2. 中国科学院油气资源研究重点实验室, 兰州 730000;
3. School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
2. Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China;
3. School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
0 引言
阿尔金山作为青藏高原地理意义上的北界,对限定青藏高原的隆升和变形机制有重要意义[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]。研究阿尔金山体系在响应印度欧亚板块碰撞过程中构造演化特性的工作,已经广泛开展[3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20]。同时,围绕阿尔金山隆升历史的研究,积累了大量热年代学资料[21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27],袁四化等[28]、Wang等[29]和肖安成等[30]分别对这些热年代学数据进行总结得出,明显的峰值区间主要集中在早中侏罗世、白垩纪、晚始新世早渐新世(40~30 Ma)、早中新世(22~17 Ma)、中中新世(10~7 Ma)、上新世(5.5~4.5 Ma)和更新世(2.11~1.18 Ma)[28, 29, 30]。其中,发生在晚始新世渐新世时期的构造隆升事件广泛发育[8, 14, 15, 18, 31, 32, 33],但是古新世早始新世时期的隆升报道较少[16, 23, 25, 26, 34],已有的热年代学记录均来自山体基岩[23, 25, 26]。山体是其相邻盆地的主要物源,盆地碎屑矿物若未发生退火,其记录的信息对理解山体隆升特征及历史至关重要。
青藏高原北部大型盆地广泛发育巨厚的新生代沉积物,记录了与印度欧亚板块碰撞相关的陆内变形及古气候演化信息,使揭示该区区域造山运动历史成为可能。柴达木盆地位于青藏高原北缘阿尔金断裂东南侧(图 1),是青藏高原内部最大的沉积盆地,夹持在昆仑山、阿尔金山和祁连山之间,整体呈不规则菱形。盆地新生代发展演化受周边山体隆升及断裂活动的控制,尤其是柴西北地区,地表构造行迹表现为受阿尔金断裂走滑和挤压作用[35, 36],发育一系列走向NWSE近平行的背斜,其沉积和构造特征与阿尔金山和阿尔金断裂的演化息息相关。
柴西北地区新生代以来发育4~5 km厚的河、湖相碎屑沉积,地层出露齐全。近年来,众多学者在全盆地开展高分辨率、高精度古地磁年代学工作,准确地解决了新生代各地层年代问题[15, 37, 38]。Wang等[39]将柴达盆地西部磁性地层年代学资料进行总结,其自下而上可划分为8个地层单元,各组地层界限划分如下: 路乐河组(E1+2,53.5~43.8 Ma)、下干柴沟组下段(E13,43.8~37.5 Ma)、下干柴沟组上段(E23,37.5~31.5 Ma)、上干柴沟组(N1,31.5~22.0 Ma)、下油砂山组(N12,22.0~14.9 Ma)、上油砂山组(N22,14.9~8.2 Ma)、狮子沟组(N32,8.2~2.65 Ma)和七个泉组(Q,2.65~0 Ma)。地层的准确划分为在该区开展热年代学工作、探讨构造地质意义奠定了良好基础。
锆石因其耐风化可经受长距离搬运而在盆地碎屑沉积物中广泛分布,又因其具有良好的热稳定性,即使遭受超过180 ℃的热事件,也不会把其中蕴藏的源区信息全部清除[40];因此,锆石的矿物学、地球化学特征及其热年代学年龄谱是进行源区示踪并反演源区构造演化历史的首选指标。此外,根据沉积补偿原理,地层厚度尤其是盆地内地层厚度变化,在一定程度上能有效反映湖底沉降幅度和古地形的基本轮廓,可用来进行古构造分析[41]。在气候条件已知的情况下,沉积相发育特征可定性地限定盆地的物源方位及二者之间相对高差。为此,笔者选择在阿尔金山南侧柴达木盆地西北部的新生代地层中开展碎屑锆石裂变径迹测年工作,并结合沉积地层残余厚度和沉积相分析,以期获得阿尔金山新生代早期的隆升信息,为青藏高原形成演化提供新的证据。
1 锆石裂变径迹测试结果及地质意义 1.1 样品处理与分析文中分析的5个锆石样品分别采自柴达木盆地西北油泉子背斜、南翼山背斜、鄂博梁Ⅰ号和鄂博梁Ⅱ号背斜构造的钻井(图 1),样品主要分布在古近纪末期下干柴沟组和新近纪早期上干柴沟组地层中的砂岩或含砂层,地层年代为44~22 Ma。具体采样层位、深度及测年参数详见表 1。样品及井位资料由中国石油青海油田公司提供。
井位 | 层位 | 深度/m | 颗粒数 | ρs/(105/cm) (Ns) | ρi/(105/cm) (Ni) | ρd/(105/cm) (Nd) | γsi | P(χ2)/ % | 池年龄 (±1σ)/Ma | 平均年龄 (±1σ)/Ma | 中心年龄 (±1σ)/Ma |
鄂3井 | E23 | 2 394.5 | 17 | 39.304(842) | 18.065(387) | 3.422(3 463) | 0.90 | 21.3 | 49.2±3.9 | 53.4±5.7 | 49.3±4.3 |
南1井 | E3 | 3 602.5 | 17 | 76.487(620) | 27.14(220) | 3.422(3 463) | 0.39 | 47.5 | 63.7±6.0 | 70.7±6.2 | 63.7±6.0 |
鄂2井 | N1 | 3 631.28 | 7 | 83.904(251) | 25.740(77) | 3.422(3 463) | 0.56 | 9.0 | 73.6±10.3 | 54.1±8.9 | 58.2±11.5 |
油南1井 | E3 | 3 512.4 | 13 | 76.980(364) | 28.127(133) | 3.422(3 463) | 0.52 | 44.8 | 61.8±7.0 | 66.2±7.0 | 61.7±7.2 |
油6井 | N1 | 2 399.8 | 17 | 85.822(911) | 21.856(232) | 3.422(3 463) | 0.65 | 2.0 | 88.5±7.9 | 84.2±9.1 | 80.8±9.2 |
注:ρs为矿物中自发裂变径迹密度;ρi为矿物中诱发裂变径迹密度;ρd为标准铀玻璃的外探测器云母记录的裂变径迹密度。 Ns为自发径迹数;Ni为诱发径迹数;Nd为标准铀玻璃的外探测器白云母记录的径迹数。γsi为Ns和Ni之间的相关系数。
样品粉碎后,用标准重液和磁选技术分离出锆石单矿物,制成聚全氟乙丙烯塑料样片,并抛光为光薄片,在220 ℃的碱性溶液中蚀刻33 h,采用外探测器法定年。样品置于反应堆内辐照后将云母外探测器置于25 ℃的HF酸中蚀刻35 min,揭示诱发裂变径迹。年龄计算采用Zata常数法,并获得锆石的Zeta常数为132.7±6.4。样品的分析处理在中国科学院高能物理研究所完成。P(χ2)值用于评价所测单颗粒是否属于同一年龄组的概率[42],P(χ2)< 5%是单颗粒年龄不均匀分布的证据。由于样品主要来自钻井岩心,受样品量所限,每个样品获得的锆石颗粒数较少(7~17粒)。虽然样品量很少,但从热年代学参数及结果可知,其所记录的构造事件并不是偶然性的,在文中几个样品中均有记录,可见其结果是可信的。测试结果见表 1,放射图和年龄分布图见图 2。
1.2 锆石裂变径迹年龄分解和统计的意义通常,沉积岩中碎屑矿物的最小年龄组年龄是连接盆地沉积与源区活动的纽带,可探讨源区基岩的冷却/抬升、剥露过程及构造变动[39]。
锆石裂变径迹的部分退火带温度为(220±40)℃,即锆石遭受高于260 ℃的地质事件影响时其裂变径迹将被全部消除,低于180 ℃时则全部保留,介于二者之间则一部分径迹被消除[43, 44]。Qiu等[45, 46]对柴达木盆地西部地区大地热流和地温梯度变化特征的研究表明,始新世时期柴西中部及北部地区地温梯度为35~42 ℃/km,地表温度为5 ℃,即使按最大地温梯度计算深度最大的鄂2井(表 1),其古地温为~160 ℃,远低于锆石裂变径迹退火带。同时,柴西北地区新生代地层的锆石裂变径迹年龄远大于地层沉积年龄(表 1),也说明锆石在沉积后没有受热重置或退火,它们代表源区的(构造)热事件或冷却年龄。5件样品除油6井外其余P(χ2)均大于5.0%,表明碎屑锆石来自于遭受相同热历史改造的蚀源区(表 1)。各样品的池年龄(pooled age)为(49.2±3.9)~(88.5±7.9) Ma,离散性不大,反映其来源较单一。依据锆石单颗粒年龄的频率(在某一年龄范围内单颗粒年龄出现的次数)分布及BinomFit[47]分解结果(图 2)对其可能的地质意义进行探讨。
长期以来,碎屑矿物热年代学中比较年轻的年龄组分受到更多的关注,因为它们的产生通常被归因于源区地形的活动过程。如果锆石裂变径迹年轻年龄组的年龄接近或者与地层年龄一致,它们很可能来自一个火山活动的源区[48];如果沉积物来自没有火山活动的汇聚造山带,且具有年轻的年龄峰值,则表明造山带核心深部就位的变质岩发生快速剥露事件[49]。来自这类岩石的锆石在区域变质作用发生时已经被完全重置,它们的冷却年龄代表源区最近一次的热历史。此外,在沉积剖面上,每出现一次新的最年轻年龄组,则预示出现了一个更年轻的蚀源区,代表源区一次快速的剥露/冷却或抬升事件;最年轻年龄组年龄突然变大代表盆地中有再循环物质加入或蚀源区的变更[39]。同时,来自大洋和陆地的证据显示,白垩纪时全球处于极端温室状态[50, 51],即使西藏地区的白垩纪大洋红层也是在底层水高度氧化的深水环境下形成[52, 53],我国西北地区在晚白垩世末期之前,一直处于一种半湿润湿润的气候环境下[54];因此该时期中国西部地区气候对山脉剥露作用影响较小,山脉剥露过程主要受控于区域构造变形。
由此可知,上述5个锆石裂变径迹样品记录了物源区在65~50 Ma期间的一次快速隆升剥露事件。陈国俊等[41]、付玲等[55]分别通过钻孔岩屑特征、重矿物组合及母岩特性对比进行物源分析,认为柴达木盆地西北地区新生代以来干柴沟鄂博梁碱山地区以阿尔金山为物源区,且属于近源快速堆积。因此,文中碎屑锆石年龄记录了阿尔金山在新生代早期65~50 Ma的一次构造隆升事件。
2 柴西地区古地形及沉积相演化特征 2.1 柴西地区中生代古近纪古地形演化根据青海油田勘探开发研究院的研究成果,对盆内有关钻孔地层分层校正分别做柴达木盆地中生代及古近系路乐河组和下干柴沟组沉积残余厚度图(图 3,4)。因存在地层压实的影响,只能应用残余厚度来分析阿尔金山前古地形特征。由图 4可知,柴西地区进入新生代后发生连续沉积,古近纪未发生大规模的剥蚀[41],不同地层组残余厚度的变化可反映柴西地区古近纪受构造运动影响所造成的古地形演化。
由柴达木盆地西部中生代沉积残余地层厚度(图 3)可知,该时期柴达木盆地西部地层沉积厚度自阿尔金山前至盆地内部基本一致,最大残余厚度1 500 m零星分布且范围很小,没有明显的沉积中心,正处于盆地演化初期,所受到的构造应力很小,具备盆地雏形[57, 58]。
至路乐河组与下干柴沟组时期(图 4),在柴达木盆地西部地层残余厚度均呈向阿尔金山逐渐减薄趋势以至于尖灭。整体表现为北西北北西向厚与薄间互的分布规律,说明研究区古近纪构造呈北北西南东向的隆凹相间格局,且由路乐河组到下干柴沟组这种格局逐渐明显。陈国俊等[41]研究表明,柴西地区路乐河组呈填平补齐式沉积,至下干柴沟组沉积期,柴西地区古地形大致呈北高南低之势,各地高差虽不大,但沿阿尔金山前已开始出现独立于盆地内部的沉降中心。由此可知,此时阿尔金山在路乐河组甚至以前已开始隆升,但幅度不大,向湖盆内坡度相对较缓。
2.2 柴西地区古近纪沉积相发育特征路乐河组时期,柴达木盆地进入新生代发育期,盆地开始整体下沉[57, 58],在阿尔金山前西部和东部分别发育了洪积扇-辫状河-三角洲-洪泛平原相和洪积扇-辫状河-洪泛平原相沉积(图 5),盆地主体以冲积沉积为主,没有明显的沉积中心,但在山前西部油砂山狮子沟和东部一里坪地区存在小的沉积凹陷,水体较浅。
下干柴沟组时期,阿尔金山前湖相发育区基本保持不变,但西段油砂山-狮子沟地区湖相范围缩小,辫状河-三角洲相进一步向盆内推进;一里坪地区的湖相范围稍有扩大。该时期阿尔金山前西部地区主要发育三角洲相沉积,而洪积扇-辫状河沉积相主要分布于阿尔金山前东段地区,这些冲积相沉积前端以指状向盆地内部延伸,洪泛平原相沉积范围明显变小,与此时的残余厚度图发育模式比较匹配。
综合柴达木盆地西部新生代早期地层残余厚度及沉积相,结合前人研究认为:随着新生代印度洋板块向欧亚板块碰撞挤压,青藏高原开始抬升,柴达木盆地开始沉降发育;但路乐河组时期湖盆面积较小,水体较浅,尤其在阿尔金山前以冲积扇相与扇三角洲相为主。青海油田分公司勘探开发敦煌研究院研究获得的路乐河组沉积残余厚度图和沉积相平面图印证了这一事实,并揭示了当时盆地地势为东高西低、北高南低(图 4,图 5)。到下干柴沟组沉积时期,盆地发生大面积湖侵,湖岸线到达祁连山前及阿尔金山前,扇三角洲相和湖相广泛发育,盆地沉积中心位于狮子沟茫崖一带(图 4,图 5),指示盆地处在南北挤压环境之下。结合该时期中国西部气候特征[41],路乐河组下干柴沟组沉积残余厚度和沉积相演化说明,在印度欧亚板块碰撞柴达木盆地发育初期,阿尔金山即响应这次构造运动而抬升,成为柴达木盆地西部地区物源区,但抬升幅度不大,与盆地的相对高差较小;下干柴沟组时期进入相对稳定期,山体被剥蚀,高差减小,水体扩大,发育该时期特征沉积相。
3 柴达木盆地周缘地区中新生代隆升事件柴达木盆地周边地区阿尔金山、东昆仑山系及祁连山等的磷灰石裂变径迹结果统计(图 6)显示,该区域新生代早期65~40 Ma的构造热事件记录虽然较少,但仍然有分布;说明在青藏高原北部地区,新生代早期响应印度与欧亚板块碰撞,山体发生了一次隆升冷却事件。
然而,阿尔金山系山体基岩记录65~50 Ma的构造事件主要来自EW向山脉(图 6中黑色圆点),NE和NNE向山系的基岩几乎未能得到该次事件;可能是因为其与EW向山系具有不同的动力学机制、在新生代早期未发生构造抬升,或是因为其记录被剥蚀沉积在盆地中,这需要更深入的物源分析等工作来进行判识。但由图 6可知,青藏高原东北部地区新生代早期的构造事件是普遍存在的,尤其在阿尔金山地区,其新生代构造隆升阶段也并非前人所划分的晚始新世40~30 Ma开始,而是古近纪时期已经开始。阿尔金山早新生代隆升事件,前人也通过其他研究手段所捕获。Yin等[5]根据沉积记录,认为阿尔金断裂走滑运动始于始新世早期(~50 Ma);任收麦等[34]通过分析柴达木盆地西部地区路乐河组和塔里木盆地东南地区喀什群陆相沉积的特征,认为阿尔金山隆升时间始于古新世始新世;李海兵等[16]的研究表明,早期阿尔金断裂的活动从60 Ma持续至40 Ma左右。综合上述,本文锆石裂变径迹热年代学数据以及沉积学指标所记录的阿尔金山东段的65~50 Ma构造隆升事件,是青藏高原北部对新生代印度欧亚板块碰撞的最初响应的一期普遍存在的构造隆升事件,也为青藏高原新生代隆升具有南北同步性提供了新的证据。
4 结论综合上述柴西地区锆石裂变径迹热年代学、古近系沉积残余地层厚度及沉积相资料,结合区域构造地质背景,得出以下几点结论:
1)柴达木盆地西部地区碎屑锆石裂变径迹记录了物源区阿尔金山新生代早期65~50 Ma期间,发生一次快速抬升剥露事件。
2)古新世始新世期间阿尔金山隆升幅度较小,与盆地之间高差较小,且持续时间较短,随后进入稳定剥蚀阶段,柴达木盆地发育水进系列。由下干柴沟组沉积相发育特征可知,此次抬升在阿尔金山不同部位存在差异。
3)阿尔金山新生代早期快速抬升剥露期事件几乎与印度与欧亚大陆的碰撞同时发生,反映青藏高原北缘对强构造抬升期的准同时协同响应,支持高原南北同步隆升模式。
对提供样品及钻井资料的青海油田勘探开发研究院研究人员表示诚挚感谢,也感谢在样品数据分析过程中给予指导和建议的Roderick Brown教授。
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