吉林大学学报(医学版)  2019, Vol. 45 Issue (05): 1069-1074     DOI: 10.13481/j.1671-587x.20190517

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刘俊杰, 杜鹃, 杨雅菊, 王雪, 孙玉婷, 刘瑶, 赵雅宁, 李建民
LIU Junjie, DU Juan, YANG Yaju, WANG Xue, SUN Yuting, LIU Yao, ZHAO Yaning, LI Jianmin
头孢曲松对蛛网膜下腔出血大鼠海马神经细胞的保护作用及其机制
Protective effect of ceftriaxone on hippocampal neurons in subarachnoid hemorrhage rats and its mechanism
吉林大学学报(医学版), 2019, 45(05): 1069-1074
Journal of Jilin University (Medicine Edition), 2019, 45(05): 1069-1074
10.13481/j.1671-587x.20190517

文章历史

收稿日期: 2018-12-21
头孢曲松对蛛网膜下腔出血大鼠海马神经细胞的保护作用及其机制
刘俊杰1,2 , 杜鹃3 , 杨雅菊3 , 王雪3 , 孙玉婷3 , 刘瑶3 , 赵雅宁3 , 李建民1,2     
1. 华北理工大学临床医学院实验中心, 河北 唐山 063000;
2. 华北理工大学附属医院神经外科, 河北 唐山 063000;
3. 华北理工大学护理与康复学院护理学系, 河北 唐山 063000
[摘要]: 目的: 探讨头孢曲松对蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)大鼠的治疗作用,并阐明其作用机制。方法: 48只成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、SAH组、3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-MA)组和头孢曲松(CEF)组,每组12只。血管内穿刺法建立SAH模型,腹腔注射给药,3-MA给药剂量为15 mg·kg-1,CEF给药剂量为500 mg·kg-1。造模后24h处死大鼠,HE染色观察大鼠脑组织病理表现,TUNEL染色法检测神经细胞凋亡情况,免疫组织化学Western blotting法检测各组大鼠海马组织中自噬相关蛋白Beclin-1、LC3-Ⅱ阳性细胞数和蛋白表达水平及凋亡因子Caspase-3蛋白表达水平。结果: 与SAH组比较,CEF组大鼠神经功能评分明显升高(P < 0.01);HE染色检测,SAH组大鼠海马区神经细胞肿胀,胞质疏松,核明显固缩、碎裂和溶解;与SAH组比较,CEF组大鼠神经变性有所逆转,出现较多正常神经组织形态;3-MA组神经细胞损伤更为严重,满视野死亡神经细胞,细胞层次紊乱。定量分析显示,与SAH组比较,CEF组坏死神经细胞数明显降低(P < 0.05),3-MA组坏死神经细胞数明显升高(P < 0.05)。免疫组织化学法检测,与SAH组比较,CEF组大鼠海马组织中Beclin-1和LC3-Ⅱ阳性细胞数明显升高(P < 0.05),3-MA组大鼠海马组织中Beclin-1和LC3-Ⅱ阳性细胞数明显降低(P < 0.05)。TUNEL染色法检测,与SAH组比较,CEF组凋亡细胞数明显减少(P < 0.05),3-MA组凋亡细胞数明显升高(P < 0.05)。Western blotting法检测,与SAH组比较,CEF组大鼠海马组织中Caspase-3蛋白表达水平明显降低(P < 0.05),3-MA组Caspase-3蛋白表达水平明显升高(P < 0.05)。结论: 头孢曲松对蛛网膜下腔出血大鼠神经损伤具有保护作用,其作用机制可能与上调神经细胞自噬和减少细胞凋亡有关。
关键词: 蛛网膜下腔出血    头孢曲松    细胞自噬    细胞凋亡    
Protective effect of ceftriaxone on hippocampal neurons in subarachnoid hemorrhage rats and its mechanism
LIU Junjie1,2 , DU Juan3 , YANG Yaju3 , WANG Xue3 , SUN Yuting3 , LIU Yao3 , ZHAO Yaning3 , LI Jianmin1,2     
1. Experimental Center, College of Clinical Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China;
2. Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China;
3. Department of Nursing, College of Nursing and Rehabilitation, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China
[ABSTRACT]: Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effect of ceftriaxone in the rats with subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH), and to clarify its mechanism. Methods: A total of 48 adult male SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group, SAH group, 3-methyl adenine (3-MA) group and ceftriaxone (CEF) group; there were 12 rats in each group. The SAH models were established by intravascular puncture; the rats were administered intraperitoneally; the dose of 3-MA was 15 mg·kg-1, and the dose of CEF was 500 mg·kg-1. The rats were sacrificed 24 h after model establishment, and the pathology of brain tissue of the rats was observed by HE staining. The apoptosis of neurons was detected by TUNEL staining. The number of autophagy-related proteins Beclin-1 and LC3-Ⅱ and the apoptosis factor Caspase-3 protein in hippocampus tissue of the rats in various groups were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting methods. Results: Compared with SAH group, the neurological score of the rats in CEF group was significantly increased (P < 0.01). The HE staining results showed the nerve cells in the hippocampus area of the rats in SAH group were swollen with loose cytoplasm and had obvious nuclear condensation, fragmentation and dissolution; compared with SAH group, the neural degeneration of the rats in CEF group was improved, and more normal nerve tissue morphology appeared; while the nerve cell damage in 3-MA group was more serious, the dead nerve cells were in full filed, and the cell layers were disordered. The quantitative analysis results showed that the number of necrotic nerve cells in CEF group was significantly lower than that in SAH, and the number of necrotic nerve cells in 3-MA group was significantly higher than that in SAH group (P < 0.05). The immunohistochemical staining results showed that the number of Beclin-1 and LC3-Ⅱ posivive cells in hippocampus tissue of the rats in CEF group was significantly higher than that in SAH group (P < 0.05); the number of Beclin-1 and LC3-Ⅱ positive cells in 3-MA group was significantly lower than that in SAH group (P < 0.05). The TUNEL staining resluts showed that the number of apoptotic nerve cells in CEF group was significantly lower than that in SAH group (P < 0.05), and the number of apoptotic nerve cells in 3-MA group was higher than that in SAH group(P < 0.05). The Western blotting results showed that the expression level of Caspase-3 protein in hippocampus tissue of the rats in CEF group was significantly lower than that in SAH group (P < 0.05), while the expression level of Caspase-3 protein in 3-MA group was significantly higher than that in SAH group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: CEF has the protective effect on the nerve injury of the rats with SAH, and its mechanism may be related to up-regulation of autophagy and reduction of apoptosis of the neurons.
KEYWORDS: subarachnoid hemorrhage     ceftriaxone     cell autophagy     apoptosis    

蛛网膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage, SAH)是常见的中枢神经系统疾病,严重威胁人类健康,世界卫生组织(WHO)报道,SAH的患病率以每年22.5/10万的速度增长[1]。由于SAH的发病率和死亡率高,切实可行的治疗手段有限[2],因此探讨SAH后的神经损伤机制,寻找新型治疗药物及调控靶点成为目前研究的重点。研究[3]表明:早期脑损伤(early brain injury, EBI)在SAH的神经损伤中起主要作用,其涉及炎症、氧化应激、血管痉挛和细胞死亡等病理过程。头孢曲松(ceftriaxone, CEF)是一种β-内酰胺类抗生素,近年来研究[4]证实:CEF对脑缺血大鼠具有神经保护作用,可以上调谷氨酸转运体蛋白的表达,减轻兴奋性氨基酸的毒性作用;也有研究[5-6]证实:CEF可以减轻SAH大鼠神经细胞的炎症反应,改善神经功能。然而,CEF对SAH大鼠的神经保护机制尚未完全阐明。本研究拟建立大鼠SAH模型,观察CEF对SAH大鼠EBI损伤的治疗作用及海马区神经细胞自噬及凋亡的影响,以期探讨CEF对SAH导致的神经损伤的保护作用及其机制。

1 材料与方法 1.1 实验动物及分组

清洁级雄性SD大鼠48只,体质量350~450 g,由北京维通利华实验动物科技有限公司提供,动物许可证号:SYXK(京)2014-0002。将48只大鼠随机分为假手术组、蛛网膜下腔出血模型组(SAH组)、3-甲基腺嘌呤干预组(3-MA组)和头孢曲松治疗组(CEF组),每组12只。

1.2 主要试剂和仪器

CEF(批号:0080418,齐鲁制药有限公司),3-MA溶液(M9281-100MG,美国Sigma公司),多克隆Beclin-1、LC3-Ⅱ抗体和TUNEL试剂盒(美国Santa Cruz公司),二抗及其辅助用品(博奥森生物技术有限公司)。切片机(Leica RM2235型,德国LEICA公司),Motic-6.0图像采集及分析系统和Olympus BX53型光学显微镜(日本Olympus公司)。

1.3 实验动物模型制备及给药方法

参照BARRY等[7]文献报道,采用改良血管内穿刺法制备大鼠SAH模型:大鼠称体质量并经腹腔注射10%水合氯醛3.5 mL·kg-1麻醉,仰卧固定,颈部正中切口,分离右侧颈总、颈外和颈内动脉,结扎、离断颈外动脉。此时将颈外动脉残端处丝线的松结拉紧,除去颈内动脉的动脉夹,继续将穿刺线插入,至感到有阻力稍用力再插入1.0~1.5 mm后有落空感即可抽出并除去微动脉夹。整个手术过程保持大鼠肛温(37±1)℃。假手术组手术操作与SAH组相同,但仅穿刺不刺破血管。造模成功指标:术中大鼠出现呼吸急促,心率加快;麻醉复苏后精神萎靡、嗜睡、畏光、易惊厥、自洁性差;处死后取脑可见蛛网膜下腔散在分布大量血凝块。实验中剔除死亡大鼠,严格按实验条件进行补充分组(造模后SAH模型组死亡1只;3-MA组死亡2只,不符合评分标准1只;CEF组死亡2只,不符合评分标准2只)。大鼠术后即可通过腹腔注射法注射相应药品,3-MA组大鼠注射3-MA,给药剂量为15 mg·kg-1;CEF组大鼠注射CEF,给药剂量为500 mg·kg-1

1.4 大鼠神经功能评分

采用改良Garcia评分表[8],在SAH模型建立成功后相应时间点评价各组大鼠的自发活动、自发四肢运动、前肢伸展活动、攀登反应、双侧躯干触碰反应和触须反应,各部分得分相加得出总的神经功能评分,其评分越低,则提示神经系统损伤越严重,评分越高,则神经损伤越轻,最低评分为3分,最高评分为18分。

1.5 HE染色观察大鼠海马CA1区细胞死亡情况

大鼠SAH模型制备成功后24 h,10%水合氯醛深度麻醉大鼠后打开胸腔,经心脏灌注生理盐水至大鼠肝脏发白,随后改用4%多聚甲醛灌注,断头取脑,置于甲醛溶液内保存。纵切取视交叉至大脑横裂区域脑组织,行常规石蜡包埋、切片(切片厚度5 μm)、HE染色,脱水封片。光镜下观察大鼠海马CA1区细胞的病理表现。每张切片取6个视野,Motic-6.0图像采集及分析系统记录高倍视野下坏死神经细胞数量并计算均值。

1.6 免疫组织化学法检测各组大鼠海马组织中Beclin-1和LC3-Ⅱ阳性细胞数

行常规脱蜡水化,经过氧化氢避光封闭后使用胰酶抗原修复(胰酶1:4稀释),随后滴加Beclin-1多克隆抗体(1:200稀释)、LC3-Ⅱ多克隆抗体(1:300稀释)置于湿盒中4℃冰箱过夜;第二步滴加二抗置于37℃温箱孵育30 min,经PBS洗涤,行DAB显色、脱水、透明、封片。实验采用PBS代替一抗作为阴性对照。光学显微镜下观察大鼠海马CA1区细胞的阳性表达情况,阳性细胞呈棕褐色。镜下观察并摄片,每张切片在海马CA1区随机选取5个视野,计数Beclin-1和LC3-Ⅱ阳性细胞数。

1.7 Western blotting法检测各组大鼠海马组织中Beclin-1、LC3-Ⅱ和caspase蛋白表达水平

取保存于-80℃的视交叉至大脑横裂区域脑组织,加入裂解液(脑组织体积:裂解液=1:4)置于匀浆机内充分研磨后,4℃、12 000 r·min-1离心20 min提取蛋白。使用BCA法进行海马蛋白定量,配制上样缓冲液,行电泳分离海马蛋白。随后将蛋白转移到硝酸纤维膜上,用10%脱脂牛奶封闭1 h,加Beclin-1(取样比例为1:1 000)、LC3-Ⅱ(取样比例为1:1 000)和caspase(取样比例为1:1500),4℃冰箱过夜。隔夜取出滴加二抗,37℃恒温孵育30 min。TBST洗涤后用显影液显影,曝光保存图片。内参为β-actin。采用Western blotting法测定其灰度值,并以β-actin条带作为参照物。目的蛋白表达水平=目的蛋白条带灰度值/β-actin条带灰度值。

1.8 TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡数

切片进行常规脱蜡、预处理组织后,使用过氧化氢室温封闭10 min;PBS洗涤,随后滴加平衡缓冲液,风干多余液体立即滴加工作强度转移酶充分覆盖组织,并置于湿盒中温箱孵育1 h,使用工作强度停止/洗涤液停止反应;最后滴加抗地高辛氧化酶经室温孵育30 min后,滴加DAB显色、脱水、透明、封片。光学显微镜下TUNEL阳性产物主要位于细胞核。镜下观察并摄片,每张切片在海马CA1区随机选取5个视野,采用Image Pro Plus 6.0软件进行TUNEL阳性细胞计数,即为凋亡细胞数量。

1.9 统计学分析

采用SPSS 19.0统计软件进行统计学分析。Garcia评分,坏死神经细胞数,Beclin-1和LC3-Ⅱ阳性细胞数及蛋白表达水平,凋亡细胞数,Caspase-3蛋白表达水平以x±s表示。多组间样本均数比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用Dunnett-t检验。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 各组大鼠神经功能评分

假手术组、SAH组、3-MA组和CEF组大鼠海马区神经元功能评分分别为(18.00±1.36)分、(4.00±0.57)分、(3.00±0.69)分和(6.00±1.58)分。与假手术组比较,SAH组大鼠Garcia评分降低(P < 0.05);与SAH组比较,3-MA组大鼠Garcia评分明显降低(P < 0.05),而CEF组大鼠Garcia评分明显升高(P < 0.05)。

2.2 各组大鼠海马区神经细胞形态及数量

假手术组大鼠海马细胞形态规则、分层排列整齐,胞浆均匀,胞核界限清晰,核仁明显;SAH组大鼠海马细胞形态呈不规则锥形、交错排列,核膜裂解、核固缩和溶解,核仁消失;与SAH组比较,3-MA组大鼠海马驱神经细胞病理损伤及核固缩和核溶解加重;与SAH组比较,CEF组大鼠海马区神经细胞损伤明显减轻,核固缩、核碎裂和核溶解现象明显减轻,但较假手术组损伤严重。假手术组、SAH组、3-MA组和CEF组大鼠海马区坏死神经细胞数分别为(3.85±0.56)、(46.59±3.45)、(59.36±4.68)和(38.43±3.95)个;与SAH组比较,3-MA组大鼠海马区坏死神经细胞数增加(P < 0.05),CEF组大鼠海马区坏死神经细胞数减少(P < 0.05)。见图 1(插页四)。

A:Sham operation group; B:SAH group; C:3-MA group; D:CEF group. 图 1 各组大鼠海马区神经元形态表现(HE,×400) Fig. 1 Morphology of neurons in hippocampus of rats in various groups (HE, ×400)
2.3 各组大鼠海马组织中Beclin-1和LC3-Ⅱ阳性细胞数及蛋白表达水平

假手术组大鼠海马组织中散在分布少量Beclin-1和LC3-Ⅱ阳性细胞,Beclin-1和LC3-Ⅱ蛋白均为低水平表达;与假手术组比较,SAH组大鼠海马组织中Beclin-1和LC3-Ⅱ阳性细胞数明显增加(P < 0.05);与SAH组比较,3-MA组大鼠海马组织中Beclin-1和LC3-Ⅱ阳性细胞数明显减少,但仍高于假手术组(P < 0.05);与SAH组比较,CEF组大鼠海马组织中Beclin-1和LC3-Ⅱ阳性细胞数明显增加(P < 0.05)。见图 2(插页四)和表 1

A-D:Beclin-1;E-H:LC3-Ⅱ; A, E:Sham operation group; B, F:SAH group; C, G:3-MA group; D, H:CEF group. 图 2 各组大鼠海马组织中Beclin-1和LC3-Ⅱ表达情况(免疫组织化学,×400) Fig. 2 Expressions of Beclin-1 and LC3-Ⅱ in hippocampus tissue of rats in various groups (Immunohistochemistry, ×400)
表 1 各组大鼠海马组织中Beclin-1和LC3-Ⅱ阳性细胞数 Tab. 1 Number of Beclin-1 and LC3-Ⅱ positive cells in hippocampus tissue of rats in various groups
(n=6, x±s)
Group Number of positive cells
Beclin-1 LC3-Ⅱ
Sham operation 4.70±0.56 8.00±0.25
SAH 26.20±2.34* 23.70±1.25*
3-MA 18.20±1.25 14.90±1.23
CEF 30.80±2.26 33.60±4.32
* P < 0.05 vs sham operation group;P < 0.05 vs SAH group.
2.4 各组大鼠海马区神经细胞凋亡情况及Caspase-3蛋白表达水平

假手术组大鼠海马区只有极少凋亡细胞;与假手术组比较,SAH组大鼠海马区凋亡细胞数明显增多(P < 0.05);与SAH组比较,CEF组大鼠海马区凋亡细胞明显减少(P < 0.05),而3-MA组大鼠海马区凋亡细胞数明显增加(P < 0.05)。Western blotting法检测结果显示:与SAH组比较,CEF组大鼠海马组织中Caspase-3蛋白表达水平明显降低(P < 0.05),而3-MA组Caspase-3表达水平明显升高(P < 0.05)。见图 3(插页五)和图 4~5

图 3 各组大鼠海马组织中神经细胞形态表现(TUNEL, ×400) Fig. 3 Morphology of nerve cells in hippocampus tissue of rats in various groups(TUNEL, ×400)
Lane 1:Sham operation group; Lane 2:SAH group; Lane 3:3-MA group; Lane 4:CEF group. 图 4 各组大鼠海马组织中Caspase-3蛋白表达电泳图 Fig. 4 Electrophoregram of expressions of Caspase-3 protein in hippocampus tissue of rats in various groups
*P < 0.05 compared with sham operation group; P < 0.05 compared with SAH group. 图 5 各组大鼠海马组织中凋亡细胞数(A)和Caspase-3蛋白表达水平(B) Fig. 5 Number of apoptotic cells and expression levels of Caspase-3 protein in hippocampus tissue of rats in various groups
3 讨论

SAH是常见的脑血管疾病,在发病过程中会出现颅内压增高和脑疝,直接危及患者生命,而且大部分患者治愈后仍然会出现神经系统后遗症[9]。目前,国内外多数学者认为其可能与EBI有密切关联[10]。本研究中,HE染色观察到SAH组大鼠建模后24h脑组织出现明显的病理学改变,表明SAH可导致脑损伤。CEF是经美国食品药物监督管理局(FDA)批准的一种β-内酰胺类抗生素[11],已有研究[6, 12]报道:CEF可以升高谷氨酸转运蛋白(glutamate transporter-1, GLT-1)的表达,体内实验和体外实验均证实CEF有神经保护作用。KRZYZANOWSKA等[13]发现:CEF可以明显减轻脑缺血再灌注大鼠的神经功能损伤。本研究采用CEF对SAH大鼠治疗后,脑受损情况明显减轻,表现为脑组织病理改变减轻,凋亡细胞数量减少,表明CEF对SAH导致的EBI具有明显的保护作用。

自噬是胞质内大分子物质和细胞器在膜包囊泡中大量降解的生物学过程,普遍存在于真核生物的生命活动中[14]。自噬可以清除细胞中长寿命蛋白质和衰老的细胞器,以维持细胞基因组的稳定,促进细胞存活,是机体应激条件下的适应性反应[15]。目前诸多研究认为自噬是一把双刃剑,一定程度的自噬对细胞的存活起保护作用,也有研究认为自噬是一种细胞死亡方式,过度自噬可以加重组织损伤。LIU等[16]研究发现:大鼠脑缺血损伤后神经细胞自噬明显增强,抑制自噬脑缺血损伤进一步加重,提示脑缺血诱导的自噬与神经功能损伤有密切关联。LEE等[17]在SAH大鼠模型中发现:EBI损伤过程中自噬水平上调,损伤后24h达到峰值,使用自噬抑制剂3-MA干预后神经功能损伤明显加重。本研究结果显示:SAH后神经细胞自噬激活;CEF治疗后自噬标志性蛋白LC3-Ⅱ和Beclin-1蛋白表达水平进一步升高,HE染色示大鼠海马组织中坏死神经细胞数明显减少,提示CEF治疗可减少坏死神经细胞数,发挥保护作用,其可能与适度激活神经细胞自噬水平有关。

凋亡是细胞的一种程序性死亡方式[18],也是SAH的病理生理机制之一,神经细胞凋亡也是EBI损伤机制之一,抑制凋亡可减轻EBI直接造成的神经损伤[19]。SAH可以导致脑神经细胞缺血、缺氧,引发细胞内外环境的改变,启动凋亡相关通路,促进神经细胞死亡[20]。Caspase-3是凋亡通路中的关键因子,对凋亡的启动具有重要作用[21]。本研究结果显示:SAH组大鼠脑组织中凋亡细胞数明显升高,Caspase-3表达水平明显升高,经CEF治疗后凋亡细胞数明显减少,脑组织病理损伤减轻,提示CEF可能通过调节凋亡过程发挥神经保护作用。

生理状况下,机体细胞均存在一定水平的自噬和凋亡,以维持细胞内环境的稳态和自我更新及自身修复;当受到病理因素刺激时,自噬和凋亡水平均会提高,以应对病理性刺激,自噬和凋亡之间存在平衡,否则会加速细胞死亡[22]。自噬和凋亡已经在诸多神经系统疾病如脑卒中和脑外伤[23-24]中报道。本研究结果显示:SAH的EBI损伤可以诱导自噬和凋亡的增强,经CEF治疗的SAH大鼠神经细胞自噬水平增强,凋亡细胞数量减少。SAH为损伤性病理刺激,细胞内短时间聚集大量的受损细胞器及变性蛋白等,从而激活自噬和凋亡,但受损的细胞不足以维持自噬与凋亡之间的平衡,此过程加速了细胞的死亡。CEF治疗后可能稳定了细胞结构和功能,进一步促进自噬的激活,加速清除受损细胞器和变性蛋白,从而减少了细胞的凋亡。CEF使自噬循环流畅,起到神经保护作用。

综上所述,本研究仅对CEF干预下的自噬和凋亡进行了探讨,而未对其具体的调控机制进行深入研究,本课题组今后将深入探讨其调控机制,为CEF在SAH早期治疗中的应用奠定实验基础。

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