吉林大学学报(医学版)  2018, Vol. 44 Issue (05): 1065-1067

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文章信息

王宝刚, 满霞霞, 马大实, 王勇, 曹殿波
WANG Baogang, MAN Xiaxia, MA Dashi, WANG Yong, CAO Dianbo
升主动脉内巨大血栓1例报告及文献复习
Huge thrombus in ascending aorta:A case report and literature review
吉林大学学报(医学版), 2018, 44(05): 1065-1067
Journal of Jilin University (Medicine Edition), 2018, 44(05): 1065-1067
10.13481/j.1671-587x.20180533

文章历史

收稿日期: 2018-03-03
升主动脉内巨大血栓1例报告及文献复习
王宝刚1 , 满霞霞2 , 马大实1 , 王勇1 , 曹殿波3     
1. 吉林大学第一医院心脏外科, 吉林 长春 130021;
2. 吉林大学第一医院肿瘤妇科, 吉林 长春 130021;
3. 吉林大学第一医院放射线科, 吉林 长春 130021
[摘要]: 目的: 分析升主动脉腔内巨大血栓的临床诊断及治疗的思路,探讨其治疗手段。方法: 回顾性分析在临床上极为少见的1例升主动脉内血栓患者的临床资料,将诊治过程进行总结,并进行相关文献复习。结果: 患者为男性,因常规体检发现升主动脉内占位性病变入院。主动脉CT血管成像(CTA)提示升主动脉内病变大小为22 mm×22 mm×45 mm。为避免体循环系统栓塞的发生进行病变切除和人工血管置换。术后病理证实病变性质为血栓。结论: 主动脉CTA是升主动脉腔内血栓的有效检查手段。血栓清除和人工血管植入可以降低缺血性卒中复发的风险。
关键词: 主动脉血栓    栓塞    主动脉CT血管造影    血栓清除    
Huge thrombus in ascending aorta:A case report and literature review
WANG Baogang1, MAN Xiaxia2, MA Dashi1, WANG Yong1, CAO Dianbo3     
1. Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;
2. Department of Oncologic Gynecology, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;
3. Department of Radiology, First hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
[Abstract]: Objective: To explore the clinical diagnosis and treatment of huge thrombus in ascending aorta, and to clarify its treatment methods. Methods: The clinical materials of one patient with ascending aortic thrombus were retrospectively analyzed and the diagnosis and treatment were summerized, and the relevent literatures were reviewed. Results: The patient was male, and admitted to hospital due to space-occupying lesion in the ascending aorta in routine examination. The results of aortic CTA reported that there was a 22 mm×22 mm×45 mm space-occupying lesion in the ascending aorta. The patient was successfully treated with thrombectomy and ascending aorta replacement in order to prevent the systemic embolization.The histopathological examination revealed that the lesion was thrombus. Conclusion: Aortic CTA is a useful examination for the patients with thrombus in ascending aorta. Resection of thrombus and implantation of vascular graft can reduce the risk of recurrent stroke effectively.
Key words: aortic thrombus     embolism     aortic computed tomography angiography     thrombectomy    

主动脉内血栓在临床上极为少见。国内外相关文献不多,多为个案报道。由于患病例数少,尚无治疗指南可遵循,其治疗往往取决于医生的临床经验。主动脉腔内血栓的临床表现各不相同,通常与栓塞的部位有关,包括脑卒中引起的意识丧失[1]、脾梗死导致的腹痛[2]及肢体急性缺血的下肢疼痛[3]等,治疗初期常被误诊,栓子脱落造成重要脏器或肢体栓塞后,再进行体外循环手术取栓,往往愈合不佳。本文作者报道1例升主动脉内血栓患者的临床资料,并进行文献复习,旨在提高对本病诊治的认识,阐明主动脉CT血管成像(CT angiography,CTA)检查的必要性。

1 临床资料

患者,男性,56岁,身高168 cm,体质量61 kg,2017年2月来本院常规体检。生命指征:心率100 min-1,血压140/100 mmHg,室温下动脉血氧饱和度95%,体温36.5℃。既往无高血压病史,未口服降压药物。无胸背部疼痛病史,无心房颤动病史。查体未闻及心脏杂音,四肢运动感觉未见异常。化验回报人脑利钠肽(brain natriuretic peptide,BNP)131 ng·L-1,凝血酶原时间10.3 s,D二聚体及肌钙蛋白正常。超声心动图及主动脉CTA检查(图 1)提示升主动脉腔内存在一处占位性病变,病变大小为2.2 cm×2.2 cm×4.5 cm,边界清楚。头部CT提示双侧多发腔隙性脑梗死。双下肢动脉彩超无异常。进一步行MRI检查(图 2),结果回报病变的性质可能为血栓。

图 1 升主动脉腔内巨大血栓患者术前主动脉CTA结果 Figure 1 Result ofaortic CTA before operation of patient with huge thrombus in ascending aorta
图 2 升主动脉腔内巨大血栓患者术前主动脉MRI结果 Figure 2 Result of aortic MRI before operation of patient with huge thrombus in ascending aorta

治疗方法包括病变切除和人工血管置换。应用右股动脉和右心房插管,建立体外循环。升主动脉与周围组织无黏连。阻断升主动脉,切开后可见一光滑的、红色团块样物质(图 34,见插页六),通过蒂部附着于升主动脉内膜,附着处位于主动脉瓣环上方3.0 cm处,局部无夹层改变,无心内膜炎改变或其他病变。主动脉瓣呈三叶,无关闭不全。术中行肿物Enbloc切除,并置换升主动脉,范围自主动脉瓣环上方1.0 cm至头臂干动脉近端3.0 cm处。术后病理检查结果显示:血栓机化(图 5,见插页六)。

图 3 术中病变和主动脉内壁的图片 Figure 3 Photograph of mass lesion and aortic wall in operation (blue arrow)
图 4 术中切除后标本的图片 Figure 4 Photograph of mass specimen after excision in operation
图 5 术后切除标本的病理检查结果(HE, ×40) Figure 5 Pathological result of specimen after operation(HE, ×40)

患者术后10 d顺利出院,无脏器或肢体梗死。复查超声心动图显示:左室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fractions,LVEF)54%,主动脉瓣功能良好。主动脉CTA显示无血栓复发(图 6)。

图 6 升主动脉腔内巨大血栓患者术后主动脉CTA结果 Figure 6 Result of aortic CTA after operation of patient with huge thrombus in ascending aorta
2 讨论

主动脉内血栓并非是缺血性脑卒中栓子的主要来源。在手术前多诊断为主动脉内占位性病变,即使借助磁共振检查,也无法完全确认其病变性质。如果术前考虑病变为血栓,并且病变位于胸降主动脉、腹主动脉及其分支内,可考虑给予抗凝药物[4-5]或植入覆膜支架[6-7],进行腔内隔绝。经常使用的抗凝药物包括低分子肝素和华法林。同时需要监测国际标准化比值(international ratio,INR),复查经胸超声心动图(transthoracic echocardiography,TTE)或主动脉CTA。通常血栓会逐渐减小并消失。如果病变位于升主动脉或主动脉弓内,病变性质考虑为血栓,尤其是经主动脉CTA及TTE检查,证实病变呈“漂动”状态[1-2, 8-10],需在体外循环下行急诊开胸手术。术后治疗主要集中在栓塞引起的并发症。在一项关于主动脉内占位性病变的研究中,患者因急性下肢缺血行取栓治疗后,病理检查证实病变性质不是血栓,而是黏液瘤[10]。提示外科医生应通过主动脉CTA扩大检查范围,寻找原发病灶,尽早再次手术,避免肿瘤继续脱落或发生恶变。本病例的不同之处在于,患者术前并无栓塞症状。由于不确定病变的性质,也无法确定其为血栓,故未进行抗凝治疗[1];考虑此病变体积巨大,位置在升主动脉腔内,一旦脱落将导致严重的脏器栓塞,故采取积极的手术治疗[5]。术后无栓塞并发症发生。

由于主动脉内占位性病变危害较大,故早期发现和早期治疗尤为重要[10]。这一病例充分说明主动脉CTA检查的重要性。主动脉CTA检查因其便捷性和高敏感性,被推荐作为首选检查方法。术前主动脉CTA检查可为医生提供病变的准确位置和形状[2]。同时还可用于评估肺部影像,尤其是患者术前并发有呼吸系统疾病的情况。当病变位于升主动脉内时,患者往往需要在体外循环辅助下行急诊手术,又无法进行详细的肺功能检查。借助主动脉CTA检查提供的肺部影像,大致评估其对体外循环的耐受程度。

多数情况下,主动脉内膜滋养动脉破裂后会造成局部出血;血肿逐渐扩大,形成主动脉夹层;或经积极药物治疗后逐渐吸收。应用计算流体力学技术的研究[11-12]结果显示:射血时管腔内血流速度分布并不均匀,从升主动脉至左锁骨下动脉根部区域,以小弯侧后壁流速较快,且由近心端向远心端逐渐增加;从壁面剪切力分析,升主动脉剪切力从大弯向小弯逐渐升高,分支血管根部剪切力较高,近侧壁以低剪切力为主。该例患者血栓发生部位的血流速度不快,剪切力又低于分支血管的根部,故未形成典型的主动脉夹层,而是血肿被局部组织限制住;反复出血后血肿体积逐渐增大,突入升主动脉腔内,形成占位性病变而少量血栓脱落,造成腔隙性脑梗死。

综上所述,对于主动脉腔内血栓的患者,主动脉CTA是首选的检查手段。血栓切除和人工血管植入可以有效降低缺血性卒中的风险。

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