2. 四川理工学院经济与管理学院, 四川自贡 643000;
3. 河北省区域地质矿产调查研究所, 河北廊坊 065000;
4. 天津华北地质勘查局, 天津 300170
2. School of Economics and Management, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, Sichuan, China;
3. Regional Geology and Mineral Resources Survey Institute of Hebei, Langfang 065000, Hebei, China;
4. Tianjin North China Geological Exploration Bureau, Tianjin 300170, China
0 引言
兴蒙造山带位于西伯利亚板块与华北板块之间,属于中亚造山带的东段[1, 2],其演化历史长、构造岩浆活动复杂,是古生代俯冲增生形成的复合造山带[3, 4, 5, 6, 7],代表着华北板块与西伯利亚板块的界线[3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]。兴蒙造山带内自南向北出露温都尔庙——图林凯、索伦山——林西、苏尼特左旗——锡林浩特、贺根山4条蛇绿岩带[10, 11, 12, 13, 14],空间上向西至索伦山具收敛汇聚趋势。关于索伦山缝合带向东的延伸仍存在不同的认识,如沿二连浩特——贺根山一带延伸[10, 11],向苏尼特左旗——锡林浩特延伸[7, 13, 14],以及向温都尔庙——西拉木伦河一带延伸[12]。近年来,在扎鲁特旗及西乌旗地区发现的蛇绿岩[15, 16, 17]将蛇绿岩带的分布范围继续往东延伸。上述4条蛇绿岩带形成时间上具有由南向北依次变新的特征[11, 18],被视为古亚洲洋不同时代的残片[19, 20],可能代表西伯利亚板块和华北板块碰撞的缝合线。由于蛇绿岩时空分布差别较大,导致古亚洲洋最终闭合位置和闭合时间至今仍无定论[21, 22, 23]。在众多争议中,西伯利亚板块和华北板块在晚二叠世沿索伦山——西拉木伦河——长春——延吉一线闭合的观点获得了来自构造[24]、岩浆岩[25, 26, 27]、地层[28]、古生物[29, 30, 31, 32]、地球物理[33, 34, 35]等方面研究成果的支持。西拉木伦河南北两侧晚古生代地层存在明显差异[24, 30],这些沉积地层中蕴含着兴蒙造山带演化过程和两大板块拼合的关键信息[36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41]。笔者在野外地质填图过程中,于西拉木伦河以北的克什克腾地区发现了一套变质粉砂岩,原1∶20万区调 内蒙古自治区地质调查院.中华人民共和国区域地质调查报告1∶200 000克什克腾旗幅.呼和浩特:内蒙古自治区地质调查院,2000. 将其划为于家北沟组。邵济安[10]认为与于家北沟组同期异相的地层在西拉木伦河以北应划归哲斯组。韩国卿等[38]在克什克腾旗西部对原划归哲斯组的砂岩进行了锆石测年,认为其属于林西组。由此可见,研究区内二叠系的地层归属仍存在疑问。本文选择对出露于克什克腾旗北东的原划归哲斯组的一套变质粉砂岩进行锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年,旨在查明其形成时代,厘定其地层归属,并对其物源进行分析,进而为探讨华北板块和西伯利亚板块的拼合时间提供新依据。1 地质概况
研究区以西拉木伦河为界,北部位于锡林浩特地块南缘,南部处于华北板块北缘早古生代增生代内。侏罗纪之前西拉木伦河两侧地层单元差异较大:北侧出露最古老的地层为下古生界宝音图群,是一套绿片岩相到角闪岩相的中级变质岩;二叠系主要有大石寨组火山岩、含植物化石的林西组板岩及碎屑岩。西拉木伦河以南地区未见下古生界,出露的最老地层单元为下二叠统于家北沟组。 研究区内出露大面积的中生代火山岩,由中侏罗统新民组中酸性火山岩、上侏罗统满克头鄂博组酸性火山岩及火山碎屑和上侏罗统玛尼吐组中性火山岩组成,其中新民组火山岩仅出露于西拉木伦河以南地区。白垩系为白音高老组酸性熔岩夹火山碎屑岩。新近系汉诺坝组玄武岩仅见于西拉木伦河以南地区。研究区内岩浆岩以侏罗纪中粗粒花岗岩和白垩纪细粒花岗岩为主,在研究区东北部可见二叠纪二长花岗岩侵入下古生界宝音图群之中,南部可见二叠纪花岗闪长岩侵入二叠系于家北沟组。2 样品采集和实验方法
样品ZM028-TW采自西拉木伦河以北克什克腾旗北东约5 km处(图 1),采样点地理坐标为:43°18′47″N;117°34′50″E。岩性为变质粉砂岩,具有变余粉砂状结构,变余层理构造,粉砂粒径为0.03~0.05 mm,由次棱角状长英质和不透明铁矿物组成粉砂级碎屑,泥质胶结物变质为雏晶绢云母及黑云母。变余粉砂体积分数约为85%,泥质、变质绢云母和黑云母体积分数约为15%(图 2)。 ① 内蒙古地质矿产勘查开发局.内蒙古自治区及周边地质矿产图. 呼和浩特:内蒙古地质矿产勘查开发局,2001.碎样和锆石挑选由河北省区域地质矿产调查研究所完成,制靶及阴极发光照相工作由北京锆年领航科技有限公司完成。主要流程如下:样品经机械破碎后,采用浮选和重磁法进行分选,在双目镜下选出晶形较好的锆石。将锆石粘贴在环氧树脂表面,打磨抛光后露出锆石的表面制成样靶。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年在天津地质矿产研究所同位素实验室完成。锆石定年分析所用仪器为Finnigan Neptune型LA-ICP-MS及与之配套的Newwave UP193nm准分子激光器。激光剥蚀斑束直径为35 μm,激光剥蚀样品的深度为 20~40 μm。采用GJ-1作为外部锆石年龄标准进行U-Pb同位素分馏校正,利用NIST612玻璃标样作为外标计算锆石样品的Pb、U、Th含量,具体实验方法见李怀坤等[42]及耿建珍等[43]相关文献。数据处理采用Liu 等[44]开发的ICPMSDataCal程序,年龄计算及谐和图绘制采用Ludwig[45]的Isoplot(3.0版)软件。
3 实验结果分析
变质粉砂岩样品ZM028-TW的锆石CL图像(图 3)显示,锆石多为圆形-次圆形,个别为短柱状,粒径为50~100 μm,多数锆石具有清晰的岩浆震荡环带,个别具有扇形分带(如测点1、65),为岩浆成因。少数锆石无岩浆震荡环带,具有弱分带(如50)、云雾状分带(如53)、白色熔蚀边(如12、32、38、52、64)或变质增生边(如18、50、73、86),个别锆石中含有继承锆石的残留核(如7、11、70),显示变质锆石特征。68颗锆石中有55颗锆石的Th/U>0.4,平均值为0.75,表明多数锆石为岩浆成因,这与CL图像分析结果一致,剩余13颗除一颗Th/U为0.06,其余为0.24~0.38,显示变质成因(表 1)。测点号 | wB/10-6 | 同位素比值 | 年龄/Ma | ||||||||||
Pb | U | 206Pb/238U | 207Pb/235U | 207Pb/206Pb | 232Th/238U | 208Pb/232Th | 206Pb/238U | 1σ | 207Pb/235U | 1σ | 207Pb/206Pb | 1σ | |
sam.1 | 934 | 498 | 0.045 9 | 0.339 1 | 0.053 6 | 0.600 7 | 0.016 4 | 289 | 2 | 296 | 5 | 353 | 40 |
sam.4 | 1 278 | 289 | 0.062 7 | 0.520 6 | 0.060 2 | 1.067 7 | 0.021 3 | 392 | 2 | 426 | 9 | 611 | 44 |
sam.7 | 1 917 | 442 | 0.068 3 | 0.579 3 | 0.061 5 | 0.542 6 | 0.025 6 | 426 | 3 | 464 | 8 | 657 | 35 |
sam.9 | 1 972 | 594 | 0.070 9 | 0.567 6 | 0.058 0 | 0.309 0 | 0.026 5 | 442 | 3 | 456 | 6 | 531 | 27 |
sam.11 | 1 645 | 374 | 0.071 2 | 0.603 6 | 0.061 5 | 0.515 6 | 0.027 2 | 443 | 3 | 480 | 7 | 656 | 33 |
sam.12 | 1 497 | 270 | 0.072 3 | 0.600 8 | 0.060 3 | 0.515 8 | 0.028 4 | 450 | 3 | 478 | 10 | 614 | 43 |
sam.14 | 2 405 | 659 | 0.073 6 | 0.616 4 | 0.060 7 | 0.514 4 | 0.025 3 | 458 | 2 | 488 | 6 | 630 | 25 |
sam.15 | 2 355 | 669 | 0.076 4 | 0.616 5 | 0.058 5 | 0.639 0 | 0.027 3 | 474 | 3 | 488 | 6 | 550 | 24 |
sam.16 | 2 589 | 828 | 0.070 7 | 0.585 5 | 0.060 1 | 0.727 9 | 0.018 4 | 440 | 2 | 468 | 5 | 607 | 23 |
sam.17 | 1 275 | 307 | 0.069 9 | 0.544 9 | 0.056 5 | 0.521 8 | 0.025 6 | 435 | 2 | 442 | 8 | 474 | 38 |
sam.18 | 18 561 | 213 | 0.335 9 | 5.304 4 | 0.114 5 | 0.427 0 | 0.108 3 | 1 867 | 10 | 1 870 | 18 | 1 872 | 16 |
sam.20 | 17 127 | 337 | 0.269 0 | 3.694 0 | 0.099 6 | 0.915 2 | 0.078 2 | 1 536 | 9 | 1 570 | 15 | 1 617 | 17 |
sam.21 | 2 151 | 665 | 0.071 4 | 0.585 8 | 0.059 5 | 0.601 1 | 0.022 1 | 444 | 3 | 468 | 5 | 586 | 25 |
sam.22 | 1 911 | 665 | 0.068 1 | 0.530 1 | 0.056 5 | 0.340 3 | 0.020 1 | 424 | 2 | 432 | 5 | 472 | 26 |
sam.23 | 1 671 | 544 | 0.068 2 | 0.550 6 | 0.058 6 | 0.863 5 | 0.019 6 | 425 | 2 | 445 | 5 | 552 | 26 |
sam.26 | 3 232 | 1 132 | 0.067 7 | 0.575 9 | 0.061 7 | 0.426 4 | 0.017 1 | 422 | 2 | 462 | 5 | 664 | 21 |
sam.27 | 3 388 | 1 401 | 0.066 7 | 0.522 1 | 0.056 8 | 0.346 5 | 0.018 0 | 416 | 2 | 427 | 4 | 483 | 21 |
sam.29 | 1 496 | 467 | 0.066 7 | 0.508 7 | 0.055 3 | 0.298 2 | 0.017 7 | 417 | 2 | 418 | 6 | 423 | 31 |
sam.31 | 2 529 | 578 | 0.068 7 | 0.559 3 | 0.059 0 | 0.652 6 | 0.017 5 | 428 | 2 | 451 | 8 | 569 | 33 |
sam.32 | 18 165 | 367 | 0.252 3 | 3.367 3 | 0.096 8 | 0.598 0 | 0.058 3 | 1 450 | 9 | 1 497 | 16 | 1 563 | 18 |
sam.33 | 2 472 | 898 | 0.064 0 | 0.538 7 | 0.061 1 | 0.241 4 | 0.019 6 | 400 | 2 | 438 | 5 | 642 | 23 |
sam.34 | 1 385 | 1 080 | 0.045 1 | 0.336 7 | 0.054 1 | 0.717 7 | 0.010 7 | 285 | 1 | 295 | 3 | 375 | 25 |
sam.36 | 1 969 | 625 | 0.068 2 | 0.552 6 | 0.058 8 | 0.666 5 | 0.016 3 | 425 | 2 | 447 | 6 | 559 | 26 |
sam.38 | 23 707 | 121 | 0.400 8 | 8.954 7 | 0.162 1 | 0.640 0 | 0.116 8 | 2 173 | 15 | 2 333 | 24 | 2 477 | 15 |
sam.39 | 44 534 | 664 | 0.286 4 | 4.472 8 | 0.113 3 | 0.297 4 | 0.077 9 | 1 623 | 8 | 1 726 | 16 | 1 853 | 16 |
sam.40 | 1 223 | 724 | 0.040 8 | 0.320 9 | 0.057 0 | 0.486 7 | 0.013 9 | 258 | 1 | 283 | 5 | 493 | 39 |
sam.41 | 38 212 | 152 | 0.468 0 | 10.681 9 | 0.165 5 | 0.645 8 | 0.119 1 | 2 475 | 16 | 2 496 | 26 | 2 513 | 15 |
sam.43 | 778 | 338 | 0.044 3 | 0.327 3 | 0.053 6 | 1.057 9 | 0.013 0 | 279 | 2 | 287 | 7 | 353 | 55 |
sam.44 | 2 571 | 746 | 0.071 9 | 0.606 9 | 0.061 2 | 0.611 7 | 0.021 9 | 448 | 3 | 482 | 6 | 646 | 24 |
sam.45 | 33 889 | 91 | 0.465 9 | 10.316 3 | 0.160 6 | 0.872 8 | 0.117 2 | 2 466 | 23 | 2 464 | 40 | 2 462 | 19 |
sam.46 | 1 578 | 247 | 0.068 9 | 0.514 1 | 0.054 1 | 0.692 2 | 0.020 4 | 429 | 3 | 421 | 13 | 377 | 70 |
sam.47 | 926 | 513 | 0.047 3 | 0.342 0 | 0.052 4 | 0.626 1 | 0.013 5 | 298 | 2 | 299 | 5 | 303 | 38 |
sam.48 | 28 951 | 264 | 0.365 8 | 6.113 2 | 0.121 2 | 0.302 6 | 0.095 5 | 2 010 | 12 | 1 992 | 20 | 1 974 | 16 |
sam.49 | 34 084 | 358 | 0.338 9 | 5.366 5 | 0.114 8 | 0.517 0 | 0.086 3 | 1 882 | 13 | 1 880 | 19 | 1 877 | 16 |
sam.50 | 1 365 | 308 | 0.046 0 | 0.327 5 | 0.051 7 | 0.889 3 | 0.012 6 | 290 | 2 | 288 | 15 | 272 | 116 |
sam.51 | 1 238 | 230 | 0.075 5 | 0.606 7 | 0.058 3 | 0.379 8 | 0.018 9 | 469 | 3 | 481 | 9 | 540 | 41 |
sam.52 | 1 242 | 273 | 0.067 5 | 0.555 3 | 0.059 7 | 0.726 1 | 0.018 0 | 421 | 2 | 448 | 8 | 592 | 40 |
sam.53 | 6 509 | 42 | 0.377 9 | 6.521 3 | 0.125 2 | 0.826 4 | 0.084 7 | 2 066 | 12 | 2 049 | 27 | 2 031 | 22 |
sam.54 | 1 555 | 414 | 0.070 7 | 0.568 1 | 0.058 2 | 0.651 3 | 0.017 2 | 441 | 3 | 457 | 7 | 539 | 32 |
sam.57 | 1 717 | 240 | 0.065 1 | 0.541 0 | 0.060 3 | 0.704 0 | 0.013 9 | 406 | 3 | 439 | 14 | 615 | 66 |
sam.59 | 7 387 | 499 | 0.156 5 | 1.520 3 | 0.070 5 | 0.527 3 | 0.035 4 | 937 | 6 | 939 | 10 | 941 | 21 |
sam.60 | 991 | 233 | 0.060 2 | 0.478 3 | 0.057 6 | 0.705 6 | 0.012 8 | 377 | 2 | 397 | 9 | 516 | 50 |
sam.61 | 39 819 | 199 | 0.442 4 | 9.630 1 | 0.157 9 | 0.850 8 | 0.084 2 | 2 361 | 13 | 2 400 | 23 | 2 433 | 15 |
sam.63 | 7 911 | 133 | 0.258 5 | 3.768 7 | 0.105 7 | 2.310 1 | 0.047 7 | 1 482 | 8 | 1 586 | 17 | 1 727 | 19 |
sam.64 | 4 262 | 986 | 0.062 9 | 0.542 9 | 0.062 6 | 0.383 1 | 0.016 7 | 393 | 2 | 440 | 8 | 693 | 37 |
sam.65 | 1 046 | 623 | 0.042 9 | 0.338 7 | 0.057 2 | 0.263 4 | 0.011 1 | 271 | 2 | 296 | 5 | 500 | 34 |
sam.66 | 2 174 | 668 | 0.068 2 | 0.580 9 | 0.061 8 | 0.785 1 | 0.014 9 | 425 | 3 | 465 | 5 | 667 | 26 |
sam.67 | 10 586 | 311 | 0.221 8 | 2.736 8 | 0.089 5 | 1.035 7 | 0.044 4 | 1 291 | 7 | 1 339 | 13 | 1 415 | 18 |
sam.68 | 1 137 | 340 | 0.060 3 | 0.471 8 | 0.056 7 | 1.345 5 | 0.012 8 | 378 | 2 | 392 | 7 | 481 | 40 |
sam.69 | 934 | 403 | 0.045 4 | 0.348 5 | 0.055 7 | 0.707 8 | 0.010 3 | 286 | 2 | 304 | 7 | 441 | 48 |
sam.70 | 4 974 | 177 | 0.192 5 | 2.193 4 | 0.082 7 | 1.190 4 | 0.036 8 | 1 135 | 6 | 1 179 | 14 | 1261 | 22 |
sam.71 | 1 017 | 412 | 0.051 1 | 0.390 4 | 0.055 4 | 0.684 9 | 0.010 6 | 321 | 2 | 335 | 6 | 429 | 42 |
sam.72 | 1 255 | 232 | 0.043 9 | 0.353 9 | 0.058 5 | 1.074 3 | 0.008 3 | 277 | 2 | 308 | 17 | 549 | 118 |
sam.73 | 15 274 | 467 | 0.216 6 | 2.633 7 | 0.088 2 | 0.436 6 | 0.036 9 | 1 264 | 7 | 1 310 | 13 | 1 386 | 19 |
sam.74 | 863 | 332 | 0.044 8 | 0.340 5 | 0.055 1 | 0.788 8 | 0.009 0 | 283 | 2 | 298 | 8 | 417 | 58 |
sam.75 | 1 774 | 602 | 0.069 1 | 0.525 4 | 0.055 2 | 0.509 6 | 0.014 0 | 430 | 2 | 429 | 5 | 419 | 28 |
sam.77 | 1 410 | 415 | 0.068 8 | 0.521 7 | 0.055 0 | 0.380 2 | 0.015 2 | 429 | 2 | 426 | 6 | 411 | 34 |
sam.78 | 1 868 | 614 | 0.061 7 | 0.520 6 | 0.061 2 | 0.821 1 | 0.012 9 | 386 | 2 | 426 | 6 | 648 | 28 |
sam.79 | 2 462 | 852 | 0.069 1 | 0.561 7 | 0.058 9 | 0.644 5 | 0.014 6 | 431 | 2 | 453 | 5 | 565 | 23 |
sam.81 | 2 792 | 1 042 | 0.068 7 | 0.536 1 | 0.056 6 | 0.316 9 | 0.015 2 | 428 | 2 | 436 | 5 | 476 | 24 |
sam.83 | 1 414 | 953 | 0.043 1 | 0.340 2 | 0.057 2 | 0.569 0 | 0.009 7 | 272 | 1 | 297 | 4 | 498 | 30 |
sam.84 | 973 | 185 | 0.043 9 | 0.340 8 | 0.056 3 | 0.062 8 | 0.010 7 | 277 | 2 | 298 | 17 | 463 | 122 |
sam.85 | 951 | 242 | 0.044 5 | 0.347 9 | 0.056 8 | 0.869 9 | 0.009 5 | 280 | 2 | 303 | 12 | 482 | 87 |
sam.86 | 68 209 | 303 | 0.458 5 | 10.604 3 | 0.167 8 | 0.687 4 | 0.088 2 | 2 433 | 13 | 2489 | 23 | 2 535 | 15 |
sam.90 | 1 986 | 609 | 0.072 3 | 0.575 6 | 0.057 8 | 0.678 7 | 0.016 5 | 450 | 2 | 462 | 6 | 521 | 26 |
sam.91 | 1 132 | 667 | 0.045 2 | 0.353 6 | 0.056 7 | 1.051 1 | 0.010 3 | 285 | 2 | 307 | 5 | 479 | 32 |
sam.92 | 1 828 | 624 | 0.065 9 | 0.538 9 | 0.059 3 | 0.442 4 | 0.015 4 | 411 | 2 | 438 | 5 | 580 | 25 |
sam.93 | 81 876 | 409 | 0.411 9 | 9.056 4 | 0.159 5 | 0.508 4 | 0.075 4 | 2 224 | 14 | 2344 | 24 | 2 450 | 16 |
注:表中所列误差均为1σ误差。 |
对该样品93粒锆石进行测试,剔除不和谐数据,根据剩余66个测点的206U/238Pb和207Pb/206Pb年龄为258~2 513Ma(图 4a),可分为4个区间:258~298 Ma (n=14,峰值年龄约285 Ma,图 4b、c)、377~474 Ma (n=35,峰值年龄约430 Ma,图 4d、e)、1 261~1 727 Ma (n=6,图 4f)、1 853~2 513 Ma (n=11,图 4g)。此外还有两颗锆石年龄分别为321 Ma和937 Ma。
4 讨论 4.1 时代及地层归属 西拉木伦河以北克什克腾旗北东约5 km处出露的一套变质粉砂岩曾被划归于家北沟组或哲斯组,但《内蒙古自治区岩石地层》[46]重新界定后的于家北沟组仅指出露于西拉木伦河以南的一套海陆交互相沉积地层。邵济安等[41]认为与于家北沟组同期异相的地层在西拉木伦河以北应划归哲斯组。区域上哲斯组整合或不整合于下二叠统包特格组及大石寨组之上[28, 47],其上被上二叠统林西组整合或不整合覆盖,含有丰富的中二叠世腕足类、珊瑚类及竹蜓类动物化石[46],而这套变质粉砂岩中未见任何动植物化石。哲斯组碎屑锆石U-Pb测年结果精确地将其形成时代约束到了中二叠世[48, 49]。本次研究的变质粉砂岩中最年轻的一组锆石年龄为258~298 Ma,最小的年龄值为(258±1) Ma,属于晚二叠世。韩国卿等[38]在研究区西部对原划归哲斯组的一套砂岩进行锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb实验,获得的最年轻的锆石年龄为(249±3) Ma,属于晚二叠世。据此推断克什克腾旗地区原哲斯组中包含部分上二叠统林西组,本文所研究的变质粉砂岩应属于林西组。4.2 物源分析
258~298 Ma的碎屑锆石共14颗,锆石多具有震荡环带,显示岩浆成因,具有285 Ma的峰值(图 4b、c),与大兴安岭中南段广泛出露的大石寨组火山岩的形成时代(275~285 Ma)吻合[27, 47, 50, 51, 52]。同时对克什克腾旗二叠系碎屑岩的地球化学研究结果表明,其物源区的构造背景为大陆岛弧环境[37, 40, 53],指示二连浩特——锡林浩特——西乌旗——索伦一带的晚古生代岛弧是林西组的主要物源之一。377~474 Ma的锆石数量占所测锆石总量近1/2,以岩浆锆石为主,少量为变质锆石,峰值年龄约430 Ma(图 4d、e)。该组年龄记载了锡林浩特地块基底变质岩及兴蒙造山带内奥陶纪——泥盆纪岩浆岩的年龄信息。锡林郭勒杂岩及宝音图群是锡林浩特地块之上出露的最古老的地层,其中存在400~450 Ma的变质锆石[54, 55, 56],并包含458 Ma左右的S型花岗岩[57]。在达茂旗北部白彦花——巴特敖包、索尼特左旗的白音宝力道、锡林浩特、东乌旗、扎兰屯——多宝山甚至大兴安岭东北部地区都有奥陶纪岩浆活动,并形成了奥陶纪岛弧岩浆岩带[8, 13, 58],在西拉木伦河断裂南部温都尔庙早古生带岛弧杂岩带和白乃庙岛弧中也存在420~500 Ma的岩浆活动记录[8, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63]。达茂旗地区385~400 Ma的基性侵入岩及火山岩[64, 65]、扎鲁特地区约362 Ma的辉长岩[15]及华北板块北缘商都、赤峰及河北承德、张家口、辽宁二道沟等地区的早古生代侵入岩[66, 67, 68]也可能为该组碎屑岩提供了物源。
1 261~1 727 Ma的锆石仅6颗,以岩浆锆石为主,少量为变质锆石,该组年龄常见于锡林郭勒杂岩及宝音图群。关于锡林郭勒杂岩和宝音图群的属性仍存在争议,有学者认为它们不是前寒武纪古老地块,依据是锡林郭勒杂岩中的岩浆锆石[69]((437±3) Ma,SHRIMP)和片麻岩[54]( (406±7) Ma、(382±2) Ma),SHRIMP)形成于古生代。但也有学者认为它们是前寒武古老地块,因为通过Sm-Nd((1 025±41) Ma [70]、(1 286±26) Ma [71]、1 300~1 000 Ma[72])、锆石U-Pb((1 050±110) Ma[57]、(1 390±17) Ma[55])等测年方法在锡林郭勒杂岩或宝音图群中获得了大量1 000~1 500 Ma的年龄。葛梦春等[57]将锡林郭勒杂岩解体为表壳岩(锡林浩特岩群)、基性——超基性岩和中酸性侵入岩三部分,本次获得的林西组中1 261~1 727 Ma的锆石可能来源于解体后的锡林浩特岩群。此外,研究区靠近华北板块北缘,在华北北部的燕辽裂陷槽长城系与蓟县系[73, 74, 75, 76]和花岗质侵入岩[42, 74]中也存在1 300~1 600 Ma的锆石。
1 853~2 513 Ma的锆石共11颗,岩浆锆石和变质锆石比例相当。1.8 Ga和2.5 Ga一直被认为是华北板块基底的典型年龄信息[76]。2.5 Ga左右的锆石年龄与华北克拉通广泛出露的TTG片麻岩形成时代一致[77, 78]。1.8 Ga左右的年龄是华北板块在中元古代初发生伸展-裂解事件的时间[76, 77, 78],在华北板块北缘形成了白云鄂博、渣尔泰山裂陷槽,在南缘形成熊耳裂陷槽,裂陷槽中发育火山岩[79, 80]并伴随大规模岩墙群侵入到基底岩石中[81]。华北板块之上的怀安杂岩、恒山杂岩、阜平杂岩、五台杂岩均保留了此次区域变质作用的锆石记录[77, 78]。近年来,在东北地区额尔古纳、兴安、松辽、兴凯等地块之上也不断有前寒武纪锆石年龄被报道[82, 83, 84],由此引发了对东北地区是否存在古老结晶基底的争论。西乌旗地区的哲斯组砂岩[49]以及索伦地区的林西组中[38]并未发现>1.8 Ga的锆石年龄,相比之下,研究区靠近华北板块北缘,变质粉砂岩中>1.8 Ga的锆石来源于华北板块的可能性更大。
321 Ma锆石大致与兴蒙造山带内晚石炭世岩浆活动时间吻合[85, 86],晚石炭世的锆石在该变质粉砂岩中含量少,表明晚石炭世的岩浆弧与该组形成时的盆地相距较远。900 Ma左右的年龄在兴蒙造山带内鲜有报道,但在华北克拉通内,有约900 Ma的基性岩墙侵入中——新元古代地层中[74, 76]。
综上所述,克什克腾旗林西组兼具华北板块北缘与兴蒙造山带的年龄信息,表明其形成时具有南北两个物源区。
4.3 古亚洲洋的闭合
关于华北板块和西伯利亚板块的缝合时间及缝合地点一直是争论的热点。缝合的位置有索伦山——贺根山[10]、索伦山——本巴图——锡林浩特[7, 21]、索伦山——二道井——林西[87, 88, 89]、西拉木伦断裂[12, 27, 30, 31, 32]和蒙古——鄂霍茨克缝合带[90]等。缝合时间主要有志留——泥盆纪中期[10, 21]、中泥盆世——晚石炭世[91, 92, 93]、晚二叠世——早三叠世[5, 7, 14, 21, 28, 29, 87, 89]等观点。随着对兴蒙造山带的深入研究,有学者提出兴蒙造山带并不是一条简单的造山带,而是由众多微小陆(地)块拼合而成的复合造山带[2, 26, 94],研究区所在的锡林浩特地块是众多微小陆块之一[55, 57, 72]。古亚洲洋在古生代时期发生过双向俯冲[7, 13, 35]。童英等[86]认为古亚洲洋实质上被锡林浩特古陆块分割成了北支(贺根山洋)和南支(西拉木伦洋)。奥陶纪——志留纪古亚洲洋北支向北俯冲[35],南支则向北侧的锡林浩特地块和南侧的华北板块之下俯冲[95],因此形成了白音宝力道和白乃庙两条岛弧带[13, 59, 63, 96, 97]或南北造山带[8, 35]。晚泥盆世——晚石炭世古亚洲洋北支沿索伦山——贺根山缝合带闭合[10],各微小陆块相互拼合最终形成佳蒙地块[31]或黑龙江板块[2],在二连-苏尼特左旗——东乌旗一带形成泥盆纪后碰撞碱性花岗岩带[91, 98]。贺根山以南的锡林浩特地块由于古亚洲洋的俯冲,泥盆纪——早石炭世处于抬升阶段[7, 95],缺失下石炭统沉积地层。晚志留世——早泥盆世,奥陶纪增生形成的白乃庙岛弧带向南与华北克拉通碰撞[85],在华北板块北缘形成了一系列以碱性和基性——超基性岩为代表的泥盆纪岩浆活动[65, 99, 100]。晚石炭世锡林浩特地块沉降形成了上石炭统海相本巴图组碎屑岩和阿木山组碳酸盐岩沉积建造。晚石炭世——早二叠世,古亚洲洋南支继续向南北两侧俯冲,形成了本巴图组和大石寨组具有大陆边缘弧性质的火山岩[27, 47, 52, 101, 102]及具有大陆边缘弧性质的岩浆岩带[27, 96]。中晚二叠世,贺根山南侧首先进入碰撞后伸展阶段,沿白音乌拉——东乌旗一带形成碱性花岗岩带[91],但索伦山——西拉木伦河一线直至早、中二叠世可能仍存在残留洋盆,沉积了哲斯组海相地层[12, 29, 31]。晚二叠世,大洋退出,沉积环境发生改变,形成了林西组陆相地层,华夏植物群与安加拉植物群混生[32]。林西组变质粉砂岩中含有约2.5 Ga的锆石,反映华北板块前寒武纪结晶基底的年龄信息,暗示该地层形成时古亚洲洋南支已经闭合。
5 结论
1)通过对内蒙古克什克腾旗北东约5 km处出露的变质粉砂岩进行碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年,获得最年轻的锆石年龄为258 Ma,其形成时代为晚二叠世,应属于林西组。2)克什克腾旗林西组变质粉砂岩中的锆石多为岩浆成因,其年龄可分为4个区间:258~298 Ma(峰值为285 Ma)、377~474 Ma(峰值为430 Ma)、1 261~1 727 Ma、1 853~2 513 Ma,此外还含有321 Ma和937 Ma的锆石年龄,这些碎屑锆石既含有兴蒙造山带的年龄信息,又包含华北板块古老基底的年龄,表明该组沉积时具有兴蒙造山带与华北板块两个物源区。
3)克什克腾旗林西组变质粉砂岩中最年轻的锆石为258 Ma,并含有华北板块的基底年龄信息,暗示华北板块与西伯利亚板块在晚二叠世前已经拼合。
河北省区域地质矿产调查研究所、天津地质矿产研究所相关人员在实验过程中提供了便利条件,项目组熊光强、刘敏、闫鹏程及其他工作人员在野外采样和室内数据处理过程中给予了帮助,在此致以诚挚的谢意!
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