吉林大学学报(医学版)  2019, Vol. 45 Issue (02): 313-318     DOI: 10.13481/j.1671-587x.20190217

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王利红, 张影, 兰坤, 张海玉, 曹肖琲, 李善玉
WANG Lihong, ZHANG Ying, LAN Kun, ZHANG Haiyu, CAO Xiaobei, LI Shanyu
黄芪多糖对哮喘模型小鼠肺组织炎症的抑制作用及其机制
Inhibitory effect of astragalus polysaccharides on pulmonary inflammation in asthma model mice and its mechanism
吉林大学学报(医学版), 2019, 45(02): 313-318
Journal of Jilin University (Medicine Edition), 2019, 45(02): 313-318
10.13481/j.1671-587x.20190217

文章历史

收稿日期: 2018-11-15
黄芪多糖对哮喘模型小鼠肺组织炎症的抑制作用及其机制
王利红1 , 张影1 , 兰坤1 , 张海玉1 , 曹肖琲1,2 , 李善玉1     
1. 吉林大学第一医院儿科, 吉林 长春 130021;
2. 天津市儿童医院儿科, 天津 300074
[摘要]: 目的: 研究不同相对分子质量黄芪多糖(APS)对哮喘小鼠肺组织炎症的抑制作用,并阐述其作用机制。方法: 选取30只BALB/c雌性小鼠,随机分为正常对照组,哮喘模型组(模型组),低、中和高相对分子质量APS组,每组6只。模型组和APS组小鼠采用卵白蛋白(OVA)制备哮喘小鼠模型。低、中和高相对分子质量APS治疗组小鼠OVA雾化激发前30min给予腹腔注射0.1mL相对分子质量为4 500、15 000和30 000的APS,正常对照组小鼠采用等量生理盐水代替雾化致敏液和腹腔注射。雾化期间观察各组小鼠行为学变化,光学显微镜观察支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中白细胞(WBC)总数和炎症细胞分类计数,HE染色观察各组小鼠肺组织病理形态表现,流式细胞小球微阵列术(CBA)检测小鼠血清和BALF中白细胞介素4(IL-4)和γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)水平;提取分选脾脏CD4+ T细胞,培养后流式细胞术检测Th1、Th2、Th17和Treg细胞比例,CBA检测细胞培养上清液中IL-4、IFN-γ、白细胞介素17(IL-17)和白细胞介素10(IL-10)水平。结果: 与正常对照组比较,模型组小鼠出现明显打喷嚏、抓口鼻和气促等哮喘样症状,肺组织炎性浸润明显,气道黏膜水肿,平滑肌增厚,血清和BALF中IL-4水平明显升高(P < 0.05),IFN-γ水平明显降低(P < 0.05),细胞培养上清液中IL-4和IL-17水平明显升高(P < 0.05),IFN-γ和IL-10水平明显降低(P < 0.05),Th2和Th17细胞比例明显升高(P < 0.05),Th1和Treg细胞比例明显降低(P < 0.05)。与模型组比较,APS组小鼠抓口鼻、气促和烦躁等哮喘样症状有不同程度缓解,肺组织炎性细胞浸润和管壁增厚等明显改善,血清和BALF中IL-4水平明显降低(P < 0.05),IFN-γ水平明显升高(P < 0.05),细胞培养上清液中IL-4和IL-17水平明显降低(P < 0.05),IFN-γ和IL-10水平明显升高(P < 0.05),Th2和Th17细胞比例明显降低(P < 0.05),Th1和Treg细胞比例明显升高(P < 0.05)。不同相对分子质量APS组间比较,低相对分子质量APS组小鼠哮喘症状和肺组织炎症浸润改善最明显,血清和BALF中IL-4水平及Th2和Th17细胞比例降低最明显(P < 0.05),血清和BALF中IFN-γ水平及Th1和Treg细胞比例升高最明显(P < 0.05)。结论: APS通过调节Th1/Th2及Th17/Treg细胞平衡、降低IL-4和IL-17水平、增加IFN-γ和IL-10水平发挥抗哮喘作用,且低相对分子质量APS作用最明显。
关键词: 黄芪多糖    哮喘    Th1/Th2细胞    Th17/Treg细胞    细胞因子    
Inhibitory effect of astragalus polysaccharides on pulmonary inflammation in asthma model mice and its mechanism
WANG Lihong1 , ZHANG Ying1 , LAN Kun1 , ZHANG Haiyu1 , CAO Xiaobei1,2 , LI Shanyu1     
1. Department of Pediatrics, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;
2. Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Tianjin City, Tianjin 300074, China
[ABSTRACT]: Objective: To investigate the inhibitory effects of astragalus polysaccharides(APS) with different molecular weights on the pulmonary inflammation in the asthmatic mice, and to elucidate their mechanisms. Methods: A total of 30 female BALB/c mice were selected. They were randomly divided into normal control group, asthma model group (model group), low molecular weight APS (APS-low) group, midde molecular wieght APS(APS-middle) and high molecular weight APS(APS-high) group, with 6 mice in each group. The mouse models of asthma in model group and APS groups were established by injecting and inhaling ovalbumin (OVA). The mice in APS-low, APS-middle and APS- high groups were separately given 0.1 mL of 4 500, 15 000, 30 000 molecular weight APS for intraperitoneal injection before inhaled OVA. The mice in normal control group were treated with the same amount of normal saline instead of OVA injected and inhalled. The behavioral changes of the mice were observed during the atomization with OVA, and the total number of WBC and the counts of inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) were observed with light microscope; the pathological changes of lung tissue was observed by HE staining. Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) method was used to detect the levels of IL-4 and IFN -γ in the serum as well as BALF. The spleen CD4+ T cells were extracted and cultured, and the ratios of Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg cells were detected by flow cytometry. CBA method was used to detect the levels of IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-10 in the culture supernatant. Results: Compared with normal control group, the mice in model group showed asthma-like symptoms such as sneezing, snouting nose and shortness of breath, inflammatory infiltration of lung tissue, airway mucosal edema, smooth muscle thickening; the IL-4 levels in serum and BALF were increased (P < 0.05), and the IFN-γ levels in serum and BALF were significantly decreased (P < 0.05);IL-4 and IL-17 levels in cell culture supernatant were significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the IFN-γ and IL-10 levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.05);the ratios of Th2 and Th17 cells were significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the ratios of Th1 and Treg cells were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Compared with model group, the asthmatic symptoms of the mice in APS groups, for example, scratching nose and mouth, shortness of breath, and irritability, were relieved to varying degrees; the inflammatory cell infiltration and wall thickening were significantly improved; the levels of IL-4 in serum and BALF were significantly reduced(P < 0.05), and the IFN -γ levels were increased (P < 0.05);the levels of IL-4 and IL-17 in the culture supernatant were significantly reduced(P < 0.05) and the levels of IFN-γ and IL-10 were increased (P < 0.05);the ratios of Th2 and Th17 cells were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and the ratios of Th1 and Treg cells were increased (P < 0.05). Compared between three APS groups, the asthmatic symptoms and lung tissue inflammatory infiltration were lightened obviously in APS-low group, the IL-4 levels and the ratios of Th2 and Th17 cells in serum and BALF were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and the IFN-γ levels in serum and BALF and the ratios of Th2 and Th17 cells were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Conclusion: APS can significantly improve the situation of airway inflammation infiltration and the symptoms of the asthmatic mice. APS plays a therapeutic role for asthma by regulating the Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg cell balance, decreasing the levels of IL-4 and IL-17 and increasing the levels of IFN -γ and IL-10 level; the low molecular weight APS shows an obvious effect.
KEYWORDS: astragalus polysaccharides     asthma     Th1 cells     Th2 cells     Th17 cells     Treg cells     cytokines    

黄芪多糖(astragalus polysaccharides,APS)是传统中药黄芪的主要活性成分,具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗衰老和调节免疫等药理作用[1-2]。范文彤[3]通过研究证实APS可改善小鼠T细胞功能,并能提高化疗药物所致免疫抑制小鼠的吞噬细胞功能。近年来研究[4]显示:儿童哮喘发病率逐年增加,寻找儿童适用新型抗哮喘药物具有重要意义。目前认为Th1/Th2和Th17/Treg细胞比例失衡及相关细胞因子异常表达是哮喘的主要发病机制[5],而APS可改善机体的T细胞免疫功能,在自身免疫性疾病和炎症应答中作用明确,理论上应可发挥良好的抗哮喘作用[6]。近年来国内针对APS治疗哮喘方面的研究[7-8]显示:APS可通过调整相关免疫细胞表型,从细胞免疫途径缓解哮喘症状,但目前针对不同相对分子质量APS治疗哮喘的研究较少。本实验对比观察不同相对分子质量的APS对哮喘小鼠的疗效,检测T细胞不同亚群和细胞因子水平,探讨APS对哮喘的治疗作用机制。

1 材料与方法 1.1 实验动物、主要试剂和仪器

30只无特殊病原体(specific pathogen free,SPF)B级BALB/c雌性小鼠购自吉林大学基础医学院动物实验中心,饲养于SPF级实验室,周龄6~8周,体质量18~22g,动物合格证号:SCXK(吉)2013-0001。卵白蛋白(ovalbumin, OVA)、生理盐水和低、中及高相对分子质量APS粉末(吉林大学公共卫生学院, 相对分子质量分别为4500、15000和30000)。瑞士-吉姆萨染色液,CD4+T细胞分离磁珠试剂盒,包含白细胞介素4(interleukin-4, IL-4)、γ-干扰素(γ-interferon, IFN-γ)、白细胞介素17(interleukin-17, IL-17)和白细胞介素10(interleukin-10, IL-10)等特异性捕获抗体的Cytometric Bead Array试剂盒(美国BD公司)。雾化器(德国百瑞公司),4℃离心机(芬兰Thermo公司),CO2培养箱(日本SANYO公司),流式细胞仪(美国BD公司)。

1.2 实验动物分组和处理方法

30只BALB/c小鼠随机分为正常对照组,模型组,低、中和高相对分子质量APS组,每组6只。①模型组:于第0、7和14天小鼠腹腔注射0.1mL致敏液(100 μg OVA+2 mg Al(OH)3),于第21天开始将小鼠放置雾化箱内,2% OVA混悬液雾化激发,每日1次,每次45min,雾化7d制备哮喘小鼠模型;②低、中和高相对分子质量APS组:小鼠哮喘模型制备同模型组,于每天激发前30 min对各组小鼠分别腹腔注射0.1 mL低、中和高相对分子质量APS;③正常对照组:采用等量生理盐水代替雾化致敏液及腹腔注射。于末次激发后48 h处死各组小鼠。

1.3 标本采集和处理

① 血清标本留取:眼球取血,分离血清,-20℃冻存;②小鼠肺组织病理切片HE染色:采用颈椎脱臼法处死小鼠,处死后开胸,结扎左主支气管,切取左肺叶,10%中性甲醛固定, 经脱水、石蜡包埋、切片,HE染色,光学显微镜下观察;③小鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalvelor lavage fluid, BALF)的收集:固定小鼠颈前气管,静脉留置针穿刺,注射生理盐水,回收,重复3次,离心,取上清,-20℃冻存;④流式细胞小球微阵列术(Cytometric Bead Array, CBA)法检测:采用CBA法检测各组小鼠血清和BALF中IL-4及IFN-γ水平,显微镜下计数BALF中白细胞(while blood cells, WBC)、中性粒细胞(neutrophil, Neu)及嗜酸性粒细胞(eosnophils, Eos)数量;⑤细胞实验和细胞培养:取各组小鼠脾脏,研磨,PBS冲洗,磁珠分选提纯CD4+ T细胞,37℃、5% CO2环境下细胞培养;⑥流式细胞术和CBA法检测:流式细胞术检测各组小鼠Th1、Th2、Th17和Treg细胞比例,CBA试剂盒检测36h时细胞培养上清液中IL-4、IFN-γ、IL-17和IL-10水平。具体操作同参考文献[9]。

1.4 统计学分析

采用SPSS17.0统计软件进行统计学分析。各组小鼠血清和BALF中IL-4及IFN-γ水平、BALF中WBC总数和炎症细胞分类计数,Th1、Th2、Th17和Treg细胞比例及培养上清液中IL-4、IFN-γ、IL-17和IL-10水平以x±s表示。各组数据间比较采用单样本Kolmogorov-Smirnov法分别进行正态检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 小鼠行为学改变

模型组小鼠在雾化激发过程中逐渐出现打喷嚏、抓耳挠腮和呼吸急促等症状,然后出现乏力、少动、体质量减轻和毛色光泽减退等;低、中和高相对分子质量APS组小鼠上述症状较模型组有不同程度的改善,正常对照组小鼠未出现上述表现。

2.2 各组小鼠肺组织形态和炎症表现

模型组小鼠细支气管、肺间质和肺泡腔内可见大量炎性细胞浸润,气道上皮不完整,黏膜水肿,平滑肌增厚,管腔狭窄,气道内可见大量黏液和黏液栓。与模型组比较,APS组小鼠肺组织结构相对较规整,气道平滑肌轻微增厚,炎症细胞浸润少;APS组哮喘小鼠肺组织结构和炎性浸润均有改善,以低相对分子质量APS组最明显。正常对照组小鼠肺组织未见明显异常。见图 1(插页四)。

A: Normal control group; B: Model group; C:APS-low group; D: APS-middle group; E: APS-high group. 图 1 各组小鼠肺组织形态表现(HE,×400) Fig. 1 Morphology of lung tissue of mice in various groups (HE, ×400)
2.3 各组小鼠血清和BALF中IL-4及IFN-γ水平

与正常对照组比较,模型组小鼠血清和BALF中IL-4水平明显升高(P < 0.05), IFN-γ水平明显降低(P < 0.05);与模型组比较,APS组小鼠血清和BALF中IL-4水平明显降低(P < 0.05), IFN-γ水平明显升高(P < 0.05);与低相对分子质量APS组比较,中和高相对分子质量APS组小鼠血清和BALF中IL-4水平明显升高(P < 0.05),小鼠血清和BALF中IFN-γ水平明显降低(P < 0.05),但中和高相对分子质量APS组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表 1

表 1 各组小鼠血清和BALF中IL-4及IFN -γ水平 Tab. 1 Levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ in serum and BALF of mice in various groups
[n=6,x±s, ρB/(ng·L-1)]
Group Serum BALF
IL-4 IFN -γ IL-4 IFN -γ
Normal control 3.94±0.12 89.48±1.39 4.80±0.62 94.53±1.32
Model 13.63±0.61* 22.45±0.81* 22.24±0.59* 19.60±0.68*
APS-low 6.03±0.76 33.38±0.76 8.87±0.45 38.03±0.13
APS-middle 7.94±0.37△# 27.48±1.38△# 12.18±0.74△# 28.53±1.52△#
APS-high 9.05±0.81△# 21.22±0.74# 13.84±0.79△# 24.02±1.10△#
  *P < 0.05 compared with normal control group; P < 0.05 compared with model group; #P < 0.05 compared with APS-low group.
2.4 各组小鼠BALF中WBC总数和炎症细胞分类计数

与正常对照组比较,模型组小鼠BALF中WBC总数和Eos及Neu比例明显升高(P < 0.05);与模型组比较,APS组小鼠BALF中WBC总数和Eos及Neu比例均明显降低(P < 0.05);与低相对分子质量APS组比较,中和高相对分子质量APS组小鼠BALF中WBC总数和Eos及Neu比例明显升高(P < 0.05);小鼠BALF中WBC总数在中和高相对分子质量APS组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表 2

表 2 各组小鼠BALF中WBC总数和Eos及Neu比例 Tab. 2 Total number of WBC and ratios of Eos and Neu in BALF of mice in various groups
(n=6, x±s)
Group WBC(×106 L-1) Eos(η/%) Neu(η/%)
Normal control 1.02±0.92 2.07±0.13 0.89±0.11
Model 38.50±1.39* 32.46±1.73* 5.14±0.37*
APS-low 8.59±0.62 9.74±0.40 1.86±0.27
APS-middle 11.61±1.52△# 12.84±0.40△# 3.88±0.28△#
APS-high 14.64±0.78△# 16.96±0.54△# 3.92±0.29△#
  *P < 0.05 compared with normal control group; P < 0.05 compared with model group; #P < 0.05 compared with APS-low group.
2.5 各组小鼠Th1/Th2和Th17/Treg细胞比例

与正常对照组比较,模型组小鼠Th1和Treg细胞比例明显降低(P < 0.05),Th2和Th17细胞比例明显升高(P < 0.05);与模型组比较,APS组小鼠Th1和Treg细胞比例明显升高(P < 0.05),Th2和Th17细胞比例明显降低(P < 0.05);3种不同相对分子质量APS组之间比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),其中低相对分子质量APS组作用更明显。见表 3

表 3 各组小鼠Th1、Th2、Th17和Treg细胞比例 Tab. 3 Ratios of Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg cells of mice in various groups
(n=3, x±s, η/%)
Group Th2 Th1 Th17 Treg
Normal control 6.03±0.18 24.10±1.56 1.01±0.42 13.77±0.78
Model 12.45±0.64* 10.20±0.57* 4.30±0.47* 7.34±0.68*
APS-low 3.27±0.37 15.42±0.40 0.99±0.21 11.98±0.18
APS-middle 5.10±0.42△# 14.60±0.57△# 1.29±0.13△# 9.78±0.17△#
APS-high 7.18±0.37△#○ 12.95±0.21△#○ 1.44±0.22△#○ 9.33±0.24△#○
  *P < 0.05 compared with normal control group; P < 0.05 compared with model group; #P < 0.05 compared with APS-low group;
   P < 0.05 compared with APS-middle group.
2.6 各组小鼠CD4+T细胞上清液中细胞因子水平

与正常对照组比较,模型组小鼠细胞上清液中IL-4和IL-17水平明显升高(P < 0.05),IFN-γ和IL-10水平明显降低(P < 0.05);与模型组比较,APS组小鼠细胞上清液中IL-4和IL-17水平明显降低(P < 0.05),IFN-γ和IL-10水平明显升高(P < 0.05);不同相对分子质量APS组之间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表 4

表 4 各组小鼠细胞上清液中IL-4、IFN-γ、IL-17和IL-10水平 Tab. 4 Levels of IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-10 in supernatant of mice in various groups
[n=6,x±s, ρB/(ng·L-1)]
Group IL-4 IFN-γ IL-17 IL-10
Normal control 279.51±6.37 1 442.58±12.71 1.53±0.15 2 352.05±10.92
Model 1 011.08±23.79* 752.65±7.60* 14.45±0.26* 551.62±8.13*
APS-low 501.14±13.06 800.04±8.08 7.90±0.28 988.58±10.22
APS-middle 791.36±20.11 953.09±9.50 10.25±0.28 1 582.44±12.07
APS-high 635.11±16.60 933.51±9.32 9.88±0.30 1 253.85±14.02
  *P < 0.05 compared with normal control group; P < 0.05 compared with model group.
3 讨论

APS是黄芪中最重要的活性成分,现代医学研究[1-3]发现:APS可促进免疫细胞分化,调节细胞因子表达,有效改善机体免疫功能;临床研究[10]表明:APS可增强B细胞、T细胞和NK细胞等多种免疫细胞的活性,改善机体特异性和非特异性免疫状态。颜爱等[11]发现:给予环磷酰胺免疫抑制模型小鼠APS治疗后,血清中IL-2、IL-10和IFN-γ水平明显提高,免疫抑制状态改善。APS具有免疫调节和免疫增强双重作用,从哮喘发生的免疫学机制的角度,可推测其对于哮喘患者的应用前景广阔。

哮喘发病机制复杂,与免疫、遗传和环境等多种因素相关[12],目前多认为CD4+T细胞对外界刺激的特异性免疫应答是该病触发点[13],Th1/Th2及Th17/Treg细胞比例失衡是哮喘发病的重要基础[14],而呼吸道Neu和Eos堆积是引发哮喘的关键[15]。IFN-γ和IL-4分别是Th1和Th2细胞分化的特征性细胞因子。IFN-γ是一种抗炎介质,可抑制IgE合成、促进IgG合成,减弱特异性IgE介导的Ⅰ型超敏反应,还能抑制Eos炎性浸润作用[16]。IL-4是一种促炎因子,一方面可促进B细胞增殖分化为浆细胞,产生IgE,促进IgE介导体液免疫应答[17-19];另一方面,通过B细胞对T细胞抗原提呈作用,促进炎症部位Eos的聚集和浸润,参与气道炎症形成[16]。Th17和Treg细胞是CD4+ T细胞的2个新亚型,分别起着促进和抑制炎症反应的作用,在自身免疫性疾病、感染性疾病和肿瘤的病理过程中发挥重要作用。IL-17为Th17细胞分泌的一种细胞因子,被认为是Neu浸润的一个触发者,并可调节Eos和巨噬细胞性炎症[20-22], 因此,测定IL-17水平可以反映组织的炎症浸润程度。IL-10是Treg细胞在免疫应答中起主要作用的免疫抑制因子, 可有效减轻机体炎症反应。正常状态下,来源于共同初始T细胞的Th1、Th2、Th17和Treg细胞亚群,功能上相互抑制共同维系了机体免疫稳态,当机体受到异常抗原刺激时,出现了CD4+ T细胞分化向Th2和Th17细胞偏移,导致哮喘发生。

本研究结果显示:APS可降低哮喘小鼠体内促炎细胞(Th2细胞、Th17细胞、WBC、Eos和Neu)及细胞因子(IL-4和IL-17)水平,并提高Th1和Treg细胞比例及IFN-γ和IL-10水平,从而纠正以Th2和Th17细胞为主的过度免疫炎症反应,减少肺组织中Neu和Eos炎性浸润,对肺组织损伤具有保护作用。低相对分子质量APS较中和高相对分子质量APS作用更明显,原因可能是其相对分子质量小,分子表面多糖结构暴露相对完全,能更有效地与特定细胞膜受体结合而发挥作用,或从基因水平上调控相关免疫分子的表达[23],但具体分子机制和最适剂量有待进一步研究。

综上所述,APS可有效调节Th1/Th2、Th17/Treg细胞及相关细胞因子的产生,对哮喘小鼠肺组织的炎症具有抑制作用,其中低相对分子质量APS有可能研发成为机制明确、效果良好的治疗哮喘和调节免疫的药物。

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