT明显延长(P < 0.01),血栓栓塞事件发生率升高(P < 0.05);JAK2V617F突变型PMF患者发病年龄增加(P < 0.05),白细胞和血小板计数升高(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。与JAK2V617F突变型ET和PMF患者比较,JAK2V617F突变型PV患者APTT明显延长(P < 0.05);与JAK2V617F突变型PV和ET患者比较,JAK2V617F突变型PMF患者发病年龄增加及白细胞计数升高(P < 0.05)。结论: JAK2V617F突变型MPN患者与野生型患者临床特征明显不同;JAK2V617F突变型MPN患者中PV、ET和PMF临床特征也不尽相同,JAK2V617F突变型PV患者更易发生APTT延长,JAK2V617F突变型PMF患者发病年龄更大且白细胞计数更高。
关键词: 骨髓增殖性肿瘤    JAK2V617F基因突变    白细胞计数    活化部分凝血活酶时间    血栓形成    
Correlation analysis on JAK2V617F mutation and clinical features in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms and its clinical significance
HU Xiao1 , YU Qiuyan1 , XU Wen1 , WANG Chunhong1 , JIN Lifang1 , JIN Xin1 , LI Xiaofeng1 , WANG Xiuli1 , YU Xiaoyan2 , LI Jinghe1     
1. Department of Hematology and Oncology, Second Hospital, JilinUniversity, Changchun 130041, China;
2. Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
[ABSTRACT]: Objective: To investigate the distribution of JAK2V617F mutation in the patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), to explore the association between JAK2V617F mutation and the clinical features of MPN, and to clarify its clinical significance in the diagnosis and treatment of the MPN patients. Methods: A total of 170 patients with MPN were selected as the subjects and divided into true polycythemia (PV) group (n=68), primary thrombocytopenia (ET) group (n=88) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF) group (n=14).The JAK2V617F mutations in 170 patients with MPN were detected by allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR). The differences in gender, age, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, platelet count, prothrombin time(PT), activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT), D-dimer, whether complicated with splenomegaly and thromboembolism of the JAK2V617F mutant-type and wild-type patients in each group were analyzed. Results: The total mutation rate of JAK2V617F mutation in 170 patients with MPN was 68.2% (116/170), and the mutation rates in PV, ET, and PMF groups were 72.1% (49/68), 68.1% (60/88), and 50.0% (7/14), respectively.The JAK2V617F mutation rate in PV group was higher than those in the other two groups, but there were no statistical differences(P=0.281). Compared with wild type group, the age of onset, the white blood cell and platelet counts of the PV patients with JAK2V617F mutation were significantly increased(P < 0.01), PT and APTT were significantly prolonged(P < 0.01), and the incidence of splenomegaly was increased (P < 0.05); the white blood cell count of the the ET patients with JAK2V617F mutation was increased(P < 0.01), the hemoglobin level was decreased(P < 0.01), APTT was significantly prolonged(P < 0.01), and the incidence of thromboembolic events was increased (P < 0.05); the age of onset, the white blood cell and platelet counts of the PMF patients with JAK2V617F mutation were signficantly increased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).Compared with the ET and PMF patients with JAK2V617F mutation, APTT in the PV patients with JAK2V617F mutation was significantly prolonged(P < 0.05). Compared with the JAK2V617F mution PV and ET patients, the age of onset and white blood cell count of the PMF patients with JAK2V617F mutation were increased(P < 0.05). Conclusion: The clinical characteristics of the MPN patients with JAK2V617F mutation are significantly different from those in the wild-type patients. The clinical features of PV, ET and PMF in the patients with JAK2V617F mutation are also different. The PV patients with JAK2V617F mutation are more prone to APTT prolongation. The PMF patients with JAK2V617F mutation have the higher onset age and the white blood cell count.
KEYWORDS: myeloproliferative neoplasms     JAK2V617F mutation     white blood cell count     activated partial thromboplastin time     thrombosis    

骨髓增殖性肿瘤(myeloproliferative neoplasm, MPN)是一类血液系统的克隆增殖性疾病,可累及一系或多系的骨髓造血祖细胞,临床表现多样。最常见的BCR/ABL融合基因阴性的MPN包括真性红细胞增多症(PV)、原发性血小板增多症(ET)和原发性骨髓纤维化(PMF)[1]。2005年BAXTER等[2]首先发现BCR/ABL阴性MPN中JAK2V617F基因突变率高达50%以上,PV患者中JAK2V617F突变率大于90%,ET和PMF患者中JAK2V617F突变率为50%~65%[3-4],且与MPN的发生发展有密切关联。目前MPN的最新指南已将JAK2V617F突变列为PV、ET和PMF的主要诊断标准之一[5]。本研究除常规研究JAK2V617F突变与MPN患者年龄、性别和血细胞计数方面的关联性外,还分析JAK2V617F突变与PT和APTT等凝血指标之间的联系,同时还对JAK2V617F突变的MPN患者进行PV、ET和PMF的组间比较,这在国内研究中较为少见。

1 资料与方法 1.1 研究对象

入选标准:①2012年3月—2018年3月就诊于吉林大学第二医院肿瘤血液科疑似MPN患者;②诊断依据:2012年3月—2016年5月就诊的疑似MPN患者根据2008版WHO造血和淋巴组织肿瘤分类标准进行诊断[6],2016年6月—2018年3月就诊的疑似MPN患者根据2016版WHO髓样肿瘤和白血病分类标准进行诊断[5]。排除标准:①不具备JAK2V617F突变状态、性别、年龄、白细胞计数、血红蛋白、血小板计数、凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、D-二聚体、脾肿大及血栓栓塞临床资料的患者;②既往接受过MPN系统治疗的患者;③并发再生障碍性贫血(AA)和骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)等其他恶性血液系统疾病患者。

1.2 检测方法和分组

将高度疑似MPN患者的骨髓3 mL置于EDTA-K2管,委托北京海斯特检验公司进行JAK2V617F检测,检测设备为美国安捷伦Mx3005p实时荧光定量PCR仪,检测方法为等位基因特异性PCR(AS-PCR)法,检测灵敏度为3%的细胞有杂合子突变。结合基因检测结果、实验室检查和临床表现将确诊的170例MPN患者分为PV(n=68)、ET(n=88)和PMF(n=14)3组,根据JAK2V617F突变检测结果,在每组中分为JAK2V617F突变型组和野生型组,分别研究PV、ET和PMF组患者中JAK2V617F突变型与野生型在性别分布、年龄、白细胞水平、血红蛋白计数、血小板计数、PT、APTT、D-二聚体水平、脾肿大和血栓栓塞发生率方面的差别。

1.3 统计学分析

采用R 3.5.2软件进行统计学分析。JAK2V617F突变型和野生型患者病种类型、性别分布、脾肿大和既往血栓栓塞发生率组间比较采用χ2检验,如果理论频数小于5,采用Fisher确切概率法。患者年龄、白细胞计数、血红蛋白计数、血小板计数、PT、APTT和D-二聚体水平等数据均不符合正态性分布,以中位数(中位数95%可信区间)表示,2组间比较采用Wilcoxon秩和检验,3组间比较采用Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验。检验水准为a=0.05。在进行3组间两两比较时,使用Bonferroni法对检验水准进行矫正,检验水准为α=0.0167。

2 结果 2.1 JAK2V617F突变在MPN患者中的分布

在MPN患者中JAK2V617F的总突变率为68.2%,PV、PMF和ET组患者JAK2V617F突变率分别为72.1%、68.1%和50.0%,PV组患者JAK2V617F突变率高于其他2组,但差异无统计学意义(P=0.281)。见表 1

表 1 MPN患者中JAK2V617F突变分布情况 Tab. 1 Distribution of JAK2V617F mutation in MPN patients
[n(η/%)]
Disease n Mutation type(n=116) Wild type(n=54) P
PV 68 49(42.2) 19(35.2) 0.281
ET 88 60(51.7) 28(51.9)
PMF 14 7(6.0) 7(13.0)
2.2 JAK2V617F突变在PV患者中的分布情况和临床特点

与JAK2V617F野生型PV患者比较,JAK2V617F突变型PV患者男性多见,发病年龄增加(P<0.01),白细胞和血小板计数升高(P<0.01),PT和APTT明显延长(P<0.01),脾肿大发生率升高(P<0.05),但在血红蛋白计数、D-二聚体水平和血栓栓塞方面差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表 2

表 2 JAK2V617F突变型PV患者的临床特征 Tab. 2 Clinical characteristics of JAK2V617F mutation in PV patients
Characteristic Mutation type(n=49) Wild type(n=19) Statistics(χ2/Z) P
Gender
    Male 25(51.0%) 18(94.7%) 9.45 0.002
    Female 24(49.0%) 1(5.3%)
Age(year) 61(53-68) 48(38-55) -3.57 <0.01
White blood cells(×109 L-1) 13.40 (11.30-16.60) 8.20 (6.25-9.30) -5.17 <0.01
Hemoglobin[ρB/(g·L-1)] 195.0 (185.0-205.0) 201.0 (189.0-213.0) -1.08 0.280
Platelets(×109 L-1) 395.8 (291.0-469.0) 171.0 (139.0-212.2) -5.34 <0.01
PT(t/s) 12.00 (11.30-13.20) 11.10 (10.15-11.50) -3.04 0.002
APTT (t/s) 43.30 (38.80-50.10) 37.00 (33.40-40.50) -3.18 0.002
D-dimer[ρB/(mg·L-1)] 0.480 (0.280-1.980) 0.560 (0.340-1.585) -0.05 0.962
Splenomegaly
    No 20(40.8%) 14(73.7%) 4.67 0.035
    Yes 29(59.2%) 5(26.3%)
Thromboembolism
    No 16(32.7%) 10(52.6%) 1.55 0.214
    Yes 33(67.3%) 9(47.4%)
2.3 JAK2V617F突变在ET患者中的分布情况和临床特点

与JAK2V617F野生型ET患者比较,JAK2V617F突变型ET患者白细胞计数升高(P<0.01),血红蛋白水平降低(P<0.01),APTT延长及血栓栓塞事件发生率升高(P<0.05),但性别分布、年龄、血红蛋白水平、PT、D-二聚体水平和脾肿大发生率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表 3

表 3 JAK2V617F突变型ET患者的临床特征 Tab. 3 Clinical characteristics ofET patients with JAK2V617F mutation
Characteristic Mutation type(n=60) Wild type(n=28) Statistics(χ2/Z) P
Gender
    Male 25(41.7%) 16(57.1%) 1.27 0.175
    Female 35(58.3%) 12(42.9%)
Age(year) 62(54-68) 58(47-64) -1.57 0.117
White blood cells(×109L-1) 13.15 (10.60-19.25) 9.40 (7.20-11.43) -3.56 <0.01
Hemoglobin[ρB/(g·L-1)] 146.0 (134.0-156.2) 117.0 (105.8-132.5) -4.34 <0.01
Platelets(×109L-1) 791.0 (666.2-1 025.2) 897.0 (705.0-1 288.0) -1.28 0.200
PT(t/s) 11.85 (11.20-12.65) 11.60 (10.68-12.22) -1.51 0.130
APTT (t/s) 35.30 (32.17-39.62) 33.40 (30.88-36.17) -2.41 0.016
D-dimer [ρB/(mg·L-1)] 0.555 (0.355-1.250) 0.690 (0.343-2.335) -1.04 0.299
Splenomegaly
    No 36(60.0%) 21(75.0%) 1.28 0.257
    Yes 24(40.0%) 7(25.0%)
Thromboembolism
    No 20(33.3%) 19(67.9%) 7.87 0.005
    Yes 40(66.7%) 9(32.1%)
2.4 JAK2V617F突变在PMF患者中的分布情况和临床特点

与JAK2V617F野生型PMF患者比较,JAK2V617F突变型PMF患者发病年龄增加(P<0.05),白细胞和血小板计数升高(P<0.05),但性别分布、血红蛋白水平、PT、APTT、D-二聚体、脾肿大和血栓栓塞发生率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表 4

表 4 JAK2V617F突变型PMF患者的临床特征 Tab. 4 Clinical characteristics of PMF patients with JAK2V617F mutation
Characteristic Mutation type(n=7) Wild type(n=7) Statistics(χ2/Z) P
Gender
    Male 2(28.6%) 5(71.4%) - 0.290
    Female 5(71.4%) 2(28.6%)
Age(year) 71(67-73) 52(48-61) -2.22 0.026
White blood cells(×109L-1) 32.30 (17.40-60.95) 3.00 (2.30-4.20) -3.44 <0.01
Hemoglobin[ρB/(g·L-1)] 111.0 (96.5-119.5) 79.0 (64.5-91.5) -1.60 0.110
Platelets(×109L-1) 239.0 (186.0-378.0) 60.0 (39.5-109.0) -2.38 0.018
PT(t/s) 13.10 (12.05-13.50) 13.00 (11.30-14.25) -0.58 0.564
APTT (t/s) 36.90 (32.40-39.35) 30.20 (26.65-30.90) -1.47 0.141
D-dimer[ρB/(mg·L-1)] 0.770 (0.395-5.105) 0.760 (0.570-4.435) -0.13 0.898
Splenomegaly
    No 0(0.0%) 3(42.9%) - 0.192
    Yes 7(100.0%) 4(57.1%)
Thromboembolism
    No 2(28.6%) 6(85.7%) - 0.103
    Yes 5(71.4%) 1(14.3%)
“-”:No data.
2.5 不同亚型JAK2V617F突变型MPN患者的临床特点

JAK2V617F突变型PV患者较JAK2V617F突变型ET和PMF患者血红蛋白水平更高(P<0.01,P<0.01),更易伴有APTT延长(P<0.01,P=0.009);JAK2V617F突变型ET患者较JAK2V617F突变型PV和PMF患者血小板计数更高(P<0.01,P<0.01);与JAK2V617F突变型PMF患者比较,JAK2V617F突变型ET患者更易伴有脾肿大(P=0.003);JAK2V617F突变型PMF患者较JAK2V617F突变型PV和ET患者发病年龄更大(P=0.016,P=0.013),白细胞计数更高(P=0.005,P=0.008)。但3组患者性别分布、既往血栓栓塞发生率、PT及D-二聚体水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表 5

表 5 JAK2V617F突变型个体亚型临床信息分析 Tab. 5 Analysis of clinical information differences of JAK2V617F mutation individual subtype
Characteristic PV(n=49) ET(n=60) PMF(n=7) P Comparison of P value between groups
PV vs ET PV vs PMF ET vs PMF
Splenomegaly 29(59.2%) 24(40.0%) 7(100.0%) 0.003 0.072 0.036 0.003
White blood cells (×109L-1) 13.40 (11.30-16.60) 13.15 (10.60-19.25) 32.30 (17.40-60.95) 0.015* 0.509 0.005 0.008
Hemoglobin [ρB/(g·L-1)] 195.0 (185.0-205.0) 146.0 (134.0-156.2) 111.0 (96.5-119.5) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.006
Platelets(×109 L-1) 395.8 (291.0-469.0) 791.0 (666.2-1 025.2) 239.0 (186.0-378.0) <0.01 <0.01 0.083 <0.01
APTT(t/s) 43.30 (38.80-50.10) 35.30 (32.17-39.62) 36.90 (32.40-39.35) <0.01 <0.01 0.009 0.862
Age(year) 61 (53-68) 62 (54-68) 71 (67-73) 0.038 0.841 0.016 0.013
Female 24(49.0%) 35(58.3%) 5(71.4%) 0.426
Thromboembolism 33(67.3%) 40(66.7%) 5(71.4%) 1.000
PT(t/s) 12.5±2.00 12.1±1.20 14.0±3.6 0.176
D-dimer[ρB/(mg·L-1)] 1.52±1.95 1.05±1.55 5.89±10.67 0.623
3 讨论

JAK2属于JAK家族,是一种非受体型酪氨酸激酶,由1 132个氨基酸残基组成[7-8]。在7个JAK2同源区(JAK homology, JH)中JH1和JH2与JAK2V617F基因突变关系最为密切,其中JH1区有酪氨酸激酶活性,而JH2区为假激酶区,JH2区对JH1区有抑制作用[9]。各种原因导致JAK2基因中第1 849位的鸟嘌呤被胸腺嘧啶替换,破坏BsaX1结构,在翻译过程中导致JH2结构域第617位的缬氨酸被苯丙氨酸所替代,结构发生改变,导致功能异常,JH2区失去对JH1区的抑制作用[10-11]。JAK2蛋白过度磷酸化,导致下游的JAK-STAT5信号通路持续激活。多数MPN患者均伴有JAK-STAT信号通路的激活[12]。导致细胞对促红细胞生成素(EPO)、血小板生成素(TPO)等细胞因子敏感度增高,细胞增殖活性明显增强,血细胞大量生长,从而出现临床上的MPN症状[2]。此外,近期研究[13]显示:约4%的PV患者还伴有JAK2第12号外显子的突变。

在本研究中,MPN患者JAK2V617F总突变率为68.2%,其中在PV患者中的突变率最高,为72.1%,在PMF和ET患者中的突变率分别为68.1%和50.0%,其中在PMF和ET患者中的突变率与国外相近,但在PV患者中的突变率低于国外研究结果[4],与贾晓阳等[14]及尹春荣等[15]报道较为一致。JAK2V617F突变在PV患者中的诊断价值较高,但在ET和PV患者中需更加关注钙网蛋白(CALR)及生成素受体(MPL)基因突变情况,提高确诊率。

既往研究结果显示:在PV患者中,白细胞计数[16]、年龄和既往血栓病史[17]是PV患者血栓形成的影响因素,MARCHIOLI等[18]根据PV患者诊断时年龄是否大于60岁及既往血栓病史分为低危组和高危组。在本研究中,JAK2V617F突变的PV患者中位年龄为60岁,且白细胞计数均值接近15×109L-1,故考虑患者再发血栓的风险更高,需积极抗凝治疗,但本研究中JAK2V617F突变的PV患者更易发生PT和APTT延长,考虑出血的风险高,故在JAK2V617F突变的PV患者应慎重考虑抗凝治疗,并密切关注出血风险。既往多项国外研究[19-21]表明:JAK2V617F突变的PV患者与野生型患者在性别、年龄和脾肿大方面均未见明显差异,但入组患者中JAK2V617F突变率均大于90%,本研究中,PV患者JAK2V617F突变率仅为72.1%,故对于国内JAK2V617F突变的PV患者的发病特征尚需进一步研究。

PASSAMONTI等[22]研究结果显示:年龄≥60岁、白细胞计数≥11×109L-1和既往有血栓病史是ET患者生存期的独立预后危险因素。在本研究中,JAK2V617F突变的ET患者中位年龄大于60岁,白细胞计数均值大于11×109L-1,且既往血栓发生率更高,由此考虑JAK2V617F突变的ET患者较野生型患者生存期更短。虽然PASSAMONTI等[22]指出JAK2V617F突变对于ET患者的生存无明显影响,但由于本研究入组的ET患者年龄较小、白细胞计数较低且既往血栓病史发生率较低,故JAK2V617F突变对于ET患者生存期的影响需进一步随访观察。

在PMF患者中,根据CERVANTES等[23]推荐的国际预后评分系统(IPSS)评价显示:年龄≥65岁、白细胞计数>25×109L-1以及外周血中幼稚细胞≥1%均为不良生存的独立预后因素,评分为0、1、2和3分分别对应低危组、中度危险组1、中度危险组2和高度危险组。与JAK2V617F野生型PMF患者比较,JAK2V617F突变型PMF患者平均年龄≥65岁,白细胞计数均值>25×109L-1,由此可见,JAK2V617F突变的PMF患者较野生型患者更易归入中度危险组2及高度危险组,故考虑JAK2V617F突变型患者生存期较野生型患者更短。但RUMI等[24]和TEFFERI等[25]研究显示:JAK2V617F突变型PMF患者和CALR突变患者的生存期较短,但优于“三阴型”的PMF患者,与MPL突变的PMF患者生存期比较差异无统计学意义。上述研究结果显示:影响PMF患者的预后因素较为复杂,尚需进一步完善。

既往多项研究[16, 22-23]显示:MPN患者发病年龄越大,白细胞计数和血栓栓塞发生率越高则预后越差。在本研究中,JAK2V617F突变型PMF患者较JAK2V617F突变型及PV和ET患者发病年龄更大,白细胞计数更高,故考虑JAK2V617F突变型PMF患者较另外2种亚型患者生存更差,与TEFFERI等[25]的研究结果一致。另外本研究显示:JAK2V617F突变型PV患者较JAK2V617F突变型ET和PMF患者更易伴有APTT延长,而APTT主要与凝血途径有关,故考虑JAK2V617F突变型PV患者更易激活凝血途径发生出血。

综上所述,MPN是一组临床表现多样、生存期相对较长的恶性血液系统疾病,JAK2V617F突变广泛存在于MPN患者中并与其临床特征存在密切关系。JAK2V617F突变型MPN患者的临床特征与野生型患者明显不同;JAK2V617F突变型PV、ET和PMF患者临床特征也不尽相同,JAK2V617F突变型PV患者更易发生APTT延长,JAK2V617F突变型PMF患者发病年龄更大、白细胞计数更高。

综上所述,对于JAK2V617F突变的报道多见于散发病例,随着二代基因测序技术的发展,需要进行多中心联合研究来揭示JAK2V617F等多种突变与MPN之间的本质联系。

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