吉林大学学报(医学版)  2019, Vol. 45 Issue (02): 426-429     DOI: 10.13481/j.1671-587x.20190238

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王淑敏, 张雪姣, 王桂侠, 王欢, 高影, 谢晓娜
WANG Shumin, ZHANG Xuejiao, WANG Guixia, WANG Huan, GAO Ying, XIE Xiaona
淋巴细胞性垂体炎患者治疗前后激素水平变化1例报告及文献复习
Changes of hormone levels in patient with lymphocytic hypophysitis before and after treatment: A case report and literature review
吉林大学学报(医学版), 2019, 45(02): 426-429
Journal of Jilin University (Medicine Edition), 2019, 45(02): 426-429
10.13481/j.1671-587x.20190238

文章历史

收稿日期: 2018-09-06
淋巴细胞性垂体炎患者治疗前后激素水平变化1例报告及文献复习
王淑敏 , 张雪姣 , 王桂侠 , 王欢 , 高影 , 谢晓娜     
吉林大学第一医院内分泌代谢科, 吉林 长春 130021
[摘要]: 目的: 探讨淋巴细胞性垂体炎(LYH)的临床表现和影像学特点及治疗原则,阐述明确诊断及激素治疗的重要性。方法: 收集1例经手术病理诊断为LYH患者的临床资料,结合国内外相关文献,分析其临床表现、影像学特点及治疗方法。结果: 患者,女性,28岁,因间断性头痛2个月就诊。查体未见明显阳性体征,头MRI提示垂体占位性病变,行甲状腺彩超、垂体-甲状腺轴激素、垂体-肾上腺轴激素、垂体-性腺轴激素和戈那瑞林实验等相关检查。结合患者的临床表现、影像学检查和实验室检查结果初步考虑垂体腺瘤的可能性大,行鞍区占位性病变切除术,术后病理提示LYH。患者术后头痛症状明显好转,但仍有腺垂体功能低下,给予激素替代治疗。3个月后,患者性激素水平正常,恢复正常月经,仍有间断头痛,甲状腺功能减低。结论: LYH与垂体腺瘤很难鉴别。病理活检是LYH的诊断金标准。LYH患者手术治疗后仍可能存在腺垂体功能低下,需长期激素替代治疗。
关键词: 淋巴细胞性垂体炎    垂体功能减退症    头痛    垂体腺瘤    
Changes of hormone levels in patient with lymphocytic hypophysitis before and after treatment: A case report and literature review
WANG Shumin , ZHANG Xuejiao , WANG Guixia , WANG Huan , GAO Ying , XIE Xiaona     
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
[ABSTRACT]: Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics, imaging features and therapy of lymphocytic hypophysitis(LYH), and to clarify the importance of definitive diagnosis and hormonal therapy. Methods: The clinical materials of a LYH patient diagnosed by the post-operative pathology were collected; combined with the relative literatures, the clinical performance, imageological features and diagnosis and treatment methods were analyzed. Results: The patient was a 28 years old woman with intermittent headache for 2 months and went to hospital.There was no abnormal signs on physical examination.The cephalic MRI results showed the pituitary space-occupying lesions.Relevant examinations including thyroid color Dopplar ultrasound, pituitary thyroid hormone, Gonarelin test and so on were performed.The clinical manifestations, imaging examinations and laboratory examinations suggested pituitary adenomas.The patient underwent transsphenoidal saddle area surgery.The post-operative pathology suggested LYH.After operation, the headache symptom was improved obviously, but the hypopituitarism presented, and the patient was given hormone replacement therapy.It took 3 months for the patient to recover the normal levels of sexual hormones and menstruation.But intermittent headache and hypothyroidism still prestented. Conclusion: It is difficult to distinguish LYH from pituitary adenoma.Pathological biopsy is the gold standard for the diagnosis of LYH.Hypopituitarism may exist after surgical treatment, and long-term hormone replacement therapy should be initiated as needed.
KEYWORDS: lymphocytic hypophysitis     hypopituitarism     headache     pituitary adenoma    

淋巴细胞性垂体炎(lymphocytic hypophysitis,LYH)是一种少见的自身免疫性内分泌疾病,以垂体淋巴细胞浸润为特征,多见于妊娠期和产后女性[1]。自1962年首次报道以来[2],LYH年发病率约为1/1 000万[3]。临床上一般表现为头痛、恶心、呕吐、视力下降或视野缺损,中枢性尿崩症,垂体前叶功能低下和高催乳素血症[4],影像表现为鞍内、垂体柄甚至下丘脑区的占位性病变,虽具有一定特异的表现,但仍易误诊。本文作者回顾分析1例经手术病理诊断为LYH患者的临床资料,并结合国内外相关文献进行分析,探讨其临床表现和影像学特点及治疗方法。

1 临床资料 1.1 一般资料

患者,女性,28岁,因间断性头痛2个月,于2017年12月19日收入吉林大学第一医院神经外科。患者于入院前2个月无明显诱因出现间断性头痛,休息后不缓解,无发热,无恶心、呕吐,无视物重影,无视力减退,无多饮、多尿。患者入院前3个月自然分娩1男婴。查体:神清语明,双侧瞳孔等大等圆,直径约3.0 mm,对光反射灵敏,四肢肌力Ⅴ级,四肢肌张力正常。生理反射存在,病理反射未引出,余神经系统查体未见明显异常。眼科检查:视力正常,视野无缺损。

1.2 辅助检查

术前甲状腺彩超提示:甲状腺回声不均。头MRI示:蝶鞍扩大,鞍底下陷,蝶鞍内见团块状稍长T1、稍长T2信号影,病变向鞍上突出,大小为2.4 cm×1.5 cm×1.7 cm,增强扫描病变明显强化。垂体柄增粗、明显强化,视神经受压上移(图 1)。甲状腺激素、肾上腺激素、腺垂体激素水平减低(表 1~3),血常规、生化和血糖等未见明显异常。术后病理检查结果:LYH。免疫组织化学检查结果显示:Ki-67(+),Syn(+),CgA(+),LCA(+),CD117(-),SALL4(-),CD20(+),CD3(+)。戈那瑞林试验结果见表 4。复查甲状腺激素结果见表 1,性激素检测结果见表 3

A:Sagittal T1WI; B:Sagittal T2WI; C:Coronal T2WI; D:Sagittal reinforcement. 图 1 LYH患者术前头部MRI Fig. 1 Cephalic MRI of LYHpatient before operation
表 1 治疗前后LYH患者垂体-甲状腺激素水平变化 Tab. 1 Changes in pituitary-thyroid hormonelevels of LYHpatient before and after treatment
Detection time FT3
[cB/ (pmol·L-1)]
FT4
[cB/ (pmol·L-1)]
TSH
[λB/ (mIU·L-1)]
Pre-operation 10.61 19.23 0.006
Post-operation 4.33 26.94 0.005
Three months after operation 3.88 10.92 0.206
表 2 治疗前后LYH患者血皮质醇水平变化 Tab. 2 Changes in blood cortisol levels of LYH patient before and after treatment [cB/(nmol·L-1)]
Detection time Cortisol
(00:00)
Cortisol
(08:00)
Cortisol
(16:00)
Pre-operation 5.92 2.87 4.23
Pos-toperation 84.18 31.26
“-”:No data.
表 3 治疗前后LYH患者腺垂体激素水平变化 Tab. 3 Changes in pituitary hormonelevels of LYH patient before and after treatment
Detection time TSH
[λB/ (mIU·L-1)]
PRL
[λB/ (mIU·L-1)]
FSH
[λB/ (mIU·L-1)]
GH
[ρB/ (μg·L-1)]
LH
[λB/ (mIU·L-1)]
Pre-operation 0.010 15.70 6.850 1.339 0.470
Post-operation 0.010 15.00 5.050 0.644 1.710
After hormone treatment 0.206 10.22 7.180 3.820
“-”:No data.
表 4 LYH患者戈那瑞林试验结果 Tab. 4 Results of Gonarelin test of LYH patient
[λB/ (IU·L-1)]
Detection time FSH LH
0 min 8.090 3.220
30 min 10.950 6.900
60 min 14.330 9.110
1.3 治疗经过

结合患者的临床表现、影像学检查和实验室检查结果初步考虑为垂体腺瘤的可能性大,行鞍区占位性病变切除术。结合术后病理明确诊断为LYH。术后予以糖皮质激素(氢化可的松)替代治疗。复查皮质醇、甲状腺激素和性激素仍明显异常。入本科后给予患者如下治疗:氢化可的松,8:00 20mg,口服;14:00 10mg,口服;优甲乐50μg,每日1次,口服。激素治疗3个月后随访,患者仍有间断头痛,恢复正常月经。

2 讨论

LYH是一种少见的特异性自身免疫疾病,好发于妊娠和产后妇女。由于迄今为止报道的病例很少,有关LYH的病因及发病机制尚不明确,可能与妊娠期间垂体特异性改变及免疫原性有关[5]。同时,LYH患者还可以并发其他自身免疫性疾病,如桥本氏甲状腺炎、1型糖尿病、萎缩性胃炎和系统性红斑狼疮等,可能与特异性人淋巴细胞抗原(human leukocyte antigen, HLA)等位基因相关[6]。LYH根据病变累及范围可分为淋巴细胞性腺垂体炎(局限于垂体前叶)、淋巴细胞性漏斗神经垂体炎(局限于垂体柄和垂体后叶)和淋巴细胞性全垂体炎(累及垂体前叶、后叶及漏斗部)[7]。本例患者于自然分娩一男婴后3个月发病,垂体影像学及激素检查提示病变局限于垂体前叶。

LYH通常起病隐匿,临床表现缺乏特异性,主要以垂体功能改变及占位效应为线索。垂体功能方面,以腺垂体功能减退多见,与其他常见引起腺垂体功能低下疾病不同,LYH受累的垂体激素依次为促肾上腺皮质激素(adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH)、促甲状腺激素(thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH)、促卵泡激素(follicle stimulating hormone, FSH)/黄体生成素(luteinizing hormone, LH)和生长激素(growth hormone, GH),垂体功能进行性受损,与垂体体积不成比例[8]。当存在鞍区肿物或垂体柄增粗时,可伴泌乳素(prolactin, PRL)升高和中枢性尿崩,有时与垂体腺瘤很难区分[9];其次是垂体增大形成压迫症状,头痛是最常见的症状,肿块向鞍上发展可压迫视交叉导致视野缺损和视力下降等,少数可侵犯海绵窦导致脑神经麻痹[10]。本例患者于产后表现为间断性头痛,术前进行功能评估提示垂体前叶功能已受累。及时调整围手术期激素替代的剂量,提高机体应激水平,术后需继续评估腺垂体功能恢复情况。

由于LYH比较罕见,缺乏大量循证医学证据支持,故诊断与治疗尚无统一标准,垂体组织病理是诊断的金指标。糖皮质激素治疗目前为LYH的首选治疗方案,剂量和疗程有争议,疗效也不一致[11],必要时可以联合免疫抑制剂治疗[12]。糖皮质激素冲击治疗可有效改善患者垂体占位症状,恢复垂体功能,在此基础上还可以与垂体瘤相鉴别。本例患者以头痛为首发表现,垂体影像学检查提示垂体瘤可能性大,已经导致垂体前叶功能受损,但亦不能除外炎症。术后病理检查诊断为LYH,术后评估患者仍存在腺垂体功能减退,在进行激素替代治疗后患者病情得以改善。手术仅适用于垂体组织活检和垂体病变增大导致头痛、视力下降和视野缺损或糖皮质激素治疗无效者。手术治疗可以有效地缩小垂体肿块体积,减轻占位效应。约20%的患者在手术治疗后,无论临床症状、肿块体积还是垂体功能均出现显著改善,且不需任何进一步的治疗[13-15]。但手术可能会导致垂体功能减退进一步加重[3]。有时LYH与垂体腺瘤很难鉴别[16],有近40%垂体炎患者被诊断为垂体瘤并接受手术治疗。

LYH具有自限性,部分患者在治疗后占位效应可以得到缓解。但由于缺乏长期随访,自然病程仍难以预测,部分患者有可能复发。大多数患者由于垂体激素缺乏长期存在并需终生激素替代治疗,随着时间的延长部分患者垂体萎缩,功能进行性降低[17]。本例患者术后主要表现为垂体-肾上腺轴及垂体-甲状腺轴功能减退,性腺轴经戈那瑞林试验后考虑受影响不大,故只给予氢化可的松及优甲乐替代治疗,术后3个月随访患者已恢复正常月经,游离三碘甲状原氨酸(free triiodothyronine, FT3)水平正常低值,游离甲状腺素(free thyroxine, FT4)和TSH低于正常水平,仍需要激素替代治疗。因此,应加强对LYH疾病的认识,积累临床经验,加强对患者科学与长期的随访管理,及时调整长期治疗中激素替代的剂量,改善患者生活质量。

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