吉林大学学报(医学版)  2019, Vol. 45 Issue (03): 601-605     DOI: 10.13481/j.1671-587x.20190322

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黑利娟, 王娟红, 魏威, 方航荣, 段瑛, 马士芬, 徐俊荣
HEI Lijuan, WANG Juanhong, WEI Wei, FANG Hangrong, DUAN Ying, MA Shifen, XU Junrong
乳头状甲状腺癌患者血清和甲状腺组织中白细胞介素6水平的检测及其意义
Detection of interleukin-6 levels in serum and thyroid tissue of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma and their significances
吉林大学学报(医学版), 2019, 45(03): 601-605
Journal of Jilin University (Medicine Edition), 2019, 45(03): 601-605
10.13481/j.1671-587x.20190322

文章历史

收稿日期: 2018-08-28
乳头状甲状腺癌患者血清和甲状腺组织中白细胞介素6水平的检测及其意义
黑利娟1,2 , 王娟红3,4 , 魏威4 , 方航荣4 , 段瑛4 , 马士芬1,2 , 徐俊荣1     
1. 西安交通大学医学院附属西安市中心医院消化科, 陕西 西安 710000;
2. 延安大学医学院, 陕西 延安 716000;
3. 西安交通大学医学院附属西安市中心医院病理科, 陕西 西安 710000;
4. 陕西省西安市第三医院病理科, 陕西 西安 710003
[摘要]: 目的: 探讨白细胞介素6(IL-6)与乳头状甲状腺癌(PTC)发病的关系,阐明IL-6在PTC发生发展中的作用及其可能机制。方法: 收集5例PTC患者(病例1组)、5例桥本甲状腺炎(HT)并发PTC患者(病例2组)和5名查体正常人(正常组)的血清,采用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测各组研究对象血清中IL-6水平。收集20例PTC(PTC组)、15例HT并发PTC患者(HT+PTC组)病变甲状腺组织和18名正常人(对照组)甲状腺组织,采用免疫组织化学(IHC)法检测各组研究对象甲状腺组织中IL-6、IL-6受体(IL-6R)、核因子κB(NF-κB)和RET/PTC蛋白表达阳性率;分析IL-6、IL-6R与RET/PTC、NF-κB表达的关联性。结果: PTC患者甲状腺组织内上皮细胞复杂乳头状增生伴细胞核毛玻璃样,并见核沟及核内包涵体;HT并发PTC患者甲状腺组织中除了PTC典型病变外,还可以看见弥漫淋巴组织浸润伴淋巴滤泡形成,增生与萎缩甲状泡上皮共存伴甲状腺上皮嗜酸性变,间质纤维化;正常甲状腺组织小叶结构存在,滤泡细胞大小一致。ELISA法检测,PTC组和HT并发PTC组患者血清IL-6水平高于正常组(P < 0.05);IHC法检测,PTC组患者甲状腺组织中IL-6、IL-6R、NF-κB和RET/PTC表达阳性率高于对照组(P < 0.05)。IL-6、IL-6R与NF-κB、RET/PTC蛋白表达有关联(P < 0.05)。结论: IL-6可能通过RET/PTC-NF-κB信号通路参与PTC的发生发展。
关键词: 甲状腺肿瘤    甲状腺乳头状癌    白细胞介素6    核因子κB    RET/PTC    
Detection of interleukin-6 levels in serum and thyroid tissue of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma and their significances
HEI Lijuan1,2 , WANG Juanhong3,4 , WEI Wei4 , FANG Hangrong4 , DUAN Ying4 , MA Shifen1,2 , XU Junrong1     
1. Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an Central Hospital, School of Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710003, China;
2. College of Medical Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China;
3. Department of Pathology, Xi'an Central Hospital, School of Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710003, China;
4. Department of Pathology, Xi'an Third Hospital, Shannxi Province, Xi'an 710000, China
[ABSTRACT]: Objective: To investigate the relationship between interleukin-6 (IL-6) and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), and to elucidate the role of IL-6 in the occurrence and development of PTC and its possible mechanism. Methods: The serum levels of IL-6 were measured by ELISA method in 5 patients with PTC(case 1 group), 5 patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) complicated with PTC(case 2 group) and 5 normal persons(normal group). The thyroid tissues of 20 patients with PTC(PTC group), 15 patients with HT complicated with PTC(HT +PTC group) and 18 normal persons(control group) were collected. The positive expression rates of IL-6, IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB) and RET/PTC proteins in thyroid tissue of the subjects in various groups were detected by immunohistochemistry(IHC) method; the relationships between IL-6, IL-6R and NF-κB, RET/PTC expressions were analyzed. Results: In the patients with PTC, the complex papillary hyperplasia of thyroid epithelial cells accompanying with ground glass like nuclei and nuclear sulcus and inclusions were seen; in the patients with HT complicated with PTC, in addition to the typical pathological changes of PTC, the diffuse lymphoid tissue infiltration accompanying with lymphoid follicle formation, and the coexistence of hyperplasia and atrophic thyroid follicular epithelium with eosinophic degeneration of thyroid epithelium and interstitial fibrosis were also found. The lobular structrure of normal thyroid tissue was found, and the follicular cells were in the same size The ELISA results showed that the serum IL-6 levels of the patients in PTC group and HT+ PTC group were higher than those in normal group (P < 0.05);the IHC results showed that the positive expression rates of IL-6, IL-6R, NF-κB, and RET/PTC in thyroid tissue of the patients in PTC group were higher than those in control group (P < 0.05). The expressions of IL-6, and IL-6R were positively correlated with the expressions of NF-κB and RET/PTC protein (P < 0.05). Conclusion: IL-6 may be involved in the occurrence and development of PTC through the RET/PTC-NF-B signal pathway.
KEYWORDS: papillary thyroid carcinoma     interleukin-6     nuclear factor kappa-B     RET/PTC    

乳头状甲状腺癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma, PTC)是最常见的内分泌系统恶性肿瘤,好发于中、青年女性。大部分PTC患者预后良好,但是部分患者仍存在复发、甚至死亡的危险。近年来,PTC发病率在全世界范围内呈升高趋势[1-4],但其具体发病机制尚不明确。研究[5-6]显示:白细胞介素6(interleukin-6, IL-6)与许多恶性肿瘤的发生发展有密切关系,IL-6及其相关信号通路可能通过促进细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭[7],导致恶性肿瘤患者的不良预后[8],但IL-6与PTC关系的研究尚未见相关报道。有研究者[9]发现:与健康对照组比较,甲状腺疾病组患者血清IL-6水平明显升高。CHUNG等[10]的研究显示:细胞因子IL-18和IL-18受体与PTC的进展和淋巴结转移有关联。因此,本文作者采用ELISA和免疫组织化学法定性及定量检测PTC、桥本甲状腺炎(Hashimoto’ s thyroiditis, HT)并发PTC患者的血清IL-6水平及病变甲状腺组织中IL-6蛋白表达情况,旨在探讨IL-6与PTC的相关性及其可能的作用机制,为PTC的诊治提供依据。

1 资料与方法 1.1 样本和病例来源

5例PTC和5例HT并发PTC患者均为2013-2014年陕西省西安市中心医院外科及内分泌科经临床、甲状腺功能检测、手术及病理确诊的病例,分别作为病例1组和病例2组,5名查体正常者为正常组。20例PTC、15例HT并发PTC石蜡组织标本来自2010-2014年陕西省西安市中心医院病理科存档蜡块,分别作为PTC组和HT并发PTC组;同期18例甲状腺腺瘤旁正常甲状腺石蜡组织标本作为对照组,对照组样本取自18例××患者,女性17例,男性1例,年龄25~67岁,平均年龄(46.5±2.6)岁。

1.2 纳入和排除标准

纳入标准:患者结合临床症状和体征,均经病理学确诊为PTC或HT并发PTC,未接受过放、化疗或生物治疗等干预措施,均具有完整的病历资料,并签署知情同意书。排除标准:排除存在其他恶性肿瘤、严重心脏和肝肾疾病及严重并发症等情况患者。

1.3 主要试剂和仪器

细胞因子IL-6检测ELISA试剂盒购自上海森雄公司,免疫组织化学抗体小鼠抗人IL-6、IL-6受体(IL-6R)、P53和KI-67单克隆抗体及SP二抗试剂盒和DAB显色试剂盒购自福州迈新公司,鼠抗人RET/PTC癌基因单抗和鼠抗人核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB) p65单抗购自美国Santa Cruz公司。石蜡组织切片机(型号2135,购自德国徕卡公司),普通光学显微镜(台湾奥林巴斯公司)。

1.4 ELISA法检测研究对象血清IL-6水平

各组研究对象(病例1组、病例2组和正常组)均常规采静脉血2 mL,室温静置1 h,3 000 r·min-1分钟离心10 min,取血清1 mL,-70℃保存。采用双抗体夹心ELISA法检测以上研究对象血清中细胞因子IL-6水平。采用全自动酶标分析仪检测450 nm处的吸光度(A)值,依标准品值制作标准曲线,计算细胞因子水平。具体步骤按说明书严格操作。

1.5 免疫组织化学法检测研究对象甲状腺组织中IL-6、IL-6R、RET/PTC和NF-κB蛋白阳性表达率

采用免疫组织化学(IHC)法检测研究对象(PTC组、HT并发PTC组和对照组)甲状腺组织中IL-6、IL-6R、NF-κB和RET/PTC蛋白表达,IHC染色采用常规链霉菌素亲生物素-过氧化酶连接法(SP法)。IL-6单抗1:200稀释,IL-6R单抗1:100稀释,RET/PTC单抗1:100稀释,以胞浆呈棕黄色为阳性,NF-κB p65单抗1:400稀释,以胞浆/核呈棕黄色为阳性。阴性对照采用PBS代替一抗或用含有小鼠单抗IgG1的神经胶质酸性蛋白稀释至与一抗相同IgG1浓度代替单抗。

1.6 统计学分析

采用SPSS20.0统计软件进行统计学分析。各组研究对象血清IL-6和IL-6R水平以x±s表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验;研究对象甲状腺组织中IL-6、IL-6R、RET/PTC和NF-κB蛋白阳性表达率组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确检验。IL-6、IL-6R和NF-κB和RET/PTC表达的相关性分析采用配对χ2检验。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 各组研究对象甲状腺组织形态表现

病例1组PTC患者甲状腺组织内上皮细胞复杂乳头状增生伴细胞核毛玻璃样,并见核沟及核内包涵体;病例2组HT并发PTC患者甲状腺组织中除了PTC典型病变外,还可以看见弥漫淋巴组织浸润伴淋巴滤泡形成,增生与萎缩甲状泡上皮共存伴甲状腺上皮嗜酸性变,间质纤维化;正常组研究对象正常甲状腺组织小叶结构存在,滤泡细胞大小一致。

2.2 各组研究对象血清中IL-6水平

与正常组(正常人)比较,病例1组和病例2组患者血清IL-6水平明显升高,其中病例1组患者血清IL-6水平为(15.4±7.8) ng·L-1,病例2组为(18.8±2.6) ng·L-1,正常组为(6.5±3.8) ng·L-1。与正常组比较,病例2组患者血清IL-6水平明显升高(P=0.009),病例1组患者血清IL-6水平升高,但差异无统计学意义(P=0.069);与正常组比较,病例1组和病例2组全部患者血清IL-6水平比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.012)。

2.3 各组研究对象甲状腺组织中IL-6和IL-6R蛋白阳性表达率

与对照组比较,HT并发PTC组和PTC组患者甲状腺组织中IL-6和IL-6R蛋白阳性表达率均明显升高(P < 0.05)。HT并发PTC组可能因为病例数太少,患者甲状腺组织中IL-6和IL-6R蛋白阳性表达率与PTC组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表 1。HT并发PTC组和PTC组患者甲状腺组织中IL-6和IL-6R蛋白主要表达于甲状腺病变上皮细胞中,部分表达于浸润的淋巴细胞中,见图 1(插页五)。

表 1 各组研究对象甲状腺组织中IL-6和IL-6R蛋白阳性表达率 Tab. 1 Positive expression rates of IL-6 and IL-6R proteins in thyroid tissue of subjects in various groups
(η/%)
Group n IL-6 IL-6R
Control 18 50.0 7.7
PTC 20 100.0* 46.7*
HT+PTC 15 100.0* 50.0*
*P < 0.05 vs control group.
图 1 PTC患者甲状腺组织中IL-6(A)和IL-6R(B)蛋白的表达(免疫组织化学,×100) Fig. 1 Expressions of IL-6(A) and IL-6R(B) proteins in thyroid tissue of patients with PTC(Immunohistochemistry, ×100)
2.4 各组研究对象甲状腺组织中NF-κB和RET/PTC蛋白阳性表达率

免疫组织化学法检测PTC患者病变甲状腺组织中甲状腺上皮细胞核转录因子NF-κB及PTC发生的特征性基因RET/PTC蛋白的表达结果显示:与对照组比较,HT并发PTC组和PTC组患者病变甲状腺组织中NF-κB P65与RET/PTC蛋白阳性表达率均明显升高(P < 0.05),而且NF-κB p65表达呈活化状态,见表 2图 2(插页五)。NF-κB与RET/PTC蛋白表达有关联(P < 0.05),IL-6和IL-6R表达均与RET/PTC蛋白表达有关联(P < 0.05)。见表 3

表 2 各组研究对象甲状腺组织中NF-κB和RET/PTC蛋白阳性表达率 Tab. 2 Positive expression rates of NF-κB and RET/PTC proteins in thyroid tissue of subjects in various groups
(η/%)
Group n NF-κB P65 RET/PTC
Control 18 27.8 0
PTC 20 95.0* 65.0*
HT+PTC 15 95.0* 60.0*
*P < 0.05 vs control group.
A-B:PTC tissue; C-D:Normal human thyroid tissue; A:RET/PTC; B-C:NF κB; D:Negative control; A:×40;B:×200;C-D:×100 图 2 免疫组织化学染色检测PTC患者甲状腺组织中RET/PTC和NF-κB蛋白的表达 Fig. 2 Expressions of RET/PTC and NF-κB protein in thyroid tissue of patients with PTC detected by immunohistochemistry
表 3 IL-6和IL-6R与NF-κB和RET/PTC表达的关联性 Tab. 3 Assiciations of expressions between IL-6, IL-6R and NF-κB, RET/PTC
Group IL-6(η/%) P IL-6R(η/%) P
NF-κB 64.7 0.515 38.7 0.157
RET/PTC 75.0 0.039 45.5 0.024
3 讨论

PTC是源于甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞的恶性肿瘤,为甲状腺癌最常见的病理类型,好发于中、青年女性。近年来,PTC发病率在全世界范围内呈升高趋势[3],且发病年龄年轻化,严重威胁着人类健康,但其具体发病机制尚不明确。PTC临床症状不典型,多数患者于体检时发现,容易错过最佳治疗时间。PTC预后较好,但有部分患者容易复发或在早期出现转移,因此,积极探索PTC发生发展机制,对PTC的早期诊治具有重要意义。

IL-6为巨噬细胞、淋巴细胞、成纤维细胞、内皮细胞和肿瘤细胞等所分泌,是一种重要的多效性细胞因子,几乎参与各个器官的生理活动,并在免疫调节、感染和肿瘤发生等过程中扮演着重要角色。IL-6R广泛表达于多种细胞表面, 其与IL-6结合才能更好地发挥生物学效应。有学者[8]认为IL-6具有促炎和抗炎的双重作用,后来发现IL-6的高表达和异常的信号通路可促进肿瘤的发生,并与许多类型癌症的不良预后有关联。研究[11-12]表明:在肺癌、胃癌和乳腺癌等恶性肿瘤患者血液中IL-6水平明显高于健康对照者。目前认为高水平IL-6能通过调控细胞周期相关基因, 使得细胞异常增殖, 进而促进肿瘤的发生;异常表达的IL-6还可以诱导血管内皮生长因子的合成,促进血管生成和肿瘤生长[13]。由此可见IL-6与恶性肿瘤的发展过程密切相关。

本研究采用ELISA法分别检测HT并发PTC患者和PTC患者血清IL-6水平,结果显示:HT并发PTC组患者血清IL-6水平明显升高。采用IHC法分别检测HT并发PTC患者和PTC患者病变甲状腺组织中IL-6和IR-6R蛋白表达情况,结果显示:与对照组比较,PTC组患者甲状腺病变组织中IL-6和IL-6R蛋白表达水平明显升高,HT并发PCT组患者甲状腺病变组织中IL-6R蛋白表达水平明显升高,提示IL-6可能在PTC发生发展中起重要作用。本研究中IHC法检测结果显示:IL-6和IL-6R蛋白主要表达于甲状腺病变上皮细胞内,部分表达于浸润的淋巴细胞胞浆内,表明肿瘤细胞可能通过自分泌方式产生IL-6,使机体免疫功能受到抑制,实现免疫逃逸,最终促进肿瘤的生长和转移。

炎症与肿瘤之间的关系一直备受关注,有文献[14]报道:慢性炎症是肿瘤发生的基础,并且肿瘤发生过程可能与炎症有类似的介导通路。研究[8, 15]证明:炎症性肠病以及其他慢性炎性疾病与癌症有重要的相关性。越来越多的学者认为HT与PTC关系密切。IL-6在炎症反应和肿瘤形成的过程中扮演重要角色,其是通过激活多种信号通路发挥作用。NF-κB是IL-6/IL-6R的重要信号通路之一,IL-6可通过其促炎因子的作用参与肿瘤的发生发展。本研究结果显示:与对照组比较,PTC组和HT并发PTC组患者病变甲状腺组织中NF-κBp65和RET/PTC蛋白阳性表达率明显升高,且NF-κB表达呈活化状态,IL-6和IL-6R均与RET/PTC蛋白表达有关,提示HT可能为PTC的癌前病变。研究[16]显示:RET/PTC可以通过调节NF-κB促进PTC的发生发展,结合本研究结果,本文作者认为:IL-6在PTC癌变中可能通过参与RET/PTC-NF-κB信号通路发挥作用。

NF-κB是哺乳动物组织中一类重要的转录因子,参与信号转导通路、调节细胞增殖、血管生成和抑制癌细胞凋亡等过程[17]。p65为NF-κB家族重要成员之一。在刺激因素作用下,NF-κBp65被激活,参与白血病、乳腺癌和卵巢癌等多种恶性肿瘤的生长及转移过程[17-18]。研究[19]显示:NF-κB p65过表达同样在甲状腺上皮细胞的恶变过程中起着重要作用。RET/PTC癌基因被认为是PTC发生的特征性基因[20],但近年来在HT非癌性甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞中该基因的检出率也非常高[21-22],提示HT与PTC发展的早期阶段可能存在着相同的分子机制。有文献[16]报道:RET/PTC能通过调节NF-κB活性和相对蛋白表达促进PTC病变细胞的增殖和迁移。活化的NF-κB既能诱导正常上皮细胞发生恶变,还能促进IL-6等多种致炎细胞因子的转录,引起肿瘤发生部位炎细胞浸润,细胞免疫失衡,介导炎症相关性肿瘤的形成和转移。本研究结果显示:IL-6和IL-6R均与RET/PTC蛋白表达有关,IL-6在PTC癌变中可能通过参与RET/PTC-NF-κB信号通路发挥作用。与对照组比较,HT并发PTC和PTC组患者病变甲状腺组织中IL-6和IL-6R蛋白表达水平均明显升高,且IL-6和IL-6R蛋白主要表达于HT和PTC患者病变甲状腺上皮细胞中,这些病变上皮细胞同时表达NF-κB P65和RET/PTC,且IL-6、IL-6R与NF-κB P65、RET/PTC蛋白表达有关联。

综上所述,IL-6在PTC的发生发展中起着重要作用,肿瘤细胞可能通过自分泌方式产生IL-6,促进自身的生长,并且IL-6在PTC癌变中可能通过参与RET/PTC-NF-κB信号通路发挥重要作用。这一结果为PTC的诊断及防治提供了新的理论依据。

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