吉林大学学报(医学版)  2019, Vol. 45 Issue (01): 88-93

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荆文花, 李鸿宇, 关英慧
JING Wenhua, LI Hongyu, GUAN Yinghui
Wells评分和YEARS法对肺栓塞诊断价值的比较
Comparison of values between Wells score and YEARS algorithm in dignosis of pulmonary embolism
吉林大学学报(医学版), 2019, 45(01): 88-93
Journal of Jilin University (Medicine Edition), 2019, 45(01): 88-93
10.13481/j.1671-587x.20190117

文章历史

收稿日期: 2018-03-27
Wells评分和YEARS法对肺栓塞诊断价值的比较
荆文花 , 李鸿宇 , 关英慧     
吉林大学第一医院呼吸内科, 吉林 长春 130021
[摘要]: 目的: 探讨深静脉血栓可能性评分(Wells评分)和简便诊断处理可疑肺栓塞(YEARS法)对肺栓塞患者的诊断价值,应用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线对比Wells评分和YEARS法诊断肺栓塞的曲线下面积(AUC),以期发现更适用于临床的肺栓塞评分方法。方法: 选取因疑似肺栓塞的住院患者139例,其中临床确诊肺栓塞患者48例,收集所有入选患者的病史、临床表现和辅助检查等结果,所有入选研究对象均进行Wells评分和YEARS法评估,将肺动脉血管造影(CTPA)作为诊断的金标准,应用SPSS22.0统计软件分析2组患者Wells评分和YEARS法诊断肺栓塞的灵敏度、特异度、误诊率、漏诊率和准确度,并对Wells评分、YEARS法和CTPA的结果进行一致性分析,进一步绘制Wells评分和YEARS算法诊断肺栓塞的ROC曲线,计算并比较AUC。结果: 与YEARS法比较,Wells评分对肺栓塞诊断的特异度和准确度明显升高(P < 0.05),误诊率明显降低(P=0.037),而灵敏度和漏诊率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Wells评分与CTPA的Kappa值为0.45,一致性强度为中度;YEARS法与CTPA的Kappa值为0.22,一致性强度尚可;Wells评分与YEARS法的Kappa值为0.11,一致性较差。Wells评分方法诊断肺栓塞的AUC为0.753±0.044(P < 0.01),YEARS法诊断肺栓塞的AUC为0.585±0.049(P=0.101)。结论: Wells评分在肺栓塞诊断评估方面总体上优于YEARS法。
关键词: 肺栓塞    Wells评分    YEARS法    肺动脉血管造影    
Comparison of values between Wells score and YEARS algorithm in dignosis of pulmonary embolism
JING Wenhua, LI Hongyu, GUAN Yinghui     
Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Hospital, Jiliin University, Changchun 130021, China
[ABSTRACT]: Objective: To explore the diagnostic values of Wells score and YEARS algorithm in the patients with pulmonary embolism and to compare the areas under receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curves (AUC) of Wells score and YEARS algorithm, and to find the more suitable score method for pulmonary embolism in clinic. Methods: A total of 139 patients who were suspected with pulmonary embolism were collected, among them 48 patients were clinically as confirmed pulmonary embolism.The disease history, clinical manifestation and results of auxilliary examinations of the patients were collected.All the patients were assessed by Wells score and YEARS algorithm, respectively; the computed tomographic pulmonary angiography(CTPA) was considered as golden standard. The sensitivities, specificities, misdiagnosis rates and omission diagnostic rates, and the accuracies of Wells score and YEARS algorithm of the patients in two groups were analyzed with SPSS 22.0 software; the conformities of results of Wells socre, YEARS algorithm, and CTPA were analyzed.Then ROC curves of Wells score and YEARS algorithm in diagnosis of pulmonary embolism were made, and the AUC was calculated and compared. Results: Compared with YEARS algorithm, the specificity and accuracy of Wells score in diagnosis of pulmonary embolism were markedly increased(P < 0.05), the misdiagnosis rate was decreased(P=0.037), however the sensitivity and the misdiagnosis rate had no significant differences(P>0.05).The Kappa value of Wells score and CTPA was 0.45, the conformity was moderate; the Kappa value of YEARS algorithm and CTPA was 0.22, the conformity was passable; the Kappa value of Wells score and YEARS algorithm was 0.11, the conformity was bad.The AUC of Wells score and YEARS algorithm were 0.753±0.044(P < 0.01)and 0.585±0.049(P=0.101). Conclusion: The Wells score is superior to the YEARS algorithm in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism.
KEYWORDS: pulmonary embolism     Wells score     YEARS algorithm     computed tomography pulmonary angiography    

临床上,由于肺栓塞表现缺乏特异性,临床表现多种多样,包括头晕、胸痛、呼吸困难和咯血等,涉及呼吸、循环和神经等多个系统,极易漏诊和误诊[1]。据统计,肺栓塞造成的死亡率为26%~30%[2], 约有60%死于肺栓塞的患者未能明确诊断。目前对于临床上疑似肺栓塞的患者往往建议行肺动脉血管造影术(computed tomography pulmonary angiography, CTPA),一方面提高了肺栓塞的诊断率,另一方面节段性或部分不需要临床特殊干预治疗的肺栓塞也被明确诊断,某些地区CTPA被广泛应用于临床,但肺栓塞的诊断率却未见明显提高,从而造成了CTPA的过度应用[3]。基于上述原因,研究者采用了一些肺栓塞的预测评分,例如深静脉血栓可能性评分(Wells算法)、Genava评分和肺栓塞排除标准(PERC)评分等[4]。目前应用最广的为Wells评分,而简便诊断处理可疑肺栓塞(YEARS法)是一种由国外新近研发的系统、简单的急性肺栓塞可能性的预测评分[5]。YEARS法与已有的肺栓塞评分的准确性尚无统计分析,是否适用于国内尚无大样本的研究报告。因此,本研究以CTPA作为诊断或排除肺栓塞的标准,探讨Wells评分和YEARS法对急性肺栓塞诊断的预测价值,以期发现更适合应用于临床的肺栓塞评分方法,从而减少CTPA的过度应用。

1 资料与方法 1.1 研究对象

收集2014年4月—2016年12月因胸痛、呼吸困难和咯血于吉林大学第一医院住院的且符合纳入标准的可疑肺栓塞患者139例,其中临床确诊肺栓塞患者48例,平均年龄(67.76±10.95)岁,男性63例,女性76例。所有入选患者均收集病史,统计临床症状和体征,检测D-二聚体水平,行肺动脉CTPA。纳入标准:①临床表现为突发胸痛、胸闷、气短、咯血和晕厥等症状,并于本院行CTPA检查的患者;②住院后行血浆D-二聚体水平检测;③资料完整能实施Wells评分和YEARS法评估。排除标准:①CTPA检查不能明确诊断为肺栓塞的患者;②既往明确诊断为肺栓塞并规律治疗的复查患者;③病史记录不详且缺乏重要临床资料者;④排除主动脉夹层等其他疾病。

1.2 诊断标准 1.2.1 肺栓塞

参考2016年《急性肺栓塞诊断及治疗中国专家共识》[6]。本研究以CTPA的影像学结果作为诊断金标准,影像学表现为肺动脉内造影剂的充盈缺损,其作为诊断或排除亚段及亚段以上肺动脉栓塞最准确和有效的方法,敏感度和特异度达90%[7]

1.2.2 Wells评分标准

采用简化版的Wells评分量表进行评分[8]:既往肺栓塞或深静脉血栓(DVT)病史(1分),心率≥100 min-1(1分),过去4周内有手术或制动史(1分),咯血(1分),肿瘤活动期(1分),DVT临床表现(1分),其他鉴别诊断的可能性低于肺栓塞(1分)。根据临床评分采用两分类方法将肺栓塞患者分为肺栓塞可能性小组(0~1分)和肺栓塞可能性大组(≥2分)

1.2.3 YEARS法评价标准

依据2017年YEARS法量表进行评估[9]:包括3条标准(临床表现提示DVT形成,咯血,肺栓塞是最可能的诊断)和血浆D-二聚体水平。如果血浆D-二聚体水平低于0.5 mg·L-1或者不符合上述3条标准且血浆D-二聚体水平低于1.0mg·L-1的患者可排除肺栓塞的可能性,不建议行CTPA。见表 1

表 1 YEARS法评估标准 Tab. 1 Evaluation standard of YEARS algorithm
Suspected acute pulmonary embolism
Order D-dimer test and score presence of the three YEARS items:
Clinical signs of deep vein thrombosis
Haemoptysis
Pulmonary embolism (the most likely diagnosis)
0 YEARS items 0 YEARS items ≥1 YEARS items ≥1 YEARS items
D-dimer < 1.0 mg·L-1 D-dimer ≥1.0 mg·L-1 D-dimer < 0.5 mg·L-1 D-dimer ≥0.5 mg·L-1
Pulmonary embolism excluded Order CTPA Pulmonary embolism excluded Order CTPA
1.2.4 血浆D-二聚体水平检测

所有疑似肺栓塞患者在入院24h内采静脉血10mL,取枸橼酸钠抗凝血浆,使用日本Sysmex公司全自动凝血分析仪,采用CAL500免疫比浊法测定血浆D-二聚体水平[10]

1.3 肺栓塞评估方法

由1名医生统计疑似肺栓塞患者的临床表现、既往病史和实验室检查等。另1名医生分别按照Wells评分和YEARS法标准对已统计的疑似肺栓塞的患者进行评估,分别作为Wells组和YEARS组,其中Wells评分<2分者为肺栓塞可能性小组,Wells评分≥2分者为肺栓塞可能性大组。在YEARS法中分为推荐行CTPA检查组和排除肺栓塞组,对于排除肺栓塞组患者不建议进一步行CTPA检查。将CTPA作为诊断的金标准,分别参照CTPA结果统计各组肺栓塞患者数。

1.4 统计学分析

采用SPSS 22.0统计软件进行统计学分析。将CTPA结果作为金标准,计算Wells评分和YEARS法的灵敏度、特异度、误诊率和漏诊率,组间比较采用χ2检验。同时对Wells评分、YEARS法和CTPA进行一致性检验,然后绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,计算曲线下面积(AUC),对Wells评分和YEARS法的优劣性进行比较分析。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 研究对象的一般特征

139例行CTPA检查的患者中,确诊为肺动脉栓塞患者48例,CTPA阴性患者91例。2组患者年龄、性别构成比和心率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05), 而血浆D-二聚体水平2组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。见表 2

表 2 研究对象的一般特征和血浆D-二聚体水平 Tab. 2 General features and D-dimer levels in plasma of subjects
Group Age(year) Gender D-dimer[ρB/(mg·L-1)] HR(beat·min-1)
Man Woman
Pulmonary embolism 67.17±11.75 26 23 7.03±5.46 93.76±28.36
Non-pulmonary embolism 69.12±10.75 39 51 3.12±2.89 89.52±18.19
χ2 -0.987 0.647 4.857 0.922
P 0.326 0.421 < 0.01 0.360
2.2 Wells评分对肺栓塞的诊断价值及与CTPA的一致性分析

以CTPA作为诊断肺栓塞的金标准,简化版的Wells评分对肺栓塞的诊断见表 3。Wells评分<2分的患者共85例,其中包括肺栓塞患者15例;Wells评分≥2分患者共54例,其中肺栓塞患者33例。Wells评分诊断肺栓塞的灵敏度为68.75%, 特异度为76.92%, 准确度为74.10%,其与CTPA的Kappa值为0.45,一致性强度为中度。

表 3 Wells评分对肺栓塞的诊断价值 Tab. 3 Diagnostic value of Wells scores for pulmonary embolism
Wells score CTPA
Conformity Inconformity Total
<2 15 70  85
≥2 33 21  54
Total 48 91 139
2.3 YEARS法对肺栓塞的诊断价值及与CTPA的一致性分析

以CTPA作为诊断肺栓塞的金标准,YEARS法对肺栓塞的诊断见表 4。推荐行CTPA组患者121例,其中诊断肺栓塞患者47例;排除肺栓塞组患者18例,其中诊断肺栓塞患者1例。YEARS法诊断肺栓塞的灵敏度为97.92%, 特异度为18.68%, 准确度为46.04%,其与CTPA的Kappa值为0.22,一致性强度尚可。

表 4 YEARS法对肺栓塞的诊断价值 Tab. 4 Diagnostic value of YEARS algorithm for pulmonary embolism
YEARS score CTPA
Conformity Inconformity Total
Order CTPA 47 74 121
Pulmonary embolism excluded  1 17  18
Total 48 91 139
2.4 Wells评分和YEARS法对肺栓塞诊断价值的对比分析

Wells评分和YEARS法诊断肺栓塞的特异度、准确性和误诊率方面比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05), 而敏感度和漏诊率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表 5

表 5 Wells评分和YEARS法对肺栓塞的诊断价值比较 Tab. 5 Comprision of diagnostic values between Wells score and YEARS algorithmfor pulmonary embolism
(η/%)
Classification Sensitivity Specificity VeracityAccuracy Misdiagnosis rate Omission diagnostic rate
 Wells score 68.75 76.92 74.10 23.08 31.25
 YEARSalgrithm 97.92 18.68 46.04 81.32  2.08
 χ2 0.759 4.349 18.015 4.349 0.759
 P 0.384 0.037 < 0.001 0.037 0.384
2.5 Wells评分和YEARS法诊断肺栓塞的一致性分析

Wells评分和YEARS法对肺栓塞诊断的Kappa值为0.11, 提示Wells评分和YEARS法诊断肺栓塞的一致性较差。见表 6

表 6 Wells评分和YEARS法诊断肺栓塞的一致性 Tab. 6 Conformity of Wells score and YEARS algorithm in diagnosis of pulmonary embolism
Wells score YEARS algorithm Total
Pulmonary embolism Non- pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary embolism  52  2  54
Non-pulmonary embolism  69 16  85
Total 121 18 139
2.6 Wells评分和YEARS法对肺栓塞诊断价值的ROC曲线分析

Wells评分诊断肺栓塞的AUC为0.753±0.044(P<0.01), YEARS法诊断肺栓塞AUC为0.585±0.049(P=0.101),Wells评分诊断肺栓塞的AUC明显大于YEARS法,提示Wells对肺栓塞的整体诊断价值优于YEARS法。见图 1

图 1 Wells评分和YEARS法诊断肺栓塞的ROC曲线 Fig. 1 ROC curves of Wells scoreand YEARS algorithm in diagnosis of pulmonary embolism
3 讨论

据相关文献[11]统计:约有60%肺栓塞患者死亡时不能明确诊断,随着CTPA的广泛应用,肺栓塞诊断率明显提高的同时也造成了其过度应用。为此肺栓塞评分越来越多应用于临床,据有关文献[12-16]报道:对可疑急性肺栓塞的患者进行量化的评分系统评价,对急性肺栓塞早期预测有积极意义。本研究通过统计分析评价了简化版的Wells评分和新近研究的YEARS法对急性肺栓塞的诊断价值[17-18]:对入选的可疑肺栓塞患者进行Wells评分后,评分0分者CTPA检查阴性;同时对疑似肺栓塞患者进行YEARS法评估后发现,当血浆D-二聚体水平<0.5mg·L-1时CTPA检查阴性,提示对于临床检查血浆D-二聚体水平<0.5mg·L-1或者Wells评分0分者,可排除肺栓塞可能性,不建议行CTPA检查,以减少CTPA的过度应用。

简化版的Wells评分已经作为院内或者院外的疑似急性肺栓塞患者的第一诊疗策略[19-20]。Wells等于1998年首次制定了肺栓塞的系统评分,后经不断修改并被命名为Wells评分,该量表简单易行,虽然有一项指标“除肺栓塞外其他诊断可能性”具有很大主观性,但经证明Wells评分仍具较好的临床符合率。目前临床上常用的是2014年欧洲心脏病学会(ESC)急性肺栓塞诊治指南中简化版的Wells评分[21]。本研究结果显示:以Wells评分≥2分作为分界点,其灵敏度为68.75%,特异度为76.92%,漏诊率为23.08%,误诊率为31.25%,随着危险度增高肺栓塞诊断的可能性愈大,其与CTPA的Kappa值为0.45,一致性强度为中度。

YEARS法[22]是2017年6月制定的疑似肺栓塞的简化的评估方法,其评估包括DVT形成的临床表现、咯血和肺栓塞是最可能的临床诊断以及血浆D-二聚体水平,其诊断肺栓塞灵敏度和误诊率高、特异度较低,其与CTPA的Kappa值为0.22,一致性强度尚可。

本研究结果显示:Wells评分和YEARS法对肺栓塞诊断的Kappa值为0.11,基本不具备一致性。通过对比分析显示:Wells评分与CTPA具有更好的一致性,总体上优于YEARS法;另一方面Wells评分特异度较高,建议其可用于肺栓塞的前期诊断;YRARS法灵敏度高,用于疾病的筛查可降低漏诊率。

本研究对疑似肺栓塞患者的Wells评分和YEARS法诊断肺栓塞AUC结果显示:Wells评分总体上优于YEARS法。建议对疑似肺栓塞的患者由有经验的医师对其进行简化的Wells评分,非常有利于排除低度可能性的肺栓塞患者;对肺栓塞可能性大组的患者在条件允许时进一步行CTPA,将非常有助于降低肺栓塞的误诊和漏诊率,同时可以减少肺动脉CTPA的过度应用,减少患者的辐射量,减少医疗资源的浪费。本研究样本数较少,后续可进行大样本、多中心研究进一步验证。

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